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Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking about a voter registration drive. Photograph (June 17, 1966). NEXT...
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Transcript of Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking about a voter registration drive. Photograph (June 17, 1966). NEXT...
Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking about a voter registration drive. Photograph (June 17, 1966).
NEXT
The civil rights movement develops and brings about changes in American society.
The Civil Rights Era,1954–1975
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
The Equal Rights Struggle Expands
The Civil Rights Era,1954–1975
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Changes after World War II help African Americans make progress in their struggle for equality.
Section 1
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests
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• More Americans see racism as evil, causing Hitler’s rise, Holocaust
1SECTION
• After fighting for freedom, blacks want share of it in the U.S.
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
• Blacks make more money, move into cities for work
Chart
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1SECTION
• Plessy v. Ferguson—“separate but equal” doctrine established (1896)
• Brown II gives segregated schools more time to desegregate
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) rules that:- segregation has no place in public education
• NAACP counsel Thurgood Marshall challenges segregation laws
Brown Overturns Plessy
• Most white-controlled schools resist segregation
Map
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1SECTION
• Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to follow segregation rules on bus
• 13-month boycott, leaders endure death threats, bombings, jailings
• Baptist minister Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., encourages boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Continued . . .
• Montgomery bus boycott—blacks protest Parks’s arrest, trial by:- refusing to ride the buses in Montgomery,
Alabama
• Nonviolent boycott gains national media attention
Image
continued Montgomery Bus Boycott
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1SECTION
• Supreme Court rules Montgomery bus segregation law unconstitutional
• Boycott has several important results: - ends segregation on Montgomery buses- leads to founding of Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)- makes Dr. King a very prominent civil rights
leader
Massive Resistance
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1SECTION
• More than 80 percent of Southern whites oppose school desegregation
• Ku Klux Klan use violence to threaten blacks pursuing civil rights
• Segregationists fight African Americans, civil rights organizations
• White opposition to desegregation known as massive resistance
• White Citizens Councils organize to prevent desegregation, effective
Image
Showdown in Little Rock
1SECTION
• Little Rock school board makes plans to integrate Central High School
• 9th student, Elizabeth Eckford, tries to enter despite hostile mob
• 8 of 9 black students are turned away from school by National Guard
• Segregationists, Arkansas governor Orval Faubus blocks integration
• Escorted by U.S. military, black students enter Central High School
• Eckford is escorted away, Faubus refuses integration for 3 weeks
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Image
Sit-Ins Energize the Movement
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1SECTION
• 4 black college students do sit-in to desegregate lunch counter
• Segregationists abuse protestors, some protestors jailed, replaced
• Students sit at counter for 45 minutes, come back with more protesters
• Sit-in—protest, people sit, refuse to move until demands are met
• Sit-ins bring about Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Sit-ins effective, force many lunch counters to serve African Americans
Image
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The civil rights movement leads to the end of legal segregation.
Section 2
Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
Kennedy and Civil Rights
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2SECTION
• Senator John F. Kennedy Democratic candidate for president (1960)
• Gains African-American support
• Kennedy helps arrange release of Martin Luther King, Jr., from jail
• Vice-president Richard Nixon Republican candidate
Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
Continued . . .
