Martin Luther’s Legacy

Mark Ellingsen

Martin Luther’s Legacy

Reforming Reformation Theology for the 21st Century

Mark EllingsenAtlanta, GA, USA

ISBN 978-1-137-58757-2 ISBN 978-1-137-58758-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58758-9

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For BetseyThe special one who accompanies me in all my journeys with Luther

and most everywhere else

vii

Preface

Nobody studies Luther alone, especially if they are Lutherans like myself. The footnotes in this book just begin to hint at my numerous intellectual debts in understanding the first Reformer. Add to that the hundreds, no thousands of conversations I have had about this Reformation Father for over 50 years with Luther scholars from across the globe, Lutheran theo-logians of most every stripe, and even colleagues in Lutheran ministry who love his heritage. This book is a “thank-you” for all I’ve learned. One of its main messages is that these colleagues are pretty much cor-rect. Martin Luther really taught what almost all of them said he did. His thought is so rich that most interpretations of the Reformer are correct, at least in part about him. Most everybody is right about Luther—in part—because the other interpreters are right about him too.

What Philip Schaff wrote over a century ago about Augustine (Luther’s great influence) applies to the Reformer: “In great men, and only great men, great opposites and apparently antagonistic truths live together. Small minds cannot hold them.”1

What Schaff said about Augustine as being such a person can apply to Luther, that he may still hold a mediating place between the great traditions of Christendom, the prospect of a future reconciliation in a higher (more pastorally sensitive) unity.2 Letting Luther teach us about the diversity in his thought and its pastoral implications, an invitation to learn more about him from most of Luther’s interpreters, is in large part what this book is about.

viii PREFACE

My song of praise to my fellow-students of Luther in this Preface would be woefully incomplete if I failed to mention the one who has been with me most every year, through most every new insight I’ve had about the Reformer in all the years I have known him. I refer Betsey, the one I live with, who has been with me in all my journeys—the ones with Luther and all the other journeys of life as well. As we talked about this book we considered some other book dedications I want to write some-time, like to a couple of beloved newer spouses of two of our children not to mention some grandchildren we love a whole lot. They deserve some books too someday, if I don’t run out of gas. But there was no way I was going to let a book on the theologian I so dearly love, the man whose writings have helped make my life so sweet, without this book being for the one who has been with me in these journeys, through all the ups and downs of a life in ministry, and who when talking about them together has made what Luther taught me even better and a lot more fun. Now you know why this book is for Betsey, even though I’ve had a lot of other helpers.

Mark Ellingsen

Notes

1. Philip Schaff, “Prologomena: St. Augustine’s Life and Work,” in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol.1 (1886; reprint ed.; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995), p. 23.

2. Ibid., p. 24.

ix

1 Introduction: Luther the Reformer, Past and Present 1

2 Scripture and Theological Method 19

3 God and Trinity 75

4 Christology 97

5 The Holy Spirit 109

6 Creation and Providence 119

7 Human Nature, Sin, and Free Will 135

8 Atonement 157

9 Justification 167

10 The Christian Life (Sanctification) 217

11 Church 269

coNteNts

x CONTENTS

12 Ministry 279

13 Sacraments 287

14 Eschatology 299

15 Social Ethics 307

16 Conclusion: How Luther Still Reforms Us Today 335

Appendix 339

Index 345

xi

texts by Luther

Ab.Chr. Confession concerning Christ’s Supper [Von Abendmahl Christi, Bekenntnis] (1528)

Act. Aug. Proceedings At Augsburg [Acta augustana] (1518)Adv. Advent Sermons [Adventpostille] (1522) (1525)Adv.bull. Against The Anti-Christ’s Bull [Adversus exerabilem

Antichristi bullam] (1520)Ambr. Cath. A Response to the Book of Master Ambrosius

Catherines [Ad librum eximii Magfistri Nostri Magistri Ambrosii Catharini, defensoris Silverstri Prieratis asccerimi, responsio] (1521)

Anbet.Sak. The Adoration of the Sacrament [Von Anbeten des Sakraments des heligen Leichnams Christ] (1523)

Ander Ep.Pet. Sermons On the Second Epistle of St. Peter [Die ander Epistel S. Petri, und ein S. Judas gepredigt und augelegt] (1523–1524)

Antinom. (1) First Disputation Against the Antinomians [Die erste Disputation gegen die Antinomer] (1537)

Antinom. (2) Second Disputation Against the Antinomians [Die zweite Disputation gegen die Antinomer] (Jan. 1538)

Antinom. (3) Third Disputation Against the Antinomians [Die dritte Disputation gegen die Antinomer] (Sept. 1538)

abbreviatioNs

xii ABBREVIATIONS

Ap.Conc. Call of Martin Luther For a Council [Appellatio f. Martini Luther ad Concilium] (1518)

28 Art. Action On the 28 Articles [An der Rat zu Erfurt: Gutachten uber die 28 Artikel der Gemeine] (1525)

Assert.art. Response to the Bull of Leo X [Assertio omnium articulorum M. Lutheri per bullam Leonis X novis-simam domnatorum] (1520)

Auff.Ed. Commentary On the Alleged Imperial Edict [Auff das Vermeyut keiserlich Edict Ausgangen ynn] (1531)

Auff.Ems. Answer To the Hyperchristian, Hyperspiritual, and Hyperlearned Book By Goat Emser in Leipzing [Auff das uberchristlich ubergeystlich und uberkunstlich buch Boks Emszer zu Leypczick Antwortt] (1521)

Auff.Leip. Concerning the Answer of the Goat in Leipzig [Auff des bocks zu Leypczick Antwort] (1521)

Aus. Joh. Another Interpretation of John 1–14 [Ein ander Auslegung uber Joh. 1–14] (n.d.)

