Martin Wallseemüller's world map of 1507 - the first map that identified the land across the Atlantic Ocean as ``America''

No central Arab group unified the entire region

-1258: The Mongols defeated the Abbasid Dynasty

- The Arab empire split into several small kingdoms

- Weak rulers = relied on foreign troops and advisors

Arab culture focused more on religion; the Sufi movement grew

Sufi

- Islamic mystics

- Spread Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions

The Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq, 848-852 C.E.

Arab culture focused less on philosophy, poetry, and science Literature focused on religious topics

- Ibn Rushd (called Averroes) espoused Greek rationalism. Europeans read it more than Muslims did.- The Destruction of Philosophy claimed that it used Aristotle’s logic to discover that it was impossible to use human reason to discover religious truth. This philosophy represented the typical Middle Eastern position

Islamic science declined

• After 1100, peasants lost more and more freedom – landlords gained power over the peasants and forced them to become serfs on large estates

• Agricultural productivity declined

• Tax revenues declined

• Arab control of international trade declined

• Europeans began to compete and control Mediterranean trade

Unlike the fall of Rome, the decline of the Islamic Caliphate was more gradual

Arabs were still active in trade

Not as politically fragmented as Rome

Between the 14th-16th Centuries: Ottoman Empire absorbed Byzantium and most of the caliphate’s territories

Ottomans

- Expanded into southeastern Europe

- Focused on conquest and administration

- Didn’t create an international trading center like the Abbasid Dynasty

- Turkish rulers didn’t encourage maritime trade as much as Arab leaders

Mongols

- 1st global trading alternative

- Encouraged trade from China – Russia

- Unprecedented exchanges of ideas, technology, and goods

- Collapse of the Mongolian empire created a decline in overland trade

• 1368: Chinese rebelled against the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty

• Established the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

- Pushed Mongols back to Mongolia

- Collected tribute from China, Vietnam, & Tibet

• 1405-1433: Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He)

- Commanded state-sponsored trading expeditions to India, Africa, and the Middle East

- Carried back ostriches, giraffes, and 1000s of other exotic goods

• Confucian bureaucrats resented Cheng Ho

• Little was written about him in Chinese histories

-Ships rotted away in Chinese harbors

- Chinese craftsmen forgot the technology of building such large ships

• 1433: the voyages were canceled

- Bureaucratic rivalries

- Expense of the voyages

- Expense of the campaigns against the Mongols

- Expense of building the new capital in Beijing

- New emperor wanted to separate himself from the old emperor’s policies

- Chinese leaders preferred to sponsor traditional merchant activity in Southeast Asia

• To the Chinese, this short trading voyage was really unusual behavior for them; canceling the voyages was more in-sync with their character because Chinese leaders distrusted commerce• Ming leaders

- expanded their empire and supported internal economic development- encouraged industry and exports- discouraged foreign imports

• China’s textile and porcelain industries• Agricultural production rose• The population increased

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/media/expl_01q.html

1. Click on the site below and watch the video about Cheng Ho’s ships

2. Answer the questions on the next page

Remember Zheng He [Cheng Ho]         !

1. How did China’s junks compare to European ships?

2. How were the junks powered?

3. What kinds of cargo did the junks carry?

China’s retreat from leadership in international trade left the door open for Western Europe to emerge

Within a century, Western explorers and traders attempted to dominate international trade

15th Century Western Europe was changing:- Power and corruption of the medieval Church was being challenged- Feudal warriors were “settling down” and fighting less wars. - They preferred challenging each other in tournaments because their armor was becoming too heavy and unwieldy

The Rise of the West

Europeans were facing chaos 1300’s were racked by recurrent famines Population outstripped the food supply Famine reduced disease resistance = vulnerable to the Bubonic Plague that struck between 1348-1375

30 million died = 30% of the population Caused labor shortages, bitter strikes and peasant uprisings

pestilence, war, famine, & deathThe Rise of the West

1347-1353

What are these people doing? What event is this picture illustrating?

The Rise of the West

• European governments were not as organized as imperial China• So many people were dieing from the plague• Daily life was completely disrupted• Science, art, culture were at a standstill; hence, there were no technological advancements during this time.

