A.A. Kwiatkowski

Department of Physics & Astronomy and Cyclotron Institute

Texas A&M University

Mass measurements needed for neutrino physics

Coherent Neutrino Scattering Experiment Workshop

12 November 2015

Many disciplines require atomic mass measurements at different precisions.

General PhysicsMetrology, tests of

CPT

dm/m ≤ 10-10

Neutrino Physicsdm/m ≤ 10-11

Nuclear

Astrophysicsdm/m ≤ 10-7

Nuclear PhysicsMass models &

formulae

dm/m ≈ 10-7

Weak

InteractionsTests of fundamental

symmetries

dm/m ≤ 10-9

Atomic PhysicsBinding energies and

tests of QED w/ HCI

dm/m ≤ 10-9

Nuclear b decay is the most suitable process to investigate neutrinos.

Neutrino PhysicsdQ ~ 0.1 - 100 eV

Neutrino MassdQ < 1 eV

Neutrinoless Double-beta

DecaydQ = 10 - 100 eV

Search for Sterile

NeutrinosdQ ≤ 100 eV

Neutrino OscillometrydQ = 10 - 100 eV

Neutrino Physicsdm/m ≤ 10-11

𝑄 = 𝑀𝑖 − 𝑀𝑓

Total energy carried away by

emitted neutrino is shared with

emitted electron(s) in b & bb and

is constant in e & ee.

Penning traps are trusted for high-accuracy and -precision mass spectrometry.

𝐁

z0

r0

ring

electrode

end cap

ion

Mass determination via cyclotron frequency

2pnc = (q/m) B

𝐁

= =+V

z

B

q/m

n+ = reduced cyclotron freq. ~ 1 MHz

n- = magnetron freq. ~ 1 kHz

nz = axial freq. ~ 100 kHz

Achievable precision distinguishesmeasurement techniques.

𝛿𝜈𝑐 𝜈𝑐 < 10−10

𝜈𝑐2 = 𝜈+

2 + 𝜈−2 + 𝜈𝑧

2

stable or long-lived species

𝛿𝜈𝑐 𝜈𝑐 ≥ 10−10

𝜈𝑐 = 𝜈+ + 𝜈−

short-lived species

I

t

I

n

FFT

n

TOF

TITAN

CPT

LEBIT

JYFLTRAP

ISOLTRAP

MLLTRAP

FSU

THe-TRAP

PENTATRAP

TRIGATRAP

SHIPTRAP

CHIP-TRAP

PTMS has spread worldwide.

short-lived nuclides

dm/m ~ 10-9

long-lived & stable

nuclides

dm/m <10-10

KATRIN will directly measure 𝑚 𝜈

through kinematics of 𝑇𝛽−3𝐻𝑒.

𝑁 ∝1

𝐸03

Want lowest 𝑄𝛽− : 3H 3He 𝑄𝛽− = 18.6 keV 𝑇1/2 = 12.3 y KATRIN

187Re 187Os 𝑄𝛽− = 2.5 keV 𝑇1/2 = 44 Gy MARE

THe-TRAPaim

𝛿𝑄(𝑇𝛽− 3𝐻𝑒) ≈ 20 meV

𝛿𝑄 𝑚 < 10−11

PENTATRAP, CHIP-TRAPaim

𝛿𝑄(187𝑅𝑒𝛽− 187𝑂𝑠) ~ 1 eV

ECHo will directly measure 𝑚𝜈through kinematics of 163𝐻𝑜 163𝐷𝑦

Inte

nsity

De-Excitation Energy / keV

Want lowest 𝑄 : 163Ho 163Dy 2.2 ≤ 𝑄 ≤ 2.8 keV 𝑇1/2 = 4.6 ky

( Additional candidates whose 𝑄 < 100 keV since 𝐸𝜈 = 𝑄 − 𝐵𝑖. )

SHIPTRAP(2015)

𝛿𝑄 = 16 eV

PENTATRAP

CHIP-TRAPaim

𝛿𝑄 ~ 1 eV

The Double b-decay problem

double-electron-capture nuclides

double b-decay nuclides

0nbb experiments rely on kinematics.