Aus.Mos. An Interpretation of Some Chpaters of Other Books of Moses [Auslegung der etliche Kapitel des andern Buchs Mosi, gepredigt zu Wittenberg] (1524–1526)

Aus.Vat. An Exposition of The Lord’s Prayer for Simple Laymen [Auslegung deutsch des Vaterunsers für die einfältigen Laien] (1519)

Ban. A Sermon On the Ban [Ein Sermon von dem Bann] (1520)

Bapt. Rom. On the Papacy in Rome: Against the Most Celeberated Romanist in Leipzig [Von dem Bapstum zu Rome: widder den hochberumpten Romanisten zu Leiptzck] (1520)

Beid.Ges. On Receiving Both Kinds in the Sacrament [Von beider Gestalt des Sakraments zu nehmen] (1522)

Bet. Personal Prayer Book [Betbuchlein] (1522)Betr.Leid. Christ A Meditation On Christ’s Passion [Ein Sermon von

der Betrachtung des heiligen Leidens Christi] (1519)Bib.DB Bibliograph of Prints [Bibliographie der Drucke mit

Jahresangabe] (1546)BR LettersBr. auf.geyst. Letter To the Princes of Saxony Concerning the

Rebellious Spirit [Eyn brief an die Fürsten zu Sachsen von dem auffrurischen geyst] (1524)

Br. Schwarm. Letter To the Christians in Strasbourg Concerning Enthusiasts [En Brif an die Christen zu Strassburg wider den Schwärmgeist] (1524)

ABBREVIATIONS xiii

Brief. Card.Al. Letter To Cardinal Albrecht (1518)Brief. Rech. Letter To Hans von Rechenberg [Ein Sendbrief An

Hans v. Rechenberg] (1522)Brief Schieich. Infliltrating and Clandestine Preachers [Ein

Brief D. Martin Luthers von den Schieichern und Winkelpredigern] (1532)

Brief. Staup. Letter To Johann Staupitz (1518)Bull. Bep. Bis. Against the Spiritual Estate of the Pope and the

Bishops Falsely So Called [Die Bulle Des Ecclesiastic Wittenbergk Wider die Bepstischen Bichoff, Die da gibt Gottes genade zu lon allen den, die sy haltenz, und in volgen] (1522)

Butz. Seven Psalms of Penance [Der sieben Butzpsalmen] (1525)

Capt. Bab. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church [De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae] (1520)

Christ. Adel To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation [An den Christlichen Adel deutscher Nation von den Christlichen Standesn Besserung] (1520)

Christ.Bish. An Example of How to Consecrate a Christian Bishop [Exempel, einen rechten christliche Bischof zu weihen] (1542)

Christ. ver. That a Christian Assembly or CongregationHas the Right and Power to Judge All Teaching and to Call, Appoint, and Dismiss Teachers, Established and Proven by Scripture [Das eyn Christliche versamlung odder gemeyne recht und macht habe, alle lere tzu urteylen und lerer zu beruffen, eyn und abzusetzen, Grund und ursach aus der schrifft] (1523)

Christ. Vorm. Christian Exhortation to the Livonians Concerning Public Worship and Concord [Eyne Christliche vormanung von eusserlichem Gottis dienste unde eyntracht in die yn lieffland] (1525)

Con.lob. Consolation for Labor and Load [Tessaradecos con-solatoria pro laboruntibus et oneratis] (1520)

Cont. Lov. Against the Thirty-Two Articles of the Louvian Theologists [Contra asinos Parisienses Lovaniensesque; also titled Wider dei XXXII Artikel der Theologisten zu Löwen] (1545)

I Cor. Commentary on I Corinthians 7 [Das siebente Kapitel S. Pauli zu den Korinthern ausgelegt] (1523)

xiv ABBREVIATIONS

Deut. Lectures on Deuteronomy [Deuteronomion Mosi cum annotationibus] (1525)

Dial.Pri. A Dialogue With Silvestri Prieratis [Ad dialogum Silvestri Prieratis de potestate papae responsio] (1519)

Dict. Ps. Lectures on the Psalms [Dictata super Psalterium] (1513–1516)

Disp.Christ. Disputation on the Divinity and Humanity of Christ [Die Disputation de divinitate et humanitate Christ] (1540)

Disp.Ec. Disputation Against John Eck [Disputatio et excu-satio F. Martini Luther adversus criminationes D. Johannis Ecci] (1519)

Disp. Heid. The Heidelberg Disputation [Disputatio Heidelbergae habita] (1518)

Disp.hom. The Disputation Concerning Man [Die Disputation de homine] (1536)

