Mass Society in an Age of Progress 1871 - 1894 FIFI.

Mass Society in an Mass Society in an Age of ProgressAge of Progress

1871 - 18941871 - 1894

FIFI

Main PointsMain Points

► Era of significant material prosperity and Era of significant material prosperity and progressprogress

► Second Industrial Revolution reinforces faith Second Industrial Revolution reinforces faith in in materialismmaterialism

►Mass SocietyMass Society emerges with this broad emerges with this broad urban, industrial and economic growthurban, industrial and economic growth

► Era of increased democracy and the triumph Era of increased democracy and the triumph of liberalismof liberalism

►New ideas of mass politics, propaganda and New ideas of mass politics, propaganda and mass pressmass press

Growth of Industrial Growth of Industrial ProsperityProsperity

►After 1871, new technology and After 1871, new technology and industrial developments triggered industrial developments triggered Second Industrial RevolutionSecond Industrial Revolution First IR focused on textiles, coal, iron and First IR focused on textiles, coal, iron and

RRRR Second focused on steel, chemicals, Second focused on steel, chemicals,

electricity, and petroleumelectricity, and petroleum

New Products, New MarketsNew Products, New Markets►Substitution of steel for iron (Bessemer Substitution of steel for iron (Bessemer

Process and Gilchrist Process)Process and Gilchrist Process)►Chemical production: Germany Chemical production: Germany

surpasses GB (soap, paper, dyes, film)surpasses GB (soap, paper, dyes, film)►ElectricityElectricity

T. Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – T. Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – light bulblight bulb

A.G. Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876A.G. Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876 G. Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves G. Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves

across the Atlantic, 1901across the Atlantic, 1901 Transformation of factories to electrical Transformation of factories to electrical

powerpower

New Products, New MarketsNew Products, New Markets► Internal combustion engine and Internal combustion engine and

petroleum powerpetroleum power►Automobile and airplaneAutomobile and airplane

Daimler (1886) engineDaimler (1886) engine H. Ford (1863-1947) – mass productionH. Ford (1863-1947) – mass production Zeppelin airship, 1900Zeppelin airship, 1900 Wright brothers, 1903Wright brothers, 1903

Evolution of the “Zeppelin”Evolution of the “Zeppelin”

From the very first Zeppelin

…to a reallybigexplodingGermanZeppelin

…to the virile progenitors of heavy metal Zeppelin

…to the Viagra-dependent Zeppelin!

New Products, New MarketsNew Products, New Markets

Marconi’s radio (1901); Daimler’s internal combustion engine in the first motorcycle (1885)

New Products, New MarketsNew Products, New Markets

►New marketsNew markets Increased wages and elevated Increased wages and elevated

standard of livingstandard of living CompetitionCompetition

►AdvertisementAdvertisement►TariffsTariffs

Cartels (Rhenish Westphalian Coal Cartels (Rhenish Westphalian Coal Syndicate)Syndicate)

Precision tools/interchangeable parts Precision tools/interchangeable parts and assembly lineand assembly line

New Patterns in an Industrial New Patterns in an Industrial EconomyEconomy

►Depression, 1873-1895 – falling prices, Depression, 1873-1895 – falling prices, business slumpbusiness slump

►Economic boom after 1895Economic boom after 1895►La belle époqueLa belle époque►German Industrial LeadershipGerman Industrial Leadership

Germany replaces Britain as the industrial Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europeleader of Europe

New areas of manufacturing; emphasis on New areas of manufacturing; emphasis on scientific and technological educationscientific and technological education

New Patterns in an Industrial New Patterns in an Industrial EconomyEconomy

►Europe’s two economic zones: Europe’s two economic zones: Industrial and AgriculturalIndustrial and Agricultural Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Advance industrial core of Great Britain,

Belgium France, the Netherlands, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern ItalyHungarian Empire, and northern Italy

Little industrial development in southern Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and RussiaPortugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia

►Development of world economy caused Development of world economy caused many agricultural areas to specialize many agricultural areas to specialize due to an abundance of graindue to an abundance of grain

Industrial Regions of Europe by Industrial Regions of Europe by 19141914

Women and WorkWomen and Work► ““Right to work”Right to work”► Ideal of domesticity/cult of domesticity vs. reality of Ideal of domesticity/cult of domesticity vs. reality of

financial needfinancial need► Sweatshops and “slopwork” and factory restrictionsSweatshops and “slopwork” and factory restrictions► White-Collar JobsWhite-Collar Jobs

