Martial Law Years and Human Rights and... · 2017-02-16 · First Martial Law •President Jose P....
Transcript of Martial Law Years and Human Rights and... · 2017-02-16 · First Martial Law •President Jose P....
Martial Law Years
and Human Rights September 21, 1972- February 25, 1986
Max M. de Mesa
First Martial Law
• President Jose P. Laurel
placed the Philippines under
martial law through
Proclamation No. 29 dated
September 21, 1944.
• ML came into effect on September 22, 1944 at 9 a.m.
• Proclamation No. 30 declared the existence of a state of war and took effect on September 23, 1944, 10 a.m.
Pre-Martial Law• 1969: Marcos’ 2nd Term
Election – dirtiest, most
violent, most corrupt
• Due to election spending:
Php 2 = USD 1
• Marcos Diary (Jan. 8, 1970):
no one seemed worthy to
succeed him (no third term)
• 1972 1st Semester: Studies
being done in the U.S. and in
the Philippines on Martial
Law
• August 20, 1972: Plaza
Miranda bombing
• The Re-
establishment of the
Communist Party of
the Philippines (CPP)
• The establishment of
the New People’s
Army (NPA)
• Establishment of the
Moro National
Liberation Front
(MNLF)
• First Quarter Storm
Precipitating Incident for ML
An attempt, allegedly by communists, to assassinate Minister of National Defense Juan Ponce Enrile*.
*As Enrile himself admitted after the Marcos’s downfall in 1986, his unoccupied car had been riddled by machinegun bullets fired by his own men on the night that Proclamation 1081 was signed.
Proclamation 1081
• To suppress civil strife & the threat of the communist takeover
• To halt the Muslim secessionist movement in Mindanao
• To build a New Society
• Signed on September 21, 1972
• Came into force September 22, 1972
• Declared Martial Law on September 23, 1972
Sultanato ng Maguindanao-Sultan Kudarat (1645)
Sultanato ng Maguindanao (1700)
S. ng Maguindanao (Saleeby)(1900)
Sultanato ng Maguindanao (1618-1671) Majul
Sultanato ng Maguindanao at Pat a Pongampong ko Ranao
S. ng Maguindanao(Saleeby) (1900)
Sult. of Maguindanao-Sultan Kudarat (1645)
Sultanato ng Maguindanao (1618-1671) Majul
Sultanato ng Maguindanao (1700)Sultanato ng Sulu
MILF and NPA: What are the root
causes of the armed conflicts?
Déjà vu Martial Law
Proclamation 1081NOW, THEREFORE, I,
FERDINAND E. MARCOS,
President of the Philippines,
• by virtue of the powers vested upon
me by Article VII, Section 10,
Paragraph (’2) of the Constitution,
• in my capacity as their commander-
in-chief, do hereby command the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, to
maintain law and order throughout
the Philippines,
• prevent or suppress all forms of
lawless violence as well as any act
of insurrection or rebellion and to
enforce obedience to all the laws
and decrees, orders and regulations
promulgated by me personally or
upon my direction
Proclamation 1017NOW, THEREFORE, I, GLORIA MACAPAGAL-AROYO, President of the Republic of the Philippines and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
• by virtue of the powers vested upon me by Section 18, Article 7 of the Philippine Constitution …
• in my capacity as their Commander-in-Chief, do hereby command the Armed Forces of the Philippines, to maintain law and order throughout the Philippines,
• prevent or suppress all forms of lawless violence as well any act of insurrection or rebellion and to enforce obedience to all the laws and to all decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon my direction
Washington Response
SILENCE*
There was a communist threat.
American economic interests at stake.
US military bases was non-negotiable (Vietnam war).
General Order No. 5
• Imposed a total ban on all forms of mass
action, including rallies, demonstrations,
strikes and picketing in vital industries and
other forms of public assemblies.*
GO 5 came under heavy attack from local and international labor groups
which resulted in the issuance of PD No. 823, which limited the ban on
strikes in soc-called vital industries.