0n2bT1/2>10-25

2n2bT1/2~10-19

E/Qbb

dN

/d (

E/Q

bb)

100

em

mMZQGT

bb

nbbbbnn ||),()( 00

10

2/1

phase-space factor effective Majorana

mass

nuclear matrix element

FSU, LEBIT, JYFLTRAP, SHIPTRAP, TITAN,

TRIGATRAP, …(g.s. g.s.)

𝛿𝑄𝛽𝛽 , 𝛿𝑄 ≤ 1 keV

𝛿𝑄 𝑚 ≤ 10−9

0𝜈휀휀 decay may be resonantly enhanced.

1

𝑇1/2∝

Γ

𝑄 − 𝐵2ℎ − 𝐸𝛾2+ Γ 2 2

degeneracy Δ = 𝑄 − 𝐵2ℎ − 𝐸𝛾 ≈ Γ < 100 eV

requires δ𝑄 ≈ 100 eV

Hunts for sterile neutrinos need 𝑄& accurate electron wavefunctions.

Inte

nsity

De-Excitation Energy / keV

𝜆𝑖𝜆𝑗 𝑡ℎ= 𝐹(𝑄 , 𝐵𝑖 , 𝐵𝑗 , 𝑈𝑒4) ∙

𝜆𝑖𝜆𝑗 𝑒𝑥𝑝

binding energy of ith, jth e-

contribution from

sterile neutrino

𝜆𝑖 𝜆𝑗 𝑡ℎrequires accurate e- wavefunctions

and high-accuracy & -precision 𝑄 -values.

Next steps in oscillometrydepend on neutrino source.

LENA

50 kt

liquid

scintillator

• Oscillation length:

𝐿𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ∝𝐸𝜈 [𝑀𝑒𝑉]

|∆𝑚𝑖𝑗|2 [𝑒𝑉]

• If En ~ keV then L13 ~ m

• An intense tunable keV n source can be made with accelerated b emitters / electron-capture decay:

37Ar, 51Cr, 75Se, 113Sn, 145Sm, 169Yb

Some Q-values for solar neutrino experiments require re-examination.

• SAGE & GALLEX measured solar ne flux via 71Ga(ne,e

-)71Ge reaction over 15 year period

• Deficit in measured-to-predicted event ratio of 13% or 2.6s

• TITAN measured 𝛿𝑄 = 1.2 keV …

& soon JYFLTRAP 𝛿𝑄 < 1 keV

source event ratio

exp / theory

GALLEX 51Cr 0.882±0.078

SAGE 51Cr 0.95± 0.12

SAGE 37Ar 0.79±0.10

average 0.87±0.05

detector calibration with terrestrial sources

SAGE

Summary & status

• Neutrino mass Q-values needed:

• SMILE-TRAP measured 𝛿𝑄 3𝐻 = 1.2 eV

• THe-TRAP can do 𝛿𝑄 𝑚 ~ 10−10 & will do <10−11

• PENTATRAP & CHIP-TRAP are under construction & aim for 𝛿𝑄 163𝐻𝑜, 187𝑅𝑒 ~ 1 eV

• 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 and 0𝜈휀휀 decay Q-values have largely been measured to desired precision at RIB PTMS

• Still need NME and Ex to identify enhanced cases

• Hunt for sterile neutrinos• Candidates identified but

largely unmeasured to desired precision of 𝛿𝑄 ≤ 100 eV

• Mapping oscillations:• Ongoing effort, beginning to

be examined at RIB PTMS• keV neutrino candidates

require 𝛿𝑄 ≤ 100 eV• Solar neutrino flux

experiments require 𝛿𝑄~ 100 eV

References

• S. Eliseev, Y.N. Norikov, K. Blaum, AdP 525 (2013) 707

• S. Eliseev, T. Eronen, Y.N. Norikov, IJMS 349 (2013) 102

• K. Blaum, S. Eliseev, T. Eronen, Y. Litvinov, JPCS 381

(2012) 010213

7s shift in Qe(163Ho) published this August!

• S. Eliseev et al., PRL 115 (2015) 062501

Many figures were taken from Sergey Eliseev – thank you!