Sources of Dynamism: Medieval Vitality• Feudal monarchies grew stronger in Spain & Portugal

• Regional governments became strong national governments

• 100 Years’ War

• Stimulated innovation in military organization

• Recruited peasants (not from the nobility)

• Paid directly by the monarchy = enhanced central political power & made soldiers loyal to the monarchy

Sources of Dynamism: Medieval Vitality

• The 100 Years’ War spurred advances in weapons and metallurgy

• Some of the gains the West made continued even while feudalism and other practices wavered

Imitation and International Problems• Trade provided access to Asian technology

- Printing press

- Compass

- Explosive gunpowder

- Crusades increased demand for luxury products

- spices

- perfumes

- silks

Imitation and International Problems

• European goods were poor quality

• Created an unfavorable balance of trade

• Europe needed more gold

• Feared Muslim threat from the Ottoman Empire

• Venice established a series of depots on the Adriatic

• Spurred European exploration to seek alternative routes to Asia to bypass the Ottoman threat in the Middle East

Secular Directions in the Italian Renaissance

• Renaissance – rebirth of classical Greek & Roman ideas.

• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas – political, social, economic and cultural

• Emphasized individual human achievements

• Renewed interest in Roman literature and life• Ruins of Roman empire dotted the Italian countryside.• The Crusades and trade with the Middle East exposed Italians to contact with Asian and Byzantine civilization.

The Renaissance Began in ItalyThe Renaissance Began in Italy

• Increased trade brought Increased trade brought wealth and wealth brought wealth and wealth brought the leisure time to pursue the leisure time to pursue other interests.other interests.

• Byzantine scholars had Byzantine scholars had preserved much learning preserved much learning from classical Greece and from classical Greece and Rome.Rome.

• The Pope made Rome the The Pope made Rome the capitol of the Catholic capitol of the Catholic Church in the West.Church in the West.

Italian City-StatesItalian City-States• Less entrenched in feudalism - no Less entrenched in feudalism - no

single monarchy united Italysingle monarchy united Italy• Milan, Venice, Milan, Venice, andand Florence Florence were were

thriving, independent economic centersthriving, independent economic centers• Venice controlled European trade with Venice controlled European trade with

the Orientthe Orient• Florence led European banking and Florence led European banking and

tradetrade• Wealthy families (called Wealthy families (called patricianspatricians))

such as the such as the De MediciDe Medici and Visconti and Visconti ruled the city-statesruled the city-states

The Duomo in Florence, Italy. The cathedral was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio. Filippo Brunelschi designed the large cupola.

Italian City-StatesItalian City-States• Wealthy families of nobles ruled society. Wealthy families of nobles ruled society.

• Townspeople and merchants comprised the middle Townspeople and merchants comprised the middle class. class.

• 85-90% of the population were peasants.85-90% of the population were peasants.

• PatriarchalPatriarchal society = males controlled family finances society = males controlled family finances and had absolute control over children. and had absolute control over children.

• Children were not declared adults until their father Children were not declared adults until their father went to court and asked a judge to formally free them.went to court and asked a judge to formally free them.

HumanismHumanism• Define “humanism” Use the glossary plus:Define “humanism” Use the glossary plus:• Humanism – intellectual movement at the Humanism – intellectual movement at the

heart of the Italian Renaissance that heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues.on religious issues.

• Humanists were usually Christians who were usually Christians who believed that the individual in the here and believed that the individual in the here and now had an important role to play.now had an important role to play.

• Education was important.Education was important.• Emphasis on individual achievement.Emphasis on individual achievement.• Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman

texts.texts.

Renaissance ManRenaissance Man• A “universal man” = A “universal man” =

Leonardo de Vinci Leonardo de Vinci epitomized the concept. epitomized the concept. He excelled in every He excelled in every field of study: painting, field of study: painting, sculpture, botany, sculpture, botany, mathematics, mathematics, architecture, architecture, engineering, anatomy. engineering, anatomy. He was not just a He was not just a scholar and an artist – scholar and an artist – also an adept also an adept swordsman, horseman, swordsman, horseman, orator, musician. He orator, musician. He was also a model was also a model citizen.citizen.

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Renaissance Art –

LeonardoLeonardo• Leonardo da Vinci

(1452) – artist (Mona (1452) – artist (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Virgin of the and The Virgin of the Rocks), inventor Rocks), inventor (helicopter, armored (helicopter, armored tank, music box, tank, music box, parachute), architect, parachute), architect, botanist, musician, botanist, musician, anatomy, optics, anatomy, optics, engineering.engineering.

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Renaissance Art –

LeonardoLeonardo

La Giaconda: The Mona Lisa – Louvre Museum, Paris

Leonardo de Vinci’s The Last Supper (about 1495-1497) church of Santa Maria del le Grazie in Milan, Italy. Christ forms the calm center of the painting. the disciples are agitated by his announcement that “One of you shall betray me.” Judas is the fourth figure from the left. He is is shown pulling away from Christ in the painting because he is the one who will betray him.

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Renaissance Art –

LeonardoLeonardo

Helicopter

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Renaissance Art –

LeonardoLeonardo

TrebuchetTrebuchet

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Renaissance Art -

MichelangeloMichelangelo

• Michelangelo – – Italian painter and Italian painter and sculptor. Total sculptor. Total realism in art. Pieta realism in art. Pieta and David. Murals and David. Murals on the ceilings of on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.in the Vatican.