Disp. indulg. The Ninety-Five Theses [Disputatio pro declaration virtutis indulgentiarum] (1517)

Disp. just. Disputation on Justification [De Disputation de iustification] (1536)

Disp.miss.priv. Disputation Against Private Masses [Die Disputation contra missam Privatam] (1536)

Disp.nup. Disputation on the Wedding [Die Zirkulardisputation de veste nuptiali] (1537)

Disp.potest. The Disputation on the Authority of Councils [Die Disputation de potestate concilii] (1536)

Disp. Schol. Theol. Disputation Against Scholastic Theology [Disputatio contra scholasticam theologiam] (1517)

Disp.Verb. The Disputation Concerning the Pasage: “The Word Was Made Flesh” [Die Disputation de sententias Verbum caro factum est] (1539)

Disp. Wider. Kais. Disputation on the Right of Opposition Against the Authority [Die Zirkulardisputation uber Das Recht des Widerstands gegen den Kaiser] (1539)

Dol. On Translating and on the Intercession of the Saints [Sendbried vom Dolmetschen und Furbitte der Heiligen] (1530)

Dr. Hier. Concerning the Three Hierarchies [Von den drei Hierarchien] (n.d.)

Dr. Sym. The Three Symbols or Creeds of the Christian Faith [Die drei Symbola oder Bekenntnis des Glauben Christi] (1538)

ABBREVIATIONS xv

Dtsch. Kat. The Large Catechism [Deutscher Katechismus] (1529)

Dtsch.Ord. An Exhortation to the Knights of the Teutonic Order That They Lay Aside False Chastity and Assume The True Chastity of Wedlock [An die herrn Deutsch Ordens, das sie falsche keuscheyt meyden und zur rechtenehlichen keuscheyt greyffen Ermanung] (1532)

Dup. just. Two Kinds of Righteousness [De duplici iustitia] (1519)

Eel.Leb. The Estate of Marriage [Uom Eelichen Leben] (1522)

Ehe. On Marriage Matters [Von Ehesachen] (1530)En.ep. Explanations of the Epistles and Gospels

[Enarrationes epistolarum et euangeliorum, quas postillas vocant] (1521)

Ep.Jes. The Epistle of the Prophet Isaiah [Die Epistel des Propheter Jesaia, so man in der Christmesse lieset] (1526)

Ep. 1.Joh. Lectures on 1 John [Vorlesung über den 1.Johanesbrief] (1527)

Ep.Pr. Epilogue to a Pamphlet of Sylvester Prieras [Epitoma responsionis ad Martinum Luther (per Fratrem Silvestrum de Prierio)] (1520)

Erm. Fried. Admonition to Peace, A Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Peasants in Swabia [Ermahnung zum Fridenauf die zwold artikel der Bauernschaft in Schwaben] (1525)

Ess.9 Account of Isaiah 9 [Enarratio capitis noni Essaiae] (1543/1544)

Ess.53 Account of Isaiah 53 [Enarratio 53. Captis Essiae] (1544)Ev.Joh.1-2 Sermons on the Gospel of John 1–2 [Auslegung des

ersten und zweiten Kapitels Johannis im Predigten] (1537/1538)

Ev.Joh.3-4 Sermons on the Gospel of John 3–4 [Auslegung des dritten und vierten Kapitels Johannis im Predigten] (1538/1540)

Ev.Joh.6-8 Sermons on the Gospel of John 6–8 [Wochenpredigten über Joh.6–8] (1530–1532)

Ev.Joh.14-15 Sermons on the Gospel of John 14–15 [Reihenpredigten über Johannes 14–15] (1533)

xvi ABBREVIATIONS

Ev.Joh.16 Sermons on the Gospel of John 16 [Das XVI Kapitel S. Johannis gepredigt und ausgelegt] (1538)

Ev.Joh.16-20 Sermons on the Gospel of John 16–20 [Wochenpredigten überJoh.16–20] (1528–1529)

Ex. Sermons on Exodus [Predigten über das zweite Buche Mose] (1524–1527)

Fast. (1518) Two Lenten Sermons [Zwei deutsche Faternpredigten von 1518]

Fast. (1525) Lenten Sermons [Fastenpostille] (1525)Fest. Festival Sermons [Festpostille] (1527)Fid.in. The Acquisition of Infused Faith [De fide infusa

acquisitia] (1520)Form. Miss. An Order of Mass and Communion for the Church

At Wittenberg [Formula Missae et Communionis pro Ecclesia Vuittembergensi] (1523)

Gal. (1519) Commentary on Galatians [In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas M. Lutheri commentarius] (1519)

Gal. (1535) Commentary on Galatians [In epistolam S. Pauli ad Galatas Commentarius] (1535)

Geist.Aug. Exhortation to All Clergy Assembled At Augsburg [An der gantze geistlichkeit zu Augsburg versamlet auff den Reichstag] (1530)

Gen. Lectures on Genesis [Genesisvorlesung] (1535–1545)Gl.Ed. Commentary on the Alleged Imperial Edict [Glosse

auf das vermeinte kaiserliche Edikt] (1531)Gr. Serm. Wuch. Longer Sermon on Usury [Grosser Sermon von dem