ILAGAN DOCTRINE
• a petition for the writ of habeas corpus
becomes "moot and academic" once an
information or indictment is filed in court
and a warrant of arrest or order of
commitment is issued against a detained
person.
• President Ferdinand Marcos –
announced intent to continue Land
Reform but had no money for it;
• Re-establishment of the Communist Party
of the Philippines (CPP): set agrarian
revolution along with anti-colonial
struggles as main content of new
“national democratic” revolution.
Land Reform:
“The Cornerstone of the New Society”*
* The World Bank would later call it “The Stone in the Corner”.
Land Reform before
and during Martial Law -2
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos:
• RA 6389 – imposed leasehold system
• PD 27 – land reform for rice and corn only - included only 1.8 M has of 10 M has of agricultural lands
• foreign and local firms to buy or lease large tracts of land for business;
• Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF) – para-military to suppress rural resistance
67,124
812,522
1,889,377
Land Reform: A Comparison
between Administrations
Labor • May 1, 1974: Labor Code
enacted one union-one industry system.
• In late 1975, the first wave of strikes hit Metro Manila when workers from La Tondena, a distillery factory, staged a walkout.
• 1976: Bukluran ng Manggagawa sa Pilipinas (BMP) was organized and immediately banned.
• 1977: Kapatirang Anak Pawis (KAP) also banned.
• 1980: Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) established.*
• 1982: The first general strike was held in the Bataan Export Processing Zone.
*November 12, 1986: KMU Chairperson Rolando Olalia was brutally murdered. The day before, he was abducted by armed men believed to be ultra-rightist elements.
Economic Development:
Abysmal Failure
• Growth was slow compared to that in other East
and Southeast Asian countries: immiserizing
growth
• The low purchasing power of the poor
depressed the market for rice
• Deteriorating terms of trade and predations of
the Marcos regime crippled export agriculture
• Once-plentiful forest resources nearing
depletion.
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
• A US $600 million deal
that eventually ballooned
to USD 2.3 billion.
• The public had to burden
paying US $155,000 daily
despite the non-
generation of electricity.
External Debt* Presidential Decree 1177: Automatic Appropriation Act
• 1972 – US $ 2.73 billion
• 1986 – US $ 28.26 billion
ESTIMATES OF POVERTY INCIDENCE BY REGION, 1965-1985(percent of families living below poverty line)
Region 1965 1971 1975 1983 1985
World Bank Mangahas Total Urban Rural
Manila & suburbs
10.6 16.0 40.6 11.2 31 43.9 43.9 -
Ilocos 57.3 56.3 51.7 40.3 53 51.6 55.4 50.6
Cagayan Valley 67.6 65.5 56.5 43.1 67 55.7 49.7 56.7
Central Luzon 32.3 30.7 37.8 27.4 46 43.5 44.5 42.8
Southern Tagalog
34.0 39.8 50.9 31.3 43 55.2 50.0 58.4
Bicol 38.5 49.8 55.9 42.7 58 73.5 62.6 76.3
Western Visayas 37.7 36.9 53.5 50.0 66 73.4 66.0 76.3
Eastern Visayas
52.3 61.5 54.933.0 66 70.2 69.6 70.4
Central Visayas 48.1 69 69.9 60.9 74.1
Northern Mindanao 47.8 51.5 65.6
38.6 75 63.0 60.1 63.6
Central Mindanao
28.4 52 60.2 60.4 60.2
Western Mindanao 51.2 47.0 55.2
40.1 76 65.6 67.4 65.0
Southern Mindanao
33.3 60 63.6 55.0 65.5
National 41.0 43.8 51.5 34.6 55 58.9 52.0 63.2
HR Violations of Different Regimes*REGIMES MARCOS
(1977-1986)
AQUINO
(1986-1991)
RAMOS
(1991-1998)
ESTRADA
(1998-1999)
ARROYO
(1999 up)
HRVs NUMBER OF CASES
Arrest and
Detention4,244 3,988 1,308 208 355
Extrajudicial
Executions
(EJEs)
1,363 705 223 31 48
Frustrated EJEs 139