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Renaissance Art -

MichelangeloMichelangelo

The Pieta

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Renaissance Art -

MichelangeloMichelangelo

The David – Florence, Italy

Italian Geniuses of Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Renaissance Art -

MichelangeloMichelangelo

Italian Genius of Renaissance Italian Genius of Renaissance Writing - MachiavelliWriting - Machiavelli

• Machiavelli published a book in 1513, published a book in 1513, The Prince. Theorized about how a Theorized about how a perfect ruler would govern.perfect ruler would govern.

• Stressed that “the end justifies the Stressed that “the end justifies the means.” Urged rulers to use means.” Urged rulers to use whatever means necessary to whatever means necessary to achieve their goals.achieve their goals.

The Northern The Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

• Renaissance moved to France, Belgium, Renaissance moved to France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands.Germany and the Netherlands.

• ErasmusErasmus – Dutch priest and Humanist. – Dutch priest and Humanist. Called for a translation of the Bible from Called for a translation of the Bible from Latin into the Latin into the vernacularvernacular of each nation, so of each nation, so that common people could read it. He was that common people could read it. He was disturbed by the corruption in the Catholic disturbed by the corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reform.Church and called for reform.

Genius Writers of the Northern Genius Writers of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

• William Shakespeare – England. – England. Playwright between Playwright between 1590-1613. Wrote 1590-1613. Wrote about the actual about the actual human condition of human condition of his time.his time.

• CervantesCervantes – Spain. – Spain. Novelist. Wrote Novelist. Wrote Don Don Quixote.Quixote.

The Printing RevolutionThe Printing Revolution

• Printing Press – allowed – allowed new ideas to spread new ideas to spread more easily. Spread more easily. Spread from China to Middle from China to Middle East to Europe.East to Europe.

• JohannesJohannes Gutenberg: : invented a new type of invented a new type of printing press. Used printing press. Used movable type.movable type.

• Books suddenly within Books suddenly within reach of ordinary reach of ordinary person.person.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation• Selling indulgencesSelling indulgences - The Church taught that most Christians - The Church taught that most Christians

after death went to purgatory to suffer a time of punishment for after death went to purgatory to suffer a time of punishment for their sins before going to heaven. Indulgences were intended to their sins before going to heaven. Indulgences were intended to remit a part of that time. They were granted previous to death by remit a part of that time. They were granted previous to death by the Church for various good works that came to include the Church for various good works that came to include monetary offerings. This last became very controversial monetary offerings. This last became very controversial because it appeared that the Church was selling the right to because it appeared that the Church was selling the right to avoid all or part of an individual’s time in purgatory. avoid all or part of an individual’s time in purgatory.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

• Reform movement that divided Reform movement that divided the western Church into the western Church into Catholic and Protestant Catholic and Protestant groups.groups.

• Began by Began by Martin LutherMartin Luther in the in the 1616thth century. century.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation• Martin Luther – Catholic – Catholic

priest in Germany who priest in Germany who ProtestedProtested the corruption the corruption in the church and in the church and proposed reform.proposed reform.

• Published 95 Theses.Published 95 Theses.• Was excommunicatedWas excommunicated• Began his own church – Began his own church –

Lutheran ChurchLutheran Church• Translated Bible into Translated Bible into

German.German.

John Calvin and CalvinismJohn Calvin and Calvinism• Converted to ProtestantismConverted to Protestantism• Wrote Wrote Institutes of the Christian Institutes of the Christian

ReformReform• Like Luther, he believed in the doctrine Like Luther, he believed in the doctrine

of justification by faith to explain how of justification by faith to explain how humans could achieve salvationhumans could achieve salvation

• Emphasized God’s all-powerful natureEmphasized God’s all-powerful nature• PredestinationPredestination = God has determined = God has determined

in advance who will be saved and who in advance who will be saved and who will be damned will be damned

• Established a strong Calvinist center in Established a strong Calvinist center in Geneva SwitzerlandGeneva Switzerland

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation• Anglican Church – Protestant – Protestant

Church in England.Church in England.• Begun by Begun by Henry VIII in 1534.in 1534.• Henry wanted an end to Henry wanted an end to

papal control over the papal control over the English church.English church.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation• Anglican Church– Anglican Church–

Protestant Church in Protestant Church in England.England.

• Begun by Henry VIII so he Begun by Henry VIII so he could divorce his first wife, could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon..

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation• Anglican ChurchAnglican Church– –

Protestant Church in Protestant Church in England.England.