Wucher] (1520)Grnd. Defense and Explanation of All the Articles [Grund

und Ursach aller Artikel] (1521)Grnd. Bull. Defense and Explanation of all the Articles Which

Were Unjustly Condemned by the Roman Bull [Grund und Ursach aller Aritkel D. MartinLuthers, so durch römische Bulle unrechtlich verdammt sind] (1521)

Gut.Werk. Treatise on Good Works [Sermon von den guten Werken] (1520)

Hab. Lectures on Habbakuk [Der Prophet Habakuk ausge-legt] (1526)

Hagg. Lectures on Haggai [Vorlesungen uber die Kleiner Propheten: In Haggeum] (1525)

Haus. House Sermons [Hauspostille] (1544)

ABBREVIATIONS xvii

Heb. Lectures on Hebrews [Die Vorlesung über den Hebraerbrief] (1517)

Henr. Against King Henry VIII of England [Contra Henricum Regem Angliae] (1522)

Himm.Proph. Against the Heavenly Prophets [Wider die himmlis-chen Propheten von den Bildern und Testament] (1524)

Hndb. Observations on Augustine’s Writings [Luthers Handbermerkungen zu Augustins Schriften de trini-tate und de civitate dei] (n.d.)

Hndb.Sent. Observations on The Sentences of Peter Lombard [Handbemerkungen Luthers Zu den Sentenzen des Petrus Lombardus] (1510–1511)

Hspost. House Postil [Hauspostille]Inst.min. Concerning the Ministry [De instituendis ministris

ecclesiae] (1523)Jes. (1527-1529) Lectures on Isaiah [Vorlesungen über Jesaja] (1527–1529)Jes. (1527-1530) Lectures on Isaiah [Vorlesungen über Jesaja] (1527–1530)J.Christ. That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew [Dass Jesus

Christus ein geborner Jude sei] (1523)1.Joh. Sermons on I John [Etliche schone Predigten aus der

ersten Epistel S. Johannis Von der Liebe] (1532)Jon. Lectures on Jonah [Der Prophet Jona ausgelegt]

(1526)Jud. und Lug. On the Jews and Their Lies [Von den Juden und iren

Lugen] (1543)Kat.pred. Ten Sermons on the Catechism [Katechismus pre-

digten herausgegeben von G. Buchwald] (1528)Kauf. und Wuch. On Trade and Usury [Von Kaufshandlung und

Wucher] (1524)Kirchpost.E. Church Postil for the Epistles [Kirchen–Postille–

Epistel–Predigten] (1522/1544)Kirchpost.G. Church Postil for the Gospels [Kirchen-Postille-

Evangelien-Predigten] (1522/1544)Kl.Ant. Short Answer to Duke George [Klein Antwort auf

Herzog Georgen] (1533)Kl.Kat. Small Catechism [Kleiner Katechismus] (1529)Kl. Proph. Lectures on the Minor Prophets [Vorlesungen uber die

Kleinen Propheten] (1524–1526)

xviii ABBREVIATIONS

Kl. Serm. Wuch. Short Sermon on Usury [Kleiner Sermon von dem Wucher] (1519)

Kl.unt. A Brief Instruction on What to Look for and Expect in the Gospels [Eyn kleyn unterricht, was man ynn den Evanglijus suchen und gewartten soll] (1521)

Konz. On the Councils and the Church [Von den Consiliis und Kirchen] (1530)

15.Kor. Commentary on I Corinthians 15 [Das 15.Kapitel der Ersten Epistle S. Pauli an die Korinther] (1532)

Kr. leut. On Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved [Ob Kriegesleute auch in seligem Stande sein konnen] (1526)

Kr. Trk. On the War against the Turks [Vom Kriege Wider der Turken] (1529)

Kurz. Bek. A Short Confession of the Holy Sacrament [Kurzes Bekenntnis vom heiligen Sadrament] (1544)

Kurz Form A short Form of The Ten Commandments [Eines kurze Form der zehn Gebete, eine kurze Form des Vaterunsers] (1520)

Kurz Vat. A short Form of The Lord’s Prayer [Ein kurtze form, des Vater noster zu verstehen und zu beten, fur die junge kinder im christenglauben] (1519)

Latom. Against Latomus [Rationis Latomiae confutatio] (1521)

Leid. Christ. A Meditation on Christ’s Passion [Ein Sermon Betrachtung des heilige Leiders Christi] (1519)

Leip.Disp. The Leipzig Disputation [Resolutiones Lutherianae super propositionibus suis Lipsiae disputatis] (1518)

Letz. Wort. Treatise on the Last Words of David [Von den letzten Worten Davids] (1543)

Lib.christ. The Freedom of a Christian [Tractatus de libertate christiana] (1520)

Lib. Ex. Cath. On the Book of Ambrose Catharini [Ad librum eximii Magistri Nostri Magistri Abrosii Catharini, defensoris Silverstri Prieratis accerimi, responsio] (1521)

Lied. Hymns [Lieder]Magn. Commentary on the Magnificat [Das Magnificat

verdeutschet und ausgelegt] (1521)Mar. Ges. The Marburg Colloquy [Berichten von Hedio, Des