• Kennedy wins election, faces Congress reluctant to act on civil rights
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2SECTION
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) plans Freedom Rides to: - desegregate interstate buses
continued Kennedy and Civil Rights
• Segregationists attack riders, federal marshals protect riders
• U.S. government issues order integrating interstate bus facilities
Image
Protests in Birmingham
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2SECTION
• African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama, want to:- integrate public facilities- gain better job, housing opportunities
• Police use dogs, firehoses on marchers, shown on TV, public horrified
• Start nonviolent protest, Dr. King joins protestors, is arrested
• Birmingham white leaders agree to:- desegregate lunch counters- remove segregation signs- employ more African Americans
Image
The March on Washington
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2SECTION
• March on Washington—demonstration, 250,000 march to Lincoln Memorial
• President Kennedy promises support
• Martin Luther King delivers “I Have a Dream” speech
• Takes place on August 28, 1963; unites civil rights groups
Image
New Civil Rights Laws
2SECTION
• President Kennedy is assassinated on November 22, 1963
• Acts quickly on civil rights, pushes the Civil Rights Act of 1964:- bans segregation in public places- creates commission to stop job
discrimination
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• U.S. mourns slain leader, factories, businesses close
• Vice-president Lyndon Johnson becomes president
Chart
Fighting for Voting Rights
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2SECTION
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 bars different black, white voting standards
• Martin Luther King, Jr., SCLC have voter registration protest march
• Freedom Summer—voter registration drive for Southern blacks
• 24th Amendment bans poll tax, still difficult for blacks in South vote
• State troopers attack marchers • President Johnson send U.S. troops to protect
marchers
Continued . . .
continued Fighting for Voting Rights
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2SECTION
• President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act into law (1965):- bans literacy test, laws stopping blacks
from registering to vote- sends federal officials to register voters
• Percentage of blacks registered to vote in Selma increases sharply
Map
Johnson and the Great Society
2SECTION
• President Johnson proposes programs called Great Society, provides:- programs to help disenfranchised, poor,
elderly, women- laws to promote education, end
discrimination, protect environment• Many programs, like Medicare, Medicaid, still exist today
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• Elementary and Secondary School Act provides U.S. funds for education
• Laws passed to protect environment, endangered species, wilderness
Image
Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement
2SECTION
• Civil rights groups disagree, some are nonviolent, others aggressive
• King, SCLC protest discrimination in Chicago, have little effect
Continued . . .NEXT
• Frustration about lack of opportunities, political power leads to riots
• Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated (April 4, 1968)
• Nation mourns, African Americans riot across the U.S.
NEXT
2SECTION
• Some blacks reject nonviolence, white cooperation
• SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael fights racism, all-black organization
continued Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement
• Nation of Islam urges blacks to separate from whites
• Popular member Malcolm X rejects separatist ideas by mid-1960s
• Assassinated by Nation of Islam in 1965
Image
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The African-American struggle for equality inspires other groups to fight for equality.
Section 3
The Equal Rights Struggle Expands
Mexican Americans Organize
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• César Chávez starts farm workers union, gains higher wages, benefits
3SECTION
• Mexican Americans form La Raza Unida (1970) works to:- get better jobs, pay, education, housing for
Mexican Americans- elect Mexican Americans to public office
The Equal Rights Struggle Expands
• Mexican American students organize, demand reforms in school system
• Stage walkout, arrested, schools meet protestors, make reforms
Image
Hispanic Diversity
3SECTION
• Hispanics trace roots to Spanish-speaking Latin American countries
• Differences make it difficult for Hispanic Americans to unify politically
• Come from different countries, cultures, often have little in common
• Refer to themselves as Latinos
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Native Americans Unite
3SECTION
• In Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) Native Americans demand:- right to choose own way of life- responsibility of preserving precious heritage
• National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) leads protests of policy
Continued . . .NEXT
• “Termination policy” leads to decline of Native American cultures
• U.S. government changes policy, inspires Native Americans, gain rights
continued Native Americans Unite
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3SECTION
• American Indian Movement (AIM) demands sovereign rights
• Native Americans win back some of their lands
• Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975, tribal governments get:- more control over social programs, law
enforcement, education
The Women’s Movement
3SECTION
• 1960s, women face discrimination in workplace, limited legal rights
• National Organization for Women (NOW), good jobs, equal pay for women
• Betty Friedan writes book about problems women face in society
• Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1972
Continued . . .NEXT
NEXT
3SECTION
• Supporters say ERA will:- protect women against discrimination- help women achieve equality with men
• Civil Rights Act (1964), Higher Education Act (1972):- outlaw discrimination against women
• States do not ratify ERA
continued The Women’s Movement
Map
NEXT
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