Increased white-collar jobs created shortage of male workers Increased white-collar jobs created shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for womenopening up opportunities for women

Secretaries, teachers, clerks, telephone operators, nursesSecretaries, teachers, clerks, telephone operators, nurses Freedom from domestic patternsFreedom from domestic patterns

► ProstitutionProstitution► Contagious Diseases Acts of 1870s and 1880sContagious Diseases Acts of 1870s and 1880s

Government penalizes prostitutes, not JohnsGovernment penalizes prostitutes, not Johns Josephine Butler’s “Shrieking Sisters”Josephine Butler’s “Shrieking Sisters” Repeal of the acts in 1886Repeal of the acts in 1886

Women and WorkWomen and Work

Female telephone operators; French prostitutes: “Why didn’t they just wash the muff?”

Organizing the Working ClassOrganizing the Working Class►Growing numbers of workers – they wanted Growing numbers of workers – they wanted

their voices heard and developed labor their voices heard and developed labor unions and political partiesunions and political parties

► Socialist Parties in GermanySocialist Parties in Germany German Social Democratic PartyGerman Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1875 – (SPD) 1875 –

most prominent socialist party – why in most prominent socialist party – why in GermanyGermany?? LiebknechtLiebknecht and and BebelBebel – Marxist rhetoric – Marxist rhetoric

► Socialist Parties in FranceSocialist Parties in France Variety of socialist partiesVariety of socialist parties Jean Jean JuaresJuares – rejects Marxism in favor of model – rejects Marxism in favor of model

from French Revolutionfrom French Revolution► Effects of the growth of socialist parties – Effects of the growth of socialist parties –

Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and RussiaRomania and Russia

► Second InternationalSecond International (1889) and (1889) and International Labor Day 5/1International Labor Day 5/1

Organizing the Working ClassOrganizing the Working Class►Two divisive issues: Revisionism Two divisive issues: Revisionism

and Nationalismand Nationalism Evolutionary Socialism vs. MarxismEvolutionary Socialism vs. Marxism►Bebel and MarxismBebel and Marxism►Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) and Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) and RevisionismRevisionism

NationalismNationalism►““The working man has no country” The working man has no country” (?)(?)

►Many like Marx favored international Many like Marx favored international approach but nationalism was a approach but nationalism was a powerful force!powerful force!

Organizing the Working ClassOrganizing the Working Class►Formation of labor unionsFormation of labor unions

Right to strikeRight to strike Replacement of violent upheaval with Replacement of violent upheaval with

collective bargainingcollective bargaining Strong ties to socialist parties – why?Strong ties to socialist parties – why?

►AnarchismAnarchism Initially a peaceful movementInitially a peaceful movement Bakunin’s approach – more violenceBakunin’s approach – more violence Use of assassinationUse of assassination

Contrasting Political ViewpointsContrasting Political Viewpoints

Bebel: “We aim in the domain of politics at republicanism; in the domain of economics at socialism; in the domain of what is today called religion, at atheism.”

Bernstein: "The Communist Manifesto was correct…but…we see the privileges of the capitalist bourgeoisie yielding…to democratic organizations…In my judgment…success lies in a steady advance……than in…a catastrophic clash.“

Bakunin: “If there is a State, then there is domination, and in turn, there is slavery.”

VIOLENT REVOLUTIO

N!

Gradual change! Destroy

the state!

And shoot

someone!

Emergence of Mass SocietyEmergence of Mass Society

►Population Growth Population Growth 270 mil to 460 mil from 1850-1910!270 mil to 460 mil from 1850-1910! Decline in the death rateDecline in the death rate

►Medical discoveries and environmental Medical discoveries and environmental conditionsconditions

►Improved publication sanitationImproved publication sanitation►Improved nutritionImproved nutrition

► Increased emigration to urban areas Increased emigration to urban areas and to USand to US Opportunity for employmentOpportunity for employment Need to escape persecutionNeed to escape persecution

Population Growth in Europe, Population Growth in Europe, 1820-19001820-1900

The Urban Environment The Urban Environment ►Growth of cities / UrbanizationGrowth of cities / Urbanization►Urban Reformers and Improved Living Urban Reformers and Improved Living

ConditionsConditions Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf VirchowEdwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow

►Pointed to relationship between living Pointed to relationship between living conditions and diseaseconditions and disease