Marburger Gesprach] (1529)

ABBREVIATIONS xix

Matt. Ann. Annotations in Some Chapters of Matthew [Annotationes in aliquot capita Matthaei] (1538)

Matt.5-7 Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount [Das 5., 6. Und 7. Kapitel S. Matthaei gepredigt und ausgel-egt] (1530–1532)

Matt.11-15 Sermons on Matthew 11–15 [Wochenpredigten über Matth.11–15] (1528/1529)

Matt.18-24 Sermons on Matthew 18–24 [Matth.18–24 in Predigten ausgelegt] (1537–1540)

Men. Avoiding the Doctrines of Men [Von Menschenlehre zu meiden, und Antwort aud Spruche, so man fuhret, Menschenlehre zu starken] (1522)

Mis.Mess. The Misuse of the Mass [Vom Mistbrauch der Messe] (1521)

Mos. How Christians Should Regard Moses [Ein Unterrichtung wie sich die Christen in Mosen sollen schicken] (1525)

Mos. Dec. Moses’ Holy Exclamations [In Genesi Mosi librum sanctissimum Declamationes] (1525)

Ord. gem. Kast. Ordinance of a Common Chest [Ordnung eyns gemeynen Kastens] (1523)

Papst. Mit. The Papacy and Its Members [Das Papstthum mit seinen Gliedern] (1526)

Pfar.Wuch. Treatise on Usury to the Pastors [And die Pfarrherrn wider den Wucher zu predigen] (1540)

1 Pet. Sermons on the First Epistle of St. Peter [Epistel S. Petri gepredig und ausgelgt] (1522)

2 Pet. Sermons on the Second Epistle of St. Peter [Die ander Epistel S. Petri und S. Judas gepredigt und ausgelgt] (1523/1524)

Pot.leg. On Magisterial Laws in the Church [De poteste legis ferendi in ecclesia] (1530)

Prae.Witt. SomeWittenberg Precepts Made Public [Decem prae-cpta Wittenbergensi praedicuta populo] (1518)

Pred. Sermons [Predigten]Pred. Deut. (1529) Preaching on Deuteronomy [Predigten über das

fünfte Buch Mose]Pred. Deut. (1530/1564) Sermons On Deuteronomy [Predigten über das 5.

Buchs Mose]Pred.Gen. Sermons on Genesis [Predigten über das erste Buche

Mose] (1526–1528)

xx ABBREVIATIONS

Pred. Kind. A Sermon on Keeping Children in School [Eine Predigt, dass man Kinder zur Schulen halten solle] (1530)

Pred.1.Mos. (1523/1524) Sermons on Genesis [Predigten über das erste Buch Mose]

Pred.1.Mos. (1527) Sermons on Genesis [Uber das erste Buch Mose, Predigten]

Pred.2.Mos. Sermons on Exodus [Predigten uber das zweite Buch Mose] (1524/1527)

Pred.Sol. Notes on Ecclesiastes [Vorlesung uber den Prediger Solomo] (1532)

Pref. Proph. Preface to Prophets of the Old Testament About Christ [Prophetiae veteris testament de Christo] (1542)

Promodisp.Fab. The Promotion Disputation of Theodore Fabricius and Stanislaus Rapagelanus [Die Promotionsdisputation von Theodor Fabricius und Stanislaus Rapagelanus] (1544)

Promodisp.Heg. The Promotion Disputation of Peter Hegemon [Die Promotionsdisputation von Petrus Hegemon] (1545)

Promodisp.Kopp. The Promotion Disputation of Heironomus Kopp and Friedrich Bachofen [Die Promodisputation von Heironomus Kopp und Friedrich Bachofen] (1543)

Promodisp.Mar. The Promotion Disputation of Johann Marback [Die Promotionsdisputation von Johann Marback] (1543)

Promodisp.Pall. Preface to the Promotion Disputation of Palladius and Tileman [Vorrede zur Promotionsdisputation von Palladius und Tilemann] (1537)

Promodisp.Pet. The Promotion Disputaton of Peter Hegemon [Promotionisdisputation von Petrus Hegemon] (1545)

Promodisp.Schmed. The Promotion Disputaton of Heinrich Schmedenstede [Promotionisdisputation von Heinrich Schmedenstede] (1545)

Promodisp. Scot. The Promotiondisputation of John Scotus [Promodisputation von Johannes Macchabaus Scotus] (1542)

Prop.Sat. Propositions against the Synagogue of Satan [Propositiones adversus totam synagogam Sathannae et universas portas inferarum]

Ps. Lectures on the Psalms [Psalmenauslegungen] (1529/1532)

ABBREVIATIONS xxi

2.Ps. Second Lectures on the Psalms [2.Psalmenvorlesungen] (1519/1521]

Ps.2 Commentary on Psalm 2 [Enarratio Psalmi secundi] (1532/1546)

8.Ps. Commentary on Psalm 8 [Der achte Psalm Davids gepredigt und ausgelegt] (1537)

Ps.45 Lectures on Psalm 45 [Vorlesungen uber die Psalmen 2, 51, 45] (1532/1533)

Ps.51 Exposition of Psalm 51 [Ennaratio Psalmi LI] (1532/1538)