• Begun by Henry VIII so he Begun by Henry VIII so he could divorce his first wife, could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.Catherine of Aragon.

• Henry married Henry married Anne Boleyn, , whom he had beheaded only whom he had beheaded only a few years later.a few years later.

Western Europe

Secular Directions in the Italian Renaissance

Dante holding a copy of his Divine Comedy. The painting by Domenico Michelina reflects both religious and Renaissance themes.

The Church of EnglandThe Church of England• Between 1536 and 1540, Henry Between 1536 and 1540, Henry

had monasteries and convents had monasteries and convents closed.closed.

• When Henry died in 1547, his 10 When Henry died in 1547, his 10 year old son Edward became year old son Edward became king. He was very sickly and only king. He was very sickly and only “ruled” 5 years.“ruled” 5 years.

• Henry’s Catholic daughter Mary I Henry’s Catholic daughter Mary I came to the throne. came to the throne.

• Tried to return England to Tried to return England to Catholicism. Catholicism.

• Burned dissenters at the stake. Burned dissenters at the stake. • Called “Bloody Mary”Called “Bloody Mary”• Married Phillip II of SpainMarried Phillip II of Spain

The Church of EnglandThe Church of England• When Mary died in 1558, Henry’s When Mary died in 1558, Henry’s

Protestant daughter Elizabeth took the Protestant daughter Elizabeth took the throne. throne.

• Returned England to Protestantism.Returned England to Protestantism.• A “Renaissance Woman” – She was very A “Renaissance Woman” – She was very

intelligent and spoke several languages. intelligent and spoke several languages. She was an accomplished dancer, She was an accomplished dancer, composer, horsewoman, and musician.composer, horsewoman, and musician.

• Patron of the arts- sponsored Patron of the arts- sponsored Shakespeare and Edmund SpenserShakespeare and Edmund Spenser

• Called “Good Queen Bess” = well-loved Called “Good Queen Bess” = well-loved by English commonersby English commoners

• The American state of Virginia was The American state of Virginia was named in honor of the Virgin Queen named in honor of the Virgin Queen Elizabeth IElizabeth I

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation• Mid-16Mid-16thth century: Lutheranism spread century: Lutheranism spread

throughout Germany and Scandinavia; Calvinism throughout Germany and Scandinavia; Calvinism spread across France and Switzerland; the spread across France and Switzerland; the Anglican Church was strong in England.Anglican Church was strong in England.

• Catholic Church was revitalized because of Catholic Church was revitalized because of strong strong JesuitJesuit (“Society of Jesus” - religious order (“Society of Jesus” - religious order who swore absolute loyalty to the pope) who swore absolute loyalty to the pope) support, papal reforms, and the support, papal reforms, and the Council of Council of TrentTrent..

• Council of TrentCouncil of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings; condemned Protestantism; declared teachings; condemned Protestantism; declared that faith an good works were essential for that faith an good works were essential for salvation; upheld the 7 Sacraments of the salvation; upheld the 7 Sacraments of the Eucharist and clerical celibacy; strengthened the Eucharist and clerical celibacy; strengthened the use of indulgences by outlawing their sale.use of indulgences by outlawing their sale.

• The new doctrine infused the Catholic Church The new doctrine infused the Catholic Church with new confidencewith new confidence

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• Copernicus – Copernicus –

heliocentric theory. heliocentric theory.

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• Scientists began to examine the physical universe

• Developed new methods of scientific study

• New inventions that improved society and man’s understanding of the universe (telescope, microscope, and printing press)

• Scientific method = step-by-step process used to accurately collect and analyze data

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• CopernicusCopernicus – – heliocentric theoryheliocentric theory = the sun is the center of the = the sun is the center of the

universe.universe.• Kepler – mathematically proved Copernicus’ theory of planetary Kepler – mathematically proved Copernicus’ theory of planetary

motion.motion.• Galileo – Built a telescope that proved that the planets revolve Galileo – Built a telescope that proved that the planets revolve

around the sun. He was tried for around the sun. He was tried for heresyheresy by the Catholic Church’s by the Catholic Church’s Inquisition for supporting the heliocentric theory. He was forced to Inquisition for supporting the heliocentric theory. He was forced to publicly state that the Earth was the center of the universe.publicly state that the Earth was the center of the universe.

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• Leeuwenhoek – Leeuwenhoek –

Microscope/ Microscope/ discovered bacteriadiscovered bacteria

• Hooke – cell theoryHooke – cell theory• Boyle – Father of Boyle – Father of

Modern Chemistry.Modern Chemistry.• Priestly – discovered Priestly – discovered

oxygen as an elementoxygen as an element• Newton – laws of Newton – laws of

physics and gravity.physics and gravity.