►Boards of Health establishedBoards of Health established►Buildings begin to be inspected for problemsBuildings begin to be inspected for problems►Public Health Act of 1875Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain in Britain►Clean water into the cityClean water into the city►Expulsion of sewageExpulsion of sewage

Transformation of the Transformation of the Urban Environment Urban Environment

► Housing NeedsHousing Needs Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of

living conditions to political and moral health of the living conditions to political and moral health of the nationnation

Victor A.Victor A. HuberHuber, German reformer – no more SLUMS!, German reformer – no more SLUMS! Octavia HillOctavia Hill – personal investment in housing – personal investment in housing Lord LeverhulmeLord Leverhulme – Port Sunlight and his soap factory – Port Sunlight and his soap factory Ebenezer HowardEbenezer Howard – Letchward Garden City – Letchward Garden City Garden City MovementGarden City Movement

► Redesigning the cities; Redesigning the cities; British Housing Act of British Housing Act of 18901890 Construct new buildings, reconfigure spacesConstruct new buildings, reconfigure spaces Cheap modern transportation – urban sprawl, suburbsCheap modern transportation – urban sprawl, suburbs Liberal principles of government don’t hold trueLiberal principles of government don’t hold true

Transformation of the Transformation of the Urban Environment Urban Environment

Slum housing; Lord Levelhulme’s houses for his employees at Port Sunlight Village; the visual concept for the Garden City Movement

Social Structure of Mass Social Structure of Mass SocietySociety

► The EliteThe Elite 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40

percent of wealthpercent of wealth Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional

aristocracyaristocracy Common bondsCommon bonds

► The Middle ClassesThe Middle Classes Stratification: Upper middle class, middle middle-class, Stratification: Upper middle class, middle middle-class,

lower middle-classlower middle-class ProfessionalsProfessionals White-collar workersWhite-collar workers Middle class values came to dominate society and cultureMiddle class values came to dominate society and culture

► The Lower classesThe Lower classes 80 percent of the European population80 percent of the European population AgricultureAgriculture Urban working class stratification: Skilled, semiskilled, Urban working class stratification: Skilled, semiskilled,

unskilled workersunskilled workers

Social Structure of Mass SocietySocial Structure of Mass Society

The elite, the urban poor and the rural poor

The Woman QuestionThe Woman Question► There There werewere increased job opportunities for increased job opportunities for

womenwomen►However, many women still aspired to the ideal However, many women still aspired to the ideal

of femininityof femininity Marriage was the only honorable and/or available Marriage was the only honorable and/or available

careercareer Lord Tennyson’s Lord Tennyson’s The Princess:The Princess:

►Man is the hunter; woman is his game:Man is the hunter; woman is his game:The sleek and shining creatures of the chase,The sleek and shining creatures of the chase,We hunt them for the beauty of their skins;We hunt them for the beauty of their skins;They love us for it, and we ride them down. They love us for it, and we ride them down.

Pt. V, l. 147-150. Pt. V, l. 147-150. ►Man for the field and woman for the hearth:Man for the field and woman for the hearth:

Man for the sword and for the needle she:Man for the sword and for the needle she:Man with the head and woman with the heart:Man with the head and woman with the heart:Man to command and woman to obey;Man to command and woman to obey;All else confusion. All else confusion.

Pt. V, l. 427-431. Pt. V, l. 427-431.

The Family and Family LifeThe Family and Family Life► ““Cult of Domesticity”Cult of Domesticity” glorified glorified

Before increased job opportunities, women Before increased job opportunities, women had had to marry out of financial necessityto marry out of financial necessity

Most women chose to marry, however lowering Most women chose to marry, however lowering illegitimacy, but so did…illegitimacy, but so did…

► Family PlanningFamily Planning Family size limited Family size limited (contraception –(contraception –

vulcanized rubber)vulcanized rubber) Dr. Aletta JacobDr. Aletta Jacob – – first birth control clinicfirst birth control clinic in in

Amsterdam 1882Amsterdam 1882 Those who could afford children used birth Those who could afford children used birth

control; those who could not often didn’tcontrol; those who could not often didn’t Many spoke out against birth controlMany spoke out against birth control

The Middle Class FamilyThe Middle Class Family►Family was a central institutionFamily was a central institution

Men – incomeMen – income Women – household, socials, needlepoint – Women – household, socials, needlepoint –

the more idle the better!the more idle the better! Domestic Servants – housework/cookingDomestic Servants – housework/cooking

►1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s it possible to live on the husband’s wageswages

