Mary Anne Holmes Earth & Atmospheric Sciences University of Nebraska-Lincoln Women in the...
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Mary Anne HolmesEarth & Atmospheric Sciences
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Women in the GeosciencesA Data-Based Assessment
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Geoscience Bachelor's Degrees
Per
cen
t o
f D
egre
es t
o W
om
en
(1646)
(1485)
(1354)(922)
(161)
(n)
Data from NSF
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Geoscience Bachelor's Degrees
3-yr Moving Average
Per
cen
t o
f D
egre
es t
o W
om
en
Data from NSF
Data from NSF
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Geoscience Degrees to Women
Bachelor's PhD
Per
cen
t o
f D
egre
es t
o W
om
en
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Women in Geosciences
Bachelor's PhD Assistant Professor
Degree data from NSFAcademic data from AGI
Where are they going??
female male
49%
36%
I’ve Considered Leaving the Geosciences
32
67
Female Responses
Why Would You Leave?
8
21
2
Male Responses
Three Levels of Gender Identity
Individual Interactional Institutional
Risman, 2004
InteractionalProblems with Advisor Family Issues
InstitutionalFamily IssuesProblems with Advisor
Interactional
Problems with Advisor + + + + +
Implicit Bias
A Scientist
Identical CVs evaluated by male and female psychology professors
Karen
Steinpreis, Anders, & Ritzke (1999) Sex Roles, 41, 509.
Brian
2x
Identical Resumes
“Non-mother”
Mother
Correll, Benard and Paik (2007) American Journal of Sociology, 112 (5), 1297-1338.
2x
25 December 2099To Whom It May Concern:Four score and seven years ago I met the candidate and discovered that the enemy is us. When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for the slick brown fox to jump over the lazy dog, a righteous and self-absorbed people must rise up and take the bull by the tail.
Turning and turning in the widening gyre, the falcon cannot hear the falconer. Things fall apart. The center cannot hold. Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world and everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned. If I can be of any other assistance to you, please do not hesitate to ask.
25 December 2099To Whom It May Concern:Four score and seven years ago I met the candidate and discovered that the enemy is us. When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for the slick brown fox to jump over the lazy dog, a righteous and self-absorbed people must rise up and take the bull by the tail.
Turning and turning in the widening gyre, the falcon cannot hear the falconer. Things fall apart. The center cannot hold. Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world and everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned. The best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity. Surely the second coming is at hand. The second coming! Hardly are the words out when a vast image of spiritus mundi troubles my sight.
It’s unbelievable how he took off running and I never had to give him any supervision at all. If you don’t hire this guy you are a fool.
If I can be of any other assistance to you, please do not hesitate to ask.
excellent pretty good
lots of papers
works with The Gods
is friends with my wife
gets along with people
Trix & Psenka (2003) Discourse & Society, Vol 14(2): 191-220.
Letters of Recommendation for Successful Medical School Faculty Applicants
Reduce the Impact of Implicit Bias
KarenBrian
Family Issues
Institutional
(de Wet, Ashley, and Kegel, 2002)
Temporary Leaves from Work
24%
40%
Hewlett and Luce, 2005
96% return to workforce
Hewlett and Luce, 2005
Average Length of Time Away from Work
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
Years in Career
2 Years
Hewlett and Luce, 2005
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
“It’s cheaper to keep her”
Shirley Malcom, AAAS
Flexible FacultyParental Leave
Adoption, birth
“Stop the Tenure Clock”Assignment Shift / Modified DutiesTemporary part-time
Service 10%
Service 10%
Research 50%Teaching
40%
Research 90%
Suppose We Intervene?
Marshke et al., 2007.
# years for faculty %s to
reach PhD pool of 40%
Maximum % Women on
Faculty
# years to reach Maximum % Women on
Faculty
no interventionnever 34%
40 years
eliminate unequal attrition
55 40% 55 years
address recruitment: 50% of new hires ♀
but not attrition28 43% 49 years
= attrition, 50% of new hires are ♀
20 50%30% in 9 years50% in 57 years
“Immodest Proposal”only ♀ hires
7 100%50% in 11 years100% in 70 years
Marshke et al., 2007.
1.Summary
Summary
A Scientist2.
Summary3.
References American Geological Institute, Directory of Geoscience Departments. Correll, S. J., Benard, S. and Paik, I., 2007. Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology,
Vol. 112, No. 5 (March 2007): 1297–1338. De Wet, C.B., Ashley, G. M., and Kegel, D. P. 2002. Biological clocks and tenure timetables: restructuring the academic
timeline. GSA Today, 12:24. Hewlett, S.A., and Luce, C.B. Off-ramps and on-ramps: keeping talented women on the road to success. Harv Bus Rev.
2005;83(3):43-46, 48, 50-54. Holmes, M.A., O’Connell, S., Frey, C., and Ongley, L. 2008. Gender imbalance in U.S. geoscience academia. Nature
Geosciences, 1(2), 79-82. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n2/abs/ngeo113.html Marschke,R., Laursen, S., Nielsen, J.M.C., and Rankin, P. 2007. Demographic inertia revisited: an immodest proposal to
achieve equitable gender representation among faculty in Higher Education. Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January/February 2007), pp. 1-26.
National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2004 NSF 04–317 (NSF, Arlington, Virginia, 2004); available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/women .
National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2009 (NSF, Arlington, Virginia, 2009).
Risman, B. J. 2004. Gender as a Social Structure: Theory Wrestling with Activism. Gender & Society, 18(4):429-450. DOI: 10.1177/0891243204265349.
Steinpress, R. E., Anders, K.A., and Ritzke, D., 1999. The Impact of Gender on the Review of the Curricula Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study. Sex Roles, Vol. 41, Nos. 7/8509-528.
Trix,F., and Psenka,C. 2003. Exploring the color of glass: Letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse & Society 14(2) 191-220. DOI: 10.1177/0957926503014002277
Valian, V. (1999). Why so slow? The advancement of women. Cambridge: MIT Press.
What Geoscientists Think: Why are Numbers of Women so Low?
16
10
4 4
Male Responses
Need more time - pipe-
line
lack of female mentors
family issues climate issues
53
9
5
Female Responses
Accumulation of DisadvantageMartell, Lane & Emrich, American Psychologist, 1996
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 820
30
40
50
60
Level
Pe
rce
nt
Wo
me
n 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 820
30
40
50
60
Level
Pe
rce
nt
Wo
me
n
1%
Accumulation of Disadvantage
Martell, Lane & Emrich, American Psychologist, 1996
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 820
30
40
50
60
Level
Pe
rce
nt
Wo
me
n
5%
Accumulation of Disadvantage
Martell, Lane & Emrich, American Psychologist, 1996
Research Network
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Geoscience Bachelor's Degrees
3-yr Moving Avg + 7 yrs
Per
cen
t o
f D
egre
es t
o W
om
en
Data from NSF
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Women in Geosciences
Bachelor's PhDAssistant Professor Associate
Degree data from NSFAcademic data from AGI
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Women in Geosciences
Bachelor's PhD Assistant ProfessorAssociate Full
Degree data from NSFAcademic data from AGI