Ps.68 Commentary on Psalm 68 [Deutsche Auslegung des 67. (68) Psalmes] (1521)

82.Ps. Commentary on Psalm 82 [Der 82. Psalm ausgelegt] (1530)

90.Ps. Commentary on Psalm 90 [Ennarraio Psalmi XC] (1541)

Ps.101 Commentary on Psalm 101 [Auslegung des 101 Psalmos] (1534–1535)

Ps.110 Sermons and Commentary on Psalm 110 [Der CX. Psalm, Gepredigt und ausgeleget] (1535)

118. Ps. Commentary on Psalm 118 [Der hundertun-dachtzehnte Psalmen] (1521)

119. Ps. Interpretation of 119 Psalms [Der 119 Psalm, ver-dolmeticht und ausgelegt] (1529)

127.Ps. Exposition of Psalm 127 [Der 127.Psalm ausgelegt au die Christen zu Riga in Liesland] (1524)

Quest.vol.hum. Questions on the Strength of the Human Will without Grace [Quaestio de viribus et voluntate hominis sine gratia disputata] (1516)

Rad. To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools [An der Radherrn aller Stedte deutsches lands: das sie Christliche schulen auffrichten und halten sollen] (1524)

Rath. To the Councilmen of All the cities of Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools [An die Ratherren aller Städte deutscheslands, das sie christliche Schulen aufrichten und erhalten sollen] (1524)

Reich.Gott. On the Kingdom of God: What It Is and How [Vom Reiche Gottes, was es sei und wie] (1525)

xxii ABBREVIATIONS

Reih. Gen. A Sermon Series on Genesis [Reihenpredigten uber 1.Mose] (1523–1524)

Res. Explanations of The Ninety-Five Theses [Resolutiones disputationum de indulgentiarum virtute] (1518)

Res.Cath. Response to Ambrose Cathanni [Ad librum eximii Magistri Nostri Magistri Ambrosii Catharini defen-soris Silverstri Prieratis acermim responsio] (1521)

Res. pap. Resolutions on the Propositions of the Power of the Pope [Resolution Lutherana super propositione sua decimal tertia de potestate papae] (1519)

Rom. Lectures on Romans [Die Vorlesung uber den Romerbrief] (1515–1516)

Schlus. On the Keys [Von den Schlüsseln] (1530)Schmal.Art. Smalcad Articles [Adie Smalkaldischen Artikel]

(1537)Sch.Reisz. Christian Text to W. Reiszenbuch [Christliche Schrift

an W. Reiszenbuch] (1525)Send.Al. Open Letter to Lord Albrecht [Sendschreibenan

Herzog Albrecht von Preuszen] (1532)Send.Buch. An Open Letter on the Harsh Book against the

Peasants [Ein Sendbrief von den harten Buchlein wider die Bauern] (1525)

Send.Rech. A Letter to Hans von Rechenberg [Ein Sendbrief Liber die Frage, ob auch jemand, ohne Glauben ver-storben, selig warden wage (An Hans v. Rechenberg)] (1522)

Sent.Lom. To The Sentences of Peter Lombard [Zu den Sentenzen des Petrus Lombardus] (1510–1511)

Serm. (1514-1517) Early Sermons [Sermone aus den Jahren 1514–1517]Serm.Bereit. A Sermon on Preparing to Die [Ein Sermon von

Bereitung zum Sterben] (1519)Serm.Bu. Sermon on the Sacrament of Penance [Ein Sermon

von dem Sakrament der Busze] (1519)Serm.dr.gut. A Sermon on the Three Kinds of Good Life for the

Instruction of Consciences [Sermon von dreierlei gutem Leben, das Gewissen zu unterwichten] (1521)

Serm.ehe.St. Sermon on the Estate of Marriage [Ein Sermon von dein ehelichen Stand] (1519)

Serm. G.K. On Rogantide Prayer and Procession [Ein Sermon von dem gebet und procession von der Kreutz wochen] (1519)

ABBREVIATIONS xxiii

Serm. H.M. A Treatise on the New Testament, That Is The Holy Mass [Ein Sermon von den neuen Testament. Das its von der heiligen Messe] (1520)

Serm.heil.Leid. A Sermon on the Meditation of Christ’s Holy Passion [Ein Sermon von der Betrachtung des heiligen Leidens Christi] (1519)

Serm.hoc.Sak. The Blessed Sacrament of the Holy and True Body of Christ and the Brotherhoods [Eyn Sermon von dem hochwürdigen Sakrament des heiligen Wahren Leichnams Christi und von den Bruderschaften] (1519)

Serm.poen. The Sacrament of Penance [Sermo de poenitentia] (1518)

Serm.Ruch. Sermon on Soberness and Moderation [Ein Predig Von Ruchterfait und Wassigkait] (1539)

Serm. S. P. P. A Sermon on the Festivalof St. Peter and St. Paul [Ein Sermon gepredigt zu Leipzig auf dem Schloss am Tage Petri und Pauli] (1519)

Serm. S. Steph. Sermon on Saint Stephen’s Day [Sermo in die S. Stephani] (1515)