►Leisure time due to higher wages and Leisure time due to higher wages and reduced work weekreduced work week Holiday traditionsHoliday traditions Gender-based activities, toys for childrenGender-based activities, toys for children

The Working Class FamilyThe Working Class Family►Wages improved to allow younger Wages improved to allow younger

children NOT to work, and even more children NOT to work, and even more women were staying at home like women were staying at home like middle classmiddle class

►Consumer goods – sewing machines, Consumer goods – sewing machines, stoves, bicycles – provided goals to work stoves, bicycles – provided goals to work towardtoward

►Saturday leisureSaturday leisure►Compulsory education removed children Compulsory education removed children

from factories and put them in schoolsfrom factories and put them in schools

Education and LeisureEducation and Leisure►SchoolsSchools

Gymnasium (Secondary Schools)Gymnasium (Secondary Schools) Secondary (University) for wealthy and Secondary (University) for wealthy and

later, middle classlater, middle class Needed compulsory education for Needed compulsory education for

informed voting public and national informed voting public and national pridepride!!

Germany had 1Germany had 1stst public education system public education system early 19early 19thth century century

By 1870s more school requirementsBy 1870s more school requirements► Impact on literacyImpact on literacy►Growth of publicationsGrowth of publications

Education and LeisureEducation and Leisure►Second IR decimated village life of past – Second IR decimated village life of past –

long holidays didn’t mesh with industrial long holidays didn’t mesh with industrial pacepace

►Shorter work days/weeks = more leisure!Shorter work days/weeks = more leisure!►Machines to do housework = more Machines to do housework = more

leisure!leisure!►Rail travel to resorts and Tourism Rail travel to resorts and Tourism

(Thomas Cook)(Thomas Cook)►Music and dance hallsMusic and dance halls►Organized sportsOrganized sports►Amusement ParksAmusement Parks

Early Days of SportEarly Days of Sport

Rugby in Britain; Football (Soccer) in Genoa

Ferris Wheel – Old SchoolFerris Wheel – Old School

Life sucks for us!

Weeeee!

The National State:The National State:Western Europe and the Growth of Political Western Europe and the Growth of Political

DemocracyDemocracy

►With the exception of Spain and Italy, With the exception of Spain and Italy, parliamentary control of the parliamentary control of the governments of western Europe were governments of western Europe were able to push for liberal reforms.able to push for liberal reforms.

►Great Britain and Gladstone’s ReformsGreat Britain and Gladstone’s Reforms Reform Act of 1884Reform Act of 1884 Redistribution ActRedistribution Act SalariesSalaries to members of the House of to members of the House of

CommonsCommons


DemocracyDemocracy► Irish QuestionIrish Question

Act of Union 1801Act of Union 1801 and the impact of and the impact of nationalismnationalism

Gladstone’s attempt Gladstone’s attempt at land reformat land reform

Failure of Failure of Home Home Rule BillsRule Bills of 1886 of 1886 and 1893and 1893

Irish Protestants in Irish Protestants in UlsterUlster (N. Ireland) (N. Ireland) vs. Catholicsvs. Catholics


DemocracyDemocracy►France in turmoilFrance in turmoil

Defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led to the Defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led to the downfall of Emperor Louis Napoleon III. downfall of Emperor Louis Napoleon III.

Bismarck required defeated France to choose Bismarck required defeated France to choose their new government by UNIVERSAL MALE their new government by UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE, though the French Republicans SUFFRAGE, though the French Republicans had set up a provisional governmenthad set up a provisional government

Once put to vote, the French public rejected Once put to vote, the French public rejected the republican government and elected a the republican government and elected a majority of monarchists for the new National majority of monarchists for the new National Assembly!Assembly!


DemocracyDemocracy

►France in turmoilFrance in turmoil Radical republicans rebel: Radical republicans rebel: Paris Paris

CommuneCommune established established National Assembly brutally puts down the National Assembly brutally puts down the

commune after a month of nasty street commune after a month of nasty street fightingfighting►Louise MichelLouise Michel and the role of women and the role of women►Outcome broadened the rift between middle Outcome broadened the rift between middle

and working class already begun in 1848-9 and working class already begun in 1848-9 revolutionsrevolutions


DemocracyDemocracy

►France in turmoilFrance in turmoil Monarchists failure to choose a kingMonarchists failure to choose a king Ineffective leadership opens door for Ineffective leadership opens door for

republic to prevailrepublic to prevail By 1875, By 1875, Third RepublicThird Republic born. 1 born. 1stst? 2? 2ndnd?? Republicans come to dominate Chamber Republicans come to dominate Chamber

of Deputiesof Deputies Resistance to the Third Republic and the Resistance to the Third Republic and the

