Mass Spec Chemical Profiling of Gas Composition in Real Time at Wellsite with the Dq1000 Divining...
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Transcript of Mass Spec Chemical Profiling of Gas Composition in Real Time at Wellsite with the Dq1000 Divining...
Mass Spec Chemical Mass Spec Chemical Profiling of Gas Profiling of Gas
Composition in Real Time Composition in Real Time at Wellsite with the at Wellsite with the
Dq1000 Divining QuadDq1000 Divining Quad
Fluid Inclusion Technologies
Mass Spec Chemical Mass Spec Chemical Profiling with the Dq1000Profiling with the Dq1000TMTM
The Dq1000 is a portable quadrapole mass analyzer for use on drilling wells. It replaces all conventional gas detectors. It analyzes C1-C10 petroleum species, and inorganic compounds such as CO2, He, N2, O2 and sulfur bearing volatiles. It can discriminate among paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, as well as contributions from the drilling fluid.
The Dq1000 is capable of delineating charged zones, petroleum type, compartmentalization, fluid contacts and seals to a much greater extent than conventional instrumentation. Interpretation of data follows from our 18 years of experience with subsurface fluid chemistry
Gas Fraction
Inorganics
Oil Fraction
Source RockMaturityBurial History
A petroleum deposit is the cumulative product of original composition and post- expulsion readjustments along route. Recognizing these processes results in more informed and successful exploration
MigrationFractionationSolubilityBiodegradationThermal Alteration
Gas ComponentsGas Components
Normal Paraffins
Cyclo-Paraffins
Asp
hal
ten
es
ResinsNaphtheno-Arom
Aromatic
s
Iso-paraffins
C1 C10 C30+
Sch
emat
ic V
olu
me
Per
cen
t o
f F
ract
ion
Largest chemical variability in petroleumRecorded in PNA fraction
WSGC
Fluid Inclusion Technologies, Dq1000
Analytical Limitations of Analytical Limitations of Conventional Gas Equipment Conventional Gas Equipment TGD records total combustible hydrocarbons without TGD records total combustible hydrocarbons without
compound specificitycompound specificity GC generally analyzes gas-range alkanes (paraffins), GC generally analyzes gas-range alkanes (paraffins),
which react similarly to subsurface processes. Other two which react similarly to subsurface processes. Other two major classes of hydrocarbons (naphthenes and major classes of hydrocarbons (naphthenes and aromatics) not recordedaromatics) not recorded
Generally poor performance on C5+ at low concentrationGenerally poor performance on C5+ at low concentration Analysis of inorganic compounds (e.g., COAnalysis of inorganic compounds (e.g., CO22, sulfur , sulfur
species, He) requires special equipmentspecies, He) requires special equipment Difficult to account for drilling additives and/or OBMDifficult to account for drilling additives and/or OBM Infexible to specific needs of individual wells Infexible to specific needs of individual wells
Species Analyzed by the Species Analyzed by the Dq1000Dq1000
CC11-C-C1010 organic speciesorganic species Discriminates among paraffins, Discriminates among paraffins,
naphthenes and aromaticsnaphthenes and aromatics BTEX compounds and organic acidsBTEX compounds and organic acids Inorganic volatiles such as COInorganic volatiles such as CO22, He, N, He, N22
and other atmospherics, sulfur species, and other atmospherics, sulfur species, HH22, etc., etc.
Identifies contribution from mud system Identifies contribution from mud system and organic additivesand organic additives
Why Analyze these Why Analyze these Additional Compounds?Additional Compounds?