Serm. S. Thom. Sermon on St. Thomas’ Day [Sermo die S. Thomae] (1518)

Serm. Sak. The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ – Against the Fanatics [Sermon von Sakrament des Leibes und Blutes Christi, wider die Schwarmgeister] (1526)

Serm. Tauf. The Holy and Blessed Sacrament of Baptism [Eyn Sermon von dem heyligen hochwirdigten Sacrament der Taufte] (1519)

Serv.arb. The Bondage of the Will [De servo arbitrio] (1525)Som. Post. Summer Sermons [Sommerpostille] (1526)Som. Post. (Cruc.) Cruciger’s Summer Sermons [Crucigers

Sommerpostille] (1544)Sp.OT. Sayings from the Old Testament [Spruche aus dem

Alten Testament] (n.d.)Sterb. A Sermon on Preparing to Die [Ein Sermon von der

Bereitung zum Sterben] (1519)Stuf. Lectures on the Psalms of Ascent [Vorselung über die

Stufenpsalmen] (1532/1533)Sum. Ps. Summaries on the Psalms, and Causes of

Interpreting [Summarien über die Psalmen und Ursachen des Dolmetchens] (1533)

xxiv ABBREVIATIONS

Sup. ann. Computation of the Years of the World [Supputatio annorum mundi] (1541)

Tauffbuch. The Order of Baptism Newly Revised [Das tauff-büchlein auffs Neue zugericht] (1526)

Taul.Serm. Marginal Notes on Tauler’s Sermons [Luthers Randbemerkungen zu Taulers Predigten] (1516)

Tess.Con. FourteenConsolations [Tessaradecas Consolatoria pro laborantibus et onerantis] (1520)

Thes. Antinom. Theses against Antinomians [Die Thesen gegen die Antinomer] (1537–1540)

Thes. Wel. Theses Concerning Faith and Law [Die Thesen für Promotionsdisputation von Heironymus Weller und Nikolaus Medler] (1535)

I Tim. Lectures on I Timothy [Vorlesung über den 1. Timotheusbrief] (1527–1528)

Tit. Lectures on Titus and Philemon [Vorsesung über dieBriefe an Titus und Philemon] (1527)

Torg. The Torgau Sermon on Christ’s Descent Into Hell [Die Dritte Predigt Von Jesu Christo ein Predigt zu Hohe zu Torgau gepredigt] (1533)

Tract. Ec. Treatment of In What the Church Is to Take Refuge [Tractatulus de his, qui ad eccleias contugiunt] (1517/1520)

Trost. An. Comfort When Facing Grave Temptations [Trőstung für eine Person in hoher Anfechtungen] (1531)

Trost. Christ. A Letter of Consolation to the Christians At Halle [Trőstung an die Christen zu Halle über Herr Georgen ihres Predigers Tod] (1527)

TR Table Talk [Tishreden]Uber. Answer to the Hyperchristian, Hyperstpiritual,

and Hyperlearned Book by Goat Emser in Leipzig—Including Some Thoughts Regarding His Companion, the Fool Murner [Auff das ubirchrist-lich, ubirgeystilch und ubirkunstlich buch Bocks Emszers zu Leypczick Antwortt D.M.L. Darynn auch Murnarrs seynsz geselln gedacht wirt] (1521)

Und. beich. A Brief Instruction, How One Sould Confess [Ein kurz underwensung, wie man beichten soll] (1519)

Unter. Art. Instruction on Some Articles [Unterricht auf etlich artickell, die im von seynen abgunnern auff gelegt und zu gemessen Vuerden] (1519)

ABBREVIATIONS xxv

Unter.Buch. An Instruction to Penitents Concerning the Forbidden Books of Dr. Martin Luther [Ein Unterrich der Beichtkinder über die verbotenene Büucher] (1521)

Unter. Visit. Instructions for Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony [Unterricht der Visitatatorn an die Pfarhern ym Rursurstenthum zu Sachssen] (1528)

Ver.Kor. Publication of the Koran [Verlegung des Alcoran Bruder Richardi] (1542)

Verm. Admonition Concerning the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Our Lord [Vermahnungzum Sakrament des Leibes und Blutes Christi] (1530)

Verm. Zu Aug. Exhortation to the Clergy Assembled at the Diet of Augsburg [Vermahnung an die Geistlichen, versam-melt auf dem Reichstag zu Augsburg] (1530)

Verm.Christ. Exhortation to All Christians [Eine true Vermahnung zu allen Christen, sich zu hutten vor Aufruhr und Emporung] (1522)

Verm.Fried. Admonitition to Peace:A Reply to the Twelve Artices fo the Peasants of Swabia [Vermahnung zum Friedeen auf die zwölf Artikel der Bauerschaft in schwaben] (1525)

Verm.Geitst. Exhortation to All Clergy [Vermahnung and die Geistlichen, versammelt aud den Reichstag zu Augsburg] (1530)

Verm.Trk. Appeal For Prayer against the Turks [Vermahnung zum Gebet wider Türcken] (1541)

Vor. Brent. Preface to on the Prophet Amos [Vorwort zu In prophetan Amos Iohannis Brentii] (1530)