Boulanger Affair Boulanger Affair


DemocracyDemocracy

►Spain and ItalySpain and Italy Spain remains conservative and brutally Spain remains conservative and brutally

suppresses outbursts of socialists and suppresses outbursts of socialists and anarchistsanarchists

Italy, the Italy, the EthiopiaEthiopia humiliation, and the humiliation, and the rift between industrialists and working rift between industrialists and working classclass

The National State:The National State:Central and Eastern Europe and the Persistence Central and Eastern Europe and the Persistence

of the Old Orderof the Old Order

►GermanyGermany Established legislature as well as Established legislature as well as

universal male suffrage, yet still remained universal male suffrage, yet still remained an authoritarian and conservative regimean authoritarian and conservative regime

Bicameral legislature: Bicameral legislature: BundesratBundesrat and and ReichstagReichstag

Role of Chancellor and persistence of Role of Chancellor and persistence of Junker-dominated military hierarchyJunker-dominated military hierarchy


of the Old Orderof the Old Order►Germany: a power struggleGermany: a power struggle

BismarckBismarck►KulturkampfKulturkampf and playing to liberals and playing to liberals►Bismarck’s conservative backlash in 1878Bismarck’s conservative backlash in 1878►Outlawing SDPOutlawing SDP►Social Welfare LegislationSocial Welfare Legislation (?) (?)►Failure to curb growth of SDP and desire to use Failure to curb growth of SDP and desire to use

undemocratic, repressive measures to obliterate themundemocratic, repressive measures to obliterate them Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

►Desire to rule aloneDesire to rule alone►Role of Kaiser made secure by BismarckRole of Kaiser made secure by Bismarck►Dissatisfaction with Bismarck’s failure to win over the Dissatisfaction with Bismarck’s failure to win over the

workers and stop spread of SDPworkers and stop spread of SDP►Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890


of the Old Orderof the Old Order►AustriaAustria

Ausgleich created dual monarchy 1867 Ausgleich created dual monarchy 1867 with constitution and parliament, but with constitution and parliament, but Emperor Francis Joseph undermined its Emperor Francis Joseph undermined its authorityauthority

Ethnic minority problemEthnic minority problem►Edward von Taaffe as PM (1879-1893)Edward von Taaffe as PM (1879-1893)►Concessions to minorities anger German-Concessions to minorities anger German-

speaking bureaucracyspeaking bureaucracy►Francis Joseph used Catholicism to keep Francis Joseph used Catholicism to keep

people togetherpeople together►Universal male suffrage 1907Universal male suffrage 1907


of the Old Orderof the Old Order►HungaryHungary

More effective parliament but dominated More effective parliament but dominated by Magyar landownersby Magyar landowners

Forced Forced MagyarizationMagyarization Ethnic tensionsEthnic tensions


of the Old Orderof the Old Order►RussiaRussia

No concessions or liberal democratic No concessions or liberal democratic reformsreforms

Assassination of Alexander II made his son Assassination of Alexander II made his son Alexander III reactionaryAlexander III reactionary

Secret police, power of Zemstovs Secret police, power of Zemstovs curtailedcurtailed

Industrialization would force inevitable Industrialization would force inevitable change…change…

In Summary…In Summary…► This era – the Second Industrial Revolution – and the This era – the Second Industrial Revolution – and the

wealth it brought, brought with is great prosperity and wealth it brought, brought with is great prosperity and a higher standard of living.a higher standard of living.

► Education, the right to vote, higher pay, better Education, the right to vote, higher pay, better healthcare and living conditions coupled with healthcare and living conditions coupled with technological advancements gave people more leisure technological advancements gave people more leisure time, and with this, they took vacations, joined social time, and with this, they took vacations, joined social clubs, attended performances, and played on teams.clubs, attended performances, and played on teams.

► A people participated more in government, they came A people participated more in government, they came to rely increasingly on the national state to take care to rely increasingly on the national state to take care of the population, and people’s pride in their national of the population, and people’s pride in their national identity continued to grow, triggering a wave of identity continued to grow, triggering a wave of intense nationalism and competitive international intense nationalism and competitive international rivalries.rivalries.

Mass Society in an Age of Progress 1871 - 1894 FIFI.

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