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El mundo que conoció Jesús lo construyó Herodes el Grande.
MASADA
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MASADA (METZUDÁ, “FORTALEZA”)
Es una fortaleza natural rocosa, aislada completamente de su entorno.
Su cima está a 59 metros de altura sobre el nivel del mar y a 459 m sobre el nivel del mar Muerto.
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CRONOLOGÍA 1. Fue fortificada por el gran
sacerdote Jonatán, identificado con el rey asmoneo Alejandro Janneo (103-76 a.C.)
2. Herodes utilizó la fortaleza de Masada para albergar a su madre Cypros, su prometida Mariamne y su hermana Salomé durante la invasión parta del año 40 a.C. de Judea, antes de dirigirse hacia Roma para solicitar apoyo contra los partos y sus aliados judíos.
3. Una vez controlada Judea, y ante la amenaza que suponía el incipiente expansionismo de la vecina reina Cleopatra VII de Egipto (amparada por Marco Antonio), Herodes decidió fortificar Masada.
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1. El sendero de la serpiente 2. Residencia y cuartel del
comandante 3. Almacenes 4. Gran casa de baños y termas 5. Palacio Norte 6. Edificio de la administración 7. Punto de observación 8. Sinagoga
9. Muro y salas de los rollos 10. Rampa de asedio romana 11. Puerta bizantina 12. Torre del curtidor 13. Palacio oeste 14. Iglesia bizantina 15. Barrio de los oficiales 16. Torre de guardia 17. Edificios herodianos y palacio pequeño
18. Columbario 19. Gran cisterna 20. Fortaleza sur 21. Viviendas de los zelotas 22. Cueva monástica bizantina
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El sendero de la serpiente
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Residencia y cuartel
del comandante
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Almacenes
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“Grandes salas para almacenes
aseguraban a los habitantes de
la fortaleza una amplia gama
de víveres”. (La guerra judía
7,295-299).
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“La perfecta conservación
estaba garantizada por la
aridez e insalubridad del
lugar”.
(La guerra judía 7,295-299).
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Sala de baños y termas
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Palacio Norte
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1. En la terraza superior se encontraban las viviendas, decoradas con frescos y mosaicos.
2. En la terraza intermedia encontraremos una pequeña piscina de baño y un pozo de agua.
3. En la terraza inferior se encontraba la CASA DE LOS BAÑOS, pequeña pero sofisticada: el baño tibio, el baño frío y el baño caliente.
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Sinagoga
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Casamatas
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Salas de los rollos
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Torre del curtidor
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Palacio oeste
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Columbario
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Cisternas
Se llenaban en invierno con el agua de las lluvias.
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Baños rituales (mikvé)
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El historiador judío Flavio Josefo narrará los acontecimientos ocurridos durante la guerra de los judíos contra Roma.
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Reconstrucción de Masada unos días antes del asalto final romano. Probablemente disponían de huerto y cultivos gracias a sus reservas de agua.
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CRONOLOGÍA II 4. En el año 66 d.C., los
zelotes liderados por Menahem Ben Yahuda de Galilea conquistaron la fortaleza de Masada que estaba en manos de una guarnición romana desde la muerte de Herodes.
5. Masada no se encontraba en el frente de batalla. Durante los cinco años de rebelión se mantuvo al margen de los combates, pero de fortaleza real pasó a ser refugio masivo para numerosas familias.
6. Tras la destrucción de Jerusalén, el procurador Silva, con un ejército de 15000 hombres que incluía a la X legión, se dispuso a conquistarla.
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A- CAMPAMENTO I B- CAMPAMENTO II C- CAMPAMENTO III D-CAMPAMENTO IV F-CAMPAMENTO VI DE SILVA E- CAMPAMENTO V G- CAMPAMENTO VII H- CAMPAMENTO VIII
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Punto de observación de los campamentos romanos
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Rampa de asedio romana
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Proyectiles romanos
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Puerta bizantina
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CRONOLOGÍA III: Durante la época bizantina (V-VI siglo) monjes y ermitaños repoblaron
las ruinas, restituyendo al lugar un último aliento de vida.
Iglesia bizantina
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Mosaicos en lo pavimentos y simples diseños geométricos sobre las paredes
adornan estos edificios monásticos.