Better estimates of petroleum type and Better estimates of petroleum type and qualityquality
Identifying fluid contactsIdentifying fluid contacts Delineating porosity/permeability trendsDelineating porosity/permeability trends Inferring nearby charge in wet reservoirsInferring nearby charge in wet reservoirs Establishing reservoir and basin Establishing reservoir and basin
compartmentalizationcompartmentalization
Dq1000 Mass Spectra Examples Dq1000 Mass Spectra Examples
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137
Mostly atmosphere; minor dry gas
HC’s to C7
HC’s to C7 with aromatics
HC’s to C8
HC’s to C8;
wetter
HC’s to C10; wetter; aromatic rich; coal sourced
BB
TT
X
P/N
P/N
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
CS2
COS
C5C4
N2
O2
Ar
CO2
C3C2
C1
C6
Benzene
H2
m/z
ppm
“Aromatic”
Dq1000 Mass Spectrum of Interpreted Dq1000 Mass Spectrum of Interpreted Mixed Thermogenic and Biogenic Gas at Mixed Thermogenic and Biogenic Gas at High SwHigh Sw
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131
C5C4
N2
O2
ArC3
C2
C1
C6
Benzene
H2
m/z
ppm
Toluene
XylenesC7
C8C9
C10
Dq1000 Mass Spectrum of Atmosphere Dq1000 Mass Spectrum of Atmosphere over Stock Tank Oil at Room over Stock Tank Oil at Room Temperature (Low Sw)Temperature (Low Sw)
Interpretation of Dq1000 Interpretation of Dq1000 DataData
Based on Fluid Inclusion Stratigraphy Based on Fluid Inclusion Stratigraphy (FIS, cuttings volatile analysis) of (FIS, cuttings volatile analysis) of thousands of wells worldwide over the thousands of wells worldwide over the last 18 yrslast 18 yrs
FIS SchematicFIS Schematic
FIS DataFIS Data
Lith
Log
E-lo
gsBlack = Inorganic speciesRed = Gas-range HC’sBlue = Water-soluble speciesGreen = liquid-range HC’s
CO
2H 2
S
C1
C7
Ben
zene
Org
anic
Aci
d
CS 2
SEAL ZONE
BYPASSED PAY ZONE
SEAL ZONE
PAY ZONE
THIN MIGRATION ZONESAND SEALS
GAS-OIL CONTACTOIL-WATER CONTACT
FIS Fluid Contact FIS Fluid Contact ExampleExample
FIS Pay Delineation and FIS Pay Delineation and Reservoir CompartmentsReservoir Compartments
8525
8575
8625
8675
8725
8775
8825
0.E+00 2.E+04 4.E+04 6.E+04 8.E+04 1.E+05
8525
8575
8625
8675
8725
8775
8825
0.E+00 5.E-02 1.E-01 2.E-01 2.E-01
8525
8575
8625
8675
8725
8775
8825
0.E+00 5.E+06 1.E+07 2.E+07 2.E+07 3.E+07
8525.0
8575.0
8625.0
8675.0
8725.0
8775.0
8825.0
0.7090 0.7090 0.7091 0.7091 0.7092
8525
8575
8625
8675
8725
8775
8825
9.E+04 9.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+05 1.E+05 1.E+05
C7 Acetic Acid CO2 Sr-RSA FI Salinity
OWC
Barrier
Barrier
Decrease in C7 and concomitant increase in AA demarcates the OWC. Detailed C7 response in oil leg reflects poroperm. CO2 shows position of carbonate cemented zones, which act as intra-reservoir seals or baffles. SrRSA and fluid inclusion salinity also show major compartment boundaries
Dq1000 Fluid Contact Dq1000 Fluid Contact ExampleExample
Oil-Water Contact; Dq1000 Data Oil-Water Contact; Dq1000 Data
Hi abundance of visible moderate gravity oil inclusions in thin section suggests Zone A may be a bypassed pay interval.
Probable OWC
Production-Depleted Zone; Dq1000 Data Production-Depleted Zone; Dq1000 Data
FIS FIS Compartmentalization Compartmentalization ExampleExample
Seal Definition and Reservoir Seal Definition and Reservoir Compartments; FIS DataCompartments; FIS Data
SEAL
SEAL
A
B
MethaneFIS methane response indicates effectiveness of top seal and inter-reservoir seal. Fluid inclusions in the two reservoirs have discrete chemistries. Biomarker work indicates a separate source for the two fluids.
Dq1000 Dq1000 Compartmentalization Compartmentalization ExampleExample
Reservoir Compartmentalization; Dq1000 Reservoir Compartmentalization; Dq1000 Data Data
SHOW #1 compartmentalized. SHOW #2 wetter; chemically distinct; better porosity; out of communication with SHOW #1.
SHOW #1
SHOW #2
Elevated Ben/Tol in Seals overlying showsCompartment indicators
Top Show #1
Base Show #1
Top Show #2
Base Show #2
Increased porosity with depth in SHOW #2
HyHeANP
C3C1
C7
C5
C10
C9
BenTol CO2B/T
Barrett 5-21-36 BTR
02
00
00
04
00
00
06
00
00
08
00
00
01
00
00
00
12
00
00
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
AMU26
AM
U15
Show 1A Show 1B Show 1C Show 2 Show 3A Show 3B
Increased Wetness
Different Slopes = DifferentChemical Compartments
Methane vs. Ethane
Compartmentalization from Cross PlotsCompartmentalization from Cross Plots
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
4 14 24 34 44
Helium
Me
tha
ne
shalegas
gsa
gsb
tripa
gsc
gsd
tripb
show1a
show1b
tripc
show2
Trend 1 Trend 2
Trend 3
Data from Anomalies in
Well “A”
Trip gas composition correlates to zone (s) from which it is derived
Differences among trends are primarily related to fluid source and migration history. Differences along trend are primarily related to porosity. Secondary porosity effects (e.g., in tight rock) may contribute to scatter around trends
Compartmentalization from Cross PlotsCompartmentalization from Cross Plots
FIS Proximity to Pay FIS Proximity to Pay ExampleExample
Proximity to Pay: FIS DataProximity to Pay: FIS Data
BTEX and organic acid anomalies in reservoir equivalent section across fault
BTEX and organic acid anomalies in water leg to updip oil reservoir.
C7
Ben
zene
Ben
zene A
cetic Acid
FIS data document diffusion of BTEX and organic acid across lateral fault seal at reservoir depth. Similar anomalies are seen in the water leg. Presence of these features significantly enlarges exploration target and extends view well beyond the limits of the borehole
Oil indications in reservoir
= diffusion of water soluble species
Dq1000 Proximity to Pay Dq1000 Proximity to Pay ExampleExample
Proximity to Pay; Dq1000 DataProximity to Pay; Dq1000 Data
Two wells drilled into adjacent fault blocks. PTP interpreted as lateral diffusion from Prospect 2 identified during drilling of Prospect 1. Confirmed by subsequent oil discovery. Perfect analogy to FIS data mentioned in previous slide.
Prospect 1 Prospect 2
~ TVD crest of Prospect 2 reservoir
Application to Shale Plays, Application to Shale Plays, Tight Reservoirs and Horizontal Tight Reservoirs and Horizontal WellsWells
Predict sweet spots along lateralPredict sweet spots along lateral Identify faults and fractures Identify faults and fractures Assess water saturationAssess water saturation Evaluate source rock maturity and Evaluate source rock maturity and
compositioncomposition Aid well completionAid well completion
Observations in ShaleObservations in Shale Shales can be very heterogeneous even Shales can be very heterogeneous even
within a single horizonwithin a single horizon Heterogeneity, whatever the source Heterogeneity, whatever the source
(fracture systems, diagenetic variations) (fracture systems, diagenetic variations) affect gas production significantlyaffect gas production significantly
The Dq1000 can characterize the most The Dq1000 can characterize the most production portions of the lateral and production portions of the lateral and define compartmentalizationdefine compartmentalization
Completion programs that implement Completion programs that implement these data are more effective.these data are more effective.
Schematic Shale Dq1000 Schematic Shale Dq1000 ResponseResponse
BASELINEBASELINE BASELINEENHANCED
DEPLETEDEnhanced features represent the most productive portions of the lateral
Depletions may represent dissipated gas zones and may cause production problems
Horizontal Borehole Trajectory
Gas
Res
pons
e(N
orm
aliz
ed)
Ligh
t/H
eavy
or
Baseline gas response is intrinsic to mature shale. Positive deviations suggest added gas from fracture system (or diagenetically enhanced porosity). Negative deviations suggest depletion of intrinsic gas response by communication with another fluid compartment
Completion Completion ConsiderationsConsiderations
F F FF
Potential Sw problems
Possible Thief Zones
Potentially Higher Sulfur
F FF
Poor
Moderate
Good
Higher Sw
Sulfur Species
Helium Hydrogen
Ben/TolBenzene
C1 NormC4 Norm
Total GasC1/C4
Best Overall
FFF Fractures
More hydrogen could indicate greater amount of mature oil-prone kerogen
Designing Frac Stages in Horiz. Shale Designing Frac Stages in Horiz. Shale WellsWells
From the Bill Barrett Corporation Website
Application to Fractured ReservoirsApplication to Fractured ReservoirsOil Indicators
Oil filled fracture zones
Low Sw gas-cond filled fractures
High Sw gas-cond filled fractures
Dq1000 Application ConclusionsDq1000 Application Conclusions
Effective single-instrument replacement for the Effective single-instrument replacement for the TGD and GCTGD and GC
Better measurement of wet-gas and liquid-range Better measurement of wet-gas and liquid-range organic species even at low TGorganic species even at low TG
Superior chemical characterization from Superior chemical characterization from measurement of wide range of compoundsmeasurement of wide range of compounds
Data used to infer petroleum type and quality, Data used to infer petroleum type and quality, fluid contacts, proximity to pay, porosity, fluid contacts, proximity to pay, porosity, compartmentalization compartmentalization
Mass Spec Mass Spec
in the in the FieldField Like conventional gas Like conventional gas
detection equipment, detection equipment, the Dq1000 deploys the Dq1000 deploys using a gas trap and using a gas trap and sample flow systemsample flow system
Continuous gas sampleContinuous gas sample Depth and circulation Depth and circulation
input from WITSinput from WITS More-or-less stable More-or-less stable
electrical power supplyelectrical power supply
Hardware OverviewHardware Overview Scanning quadrupole mass spectrometer yields Scanning quadrupole mass spectrometer yields
dynamic range of 7+ orders of magnitude.dynamic range of 7+ orders of magnitude. No carrier or oxidizer gasses.No carrier or oxidizer gasses. Standard issue PC/laptop computer.Standard issue PC/laptop computer. Field serviceable - most routine maintenance Field serviceable - most routine maintenance
operations can be performed on-site by logger.operations can be performed on-site by logger. Full Electronic Isolation provides uninterrupted Full Electronic Isolation provides uninterrupted
service in extremely hostile environments.service in extremely hostile environments. International Deployment - electrical power International Deployment - electrical power
requirements are 90-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz.requirements are 90-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz.
Software OverviewSoftware Overview FIT’s Dq1000 Divining Quad Chemical Profiler FIT’s Dq1000 Divining Quad Chemical Profiler
uses a proprietary, Windows-based software driver uses a proprietary, Windows-based software driver designed to optimize the application of mass designed to optimize the application of mass spectrometry to well site geochemistry, spectrometry to well site geochemistry, incorporating real-time gas analyses with essential incorporating real-time gas analyses with essential drilling parameters monitored by dq1000’s internal drilling parameters monitored by dq1000’s internal circuitry into LAS-format digital output suitable for circuitry into LAS-format digital output suitable for display, data transfer and archival.display, data transfer and archival.
Together with FIT’s proprietary server software and Together with FIT’s proprietary server software and a satellite uplink, real time data are available a satellite uplink, real time data are available virtually anytime, anywhere….virtually anytime, anywhere….
Dq1000 Driver SoftwareDq1000 Driver Software
Dq1000 Depth ProfileDq1000 Depth Profile
Dq1000 Mass SpectraDq1000 Mass Spectra
Dq1000 Time ProfileDq1000 Time Profile
CrossplotsCrossplots
Network SoftwareNetwork Software Dq1000dvr Driver Software Dq1000dvr Driver Software on the FIT-supplied on the FIT-supplied
Laptop computer operates the portable unit in the Laptop computer operates the portable unit in the field, locally archiving gas chemistry and drilling field, locally archiving gas chemistry and drilling parameters, and providing an operator interface parameters, and providing an operator interface for stand-alone deployment.for stand-alone deployment.
Dq1000svr Server Software Dq1000svr Server Software automatically automatically retrieves and archives chemical and drilling data retrieves and archives chemical and drilling data from rig, storing it in a secure location offsitefrom rig, storing it in a secure location offsite
Dq1000mon Monitor Software Dq1000mon Monitor Software installs on any installs on any Windows-based PC allowing secure, real-time Windows-based PC allowing secure, real-time monitoring of gas chemistries and various drilling monitoring of gas chemistries and various drilling parameters from remote locations.parameters from remote locations.
Dq1000 Server SoftwareDq1000 Server Software
Dq1000 Monitor SoftwareDq1000 Monitor Software
Analytical OverviewAnalytical Overview Unit Mass Discrimination from AMU = 1 - 140 Unit Mass Discrimination from AMU = 1 - 140 Analytical cycle time is adjustable between 15 Analytical cycle time is adjustable between 15
seconds and 6 minutes (nominally ~1.5 min/cycle)seconds and 6 minutes (nominally ~1.5 min/cycle) Dynamic analytical range of 7+ orders of magnitudeDynamic analytical range of 7+ orders of magnitude Fully temperature compensatedFully temperature compensated Calibrate with standard test gases (minimal drift Calibrate with standard test gases (minimal drift
requiring infrequent calibration)requiring infrequent calibration) Discriminates paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, Discriminates paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics,
organic acids, COorganic acids, CO22, He, N, He, N22, O, O22, H, H22, various sulphur , various sulphur species andspecies and mud additivesmud additives
Dq1000 SpecificationsDq1000 Specifications Dimensions:Dimensions: 26in x 7.5in x 15in26in x 7.5in x 15in Weight:Weight: 54 lbs (portable)54 lbs (portable) Power:Power: 85-264 VAC (3.0-1.5 Amp)85-264 VAC (3.0-1.5 Amp)
47-63 Hz (international)47-63 Hz (international) Network:Network: LAN, Internet, SatelliteLAN, Internet, Satellite Sensors:Sensors: Mud Circulation, Pump Strokes,Mud Circulation, Pump Strokes,
Depth, Gas Extraction Line FlowDepth, Gas Extraction Line Flow Cycle Time:Cycle Time: 15 sec – 6 min15 sec – 6 min
(~1.5 min nominal)(~1.5 min nominal) Modes:Modes: Dual (differential) orDual (differential) or
Single Port Gas StreamSingle Port Gas Stream
Dq1000 Divining QuadDq1000 Divining QuadWellsite Gas AnalyzerWellsite Gas Analyzer
Dq1000 DistributorsDq1000 Distributors Crown Geochemistry:Crown Geochemistry: Domestic US, inc OKDomestic US, inc OK
Bruce WarrenBruce Warren EPOCH Well Services:EPOCH Well Services: Domestic US, GOMDomestic US, GOM
Kevin RomeyKevin Romey EPOCH Well Services:EPOCH Well Services: AKAK
Jim CarsonJim Carson King Canyon Buffalo:King Canyon Buffalo: Domestic USDomestic US
Chris NerudChris Nerud Halliburton (Sperry):Halliburton (Sperry): International, GOM, AKInternational, GOM, AK
Ian MitchellIan Mitchell Stratochem Services:Stratochem Services: Egypt, MEEgypt, ME
Mohamed SaidMohamed Said