Vor.Deut.Schr. Preface to the German Edition of Luther’s Writings [Vorrede zum.1. Bande der Wittenberger Ausgabe der deutschen Schriften] (1548)

Vor. D.T. Preface to the Complete Edition of a German Theology [Vorrede zu der vollstandigen Ausgabe der “deutschen theologie”] (1518)

Vor.Emp. A Sincere Admonition to All Christians to Guard against Insurrection and Rebellion [Eyn trew vor-manung Martini Luther tzu allen Christen sich tzu vorhuten fur auffruhr unnd Emporung] (1522)

Vor.Hist. Preface to Galeatius Capella’s History [Vorrede zu Historia Galeatii Capellae] (1538)

xxvi ABBREVIATIONS

Vor.Kor. Preface to the Koran [Vorrede zu Theodor Bilianders Koranausgabe] (1543)

Vor.Lat. Prefaces to the Complete Edition of Luther’s Latin Writings [Vorrede zum ersten Bande der Gesamtausgabensein lateinischenSchriften] (1545)

Vor.Lib. Preface to the Book of Rites and Customs of Turks [Vorwort zu dem Libellusde ritu et moribus Turcorum] (1530)

Vor. N.T. Prefaces to the New Testament [Vorrede auff. Das neue Testament] (1546/1522)

Vor. O.T. Prefaces to the Old Testament [Vorrede auff das Alte Testament] (1545/1523)

Vor. Ps. Lectures on Psalms 2, 51, 45 [Vorlegungen über die Psalmen 2, 51, 45] (1532)

Vor. Rheg. Preface to Urbanus Rhegius [Vorrede zu Urbanus Rhegius, Prophetiae verteris testament de Christo] (1542)

Vot.monast. Judgment of Martin Luther on Mastic Vows [De votis monasticis Martini Lutheri iudicium] (1521)

War.Papst. Why the Books of the Pope Were Burned [Warumb des Papsts und seiner Jungernn Bucher von Doct. Martino Luther vorbrant seynn] (1520)

Wein. Christmas Sermons [Weihnachtpostille] (1522)Wellt. Uber. Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be

Obeyed [Von welltlicher Oberkeit, wie weit man ihr Gehorsam schuldig sei] (1523),

Widder. Dr. Luther’s Retraction of the Error Forced Upon Him by the Most Highly Learned Priest of God, Sir Jerome Emser. Vicar in Meissen [Ein Widerspruch D. Luthers seines Yrrthums, erczwungen durch den allerhochgelehrtesten Priester Gottis Herrn Hieronymo Emser, Vicarien Zu Meiszen] (1521)

Wider Antinom. Against the Aninomians [Wider die Antinomer] (1539)

Wider Bau. Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants [Wider die rauberischen und morderischen Rotten der Bauern] (1525)

Wider Hans Against Hanswurst [Wider Hans Wurst] (1541)Wider Pap. Against the Papacy: An Institution of the Devil

[Wider das Papsttum zu Rom vom Teuffel gestiffet] (1545)

ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

Wider sabat. Against the Sabatarians [Wider die Sabbather an einen guten Freund] (1538)

Wider Turk. Sermon against the Turks [Heerpredigt wider den Turken] (1529)

Wider Wuch. Pastoral Admonition against Usury [An die Pfarrhern wider den Wucher zupredigen Vaermahnung] (1540)

Wied. On Rebaptism [Von der Wiedertaufe an die zwei Pfarherrn] (1528)

Winck. The Private Mass and the Consecration of Priests [Von der Winckelmesse und Pfaffenweyhe] (1533)

Wint. Winter Sermons [Winterpostille] (1528)Worm. Diet of Worms [Verhandlungen mit D. Martin

Luther auf den Reichstage zuWorms] (1521)Wort. That These Words of Christ, “This Is My Body,” Still

Stand Firm Against the Fanatics [Das diese Wort Christi “Das ist mein Leib” noch fest stehen wider die Schwarmgeister] (1527)

Zach. Lectures on Zechariah [Der Prophet Zacharja ausgel-egt] (1527)

Zeph. Lectures on Zephaniah [Vorlesungen über die Kleiner Prophetens: Zephajab] (1525)

Zirk.c.c. The Circular Disputation of the Council of Constantinople [Die Zirkulardisputation de concilio Contantiensi] (1521)

coLLectioNs iN Which these texts aPPear

BC The Book of Concord. Robert Kolb and Timothy J. Wengert,eds. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000.

CS Collected Sermons. John N. Lenker and Eugene Klug, eds. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000.

LW Luther’s Works. St. Louis-Philadelphia: Concordia Publishing House—Fortress Press, 1955ff.

W2 Dr. Martin Luthers Sammtliche schriften. Johann George Walch, ed. St. Louis, 1880–1910.

WA D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe (Weimarer Ausgabe). Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1883ff.

WABR Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Senuschreiben und Bedenken. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1825–1856.

xxviii ABBREVIATIONS

WADB D. Martin Luthers Werke: Die Deutsche Bibel. Kritische Gesamtausgabe (Weimarer Ausgabe). Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1906–1914.

WATR D. Martin Luthers Werke: Tischreden. Kritische Gesamtausgabe (Weimarer Ausgabe). Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1912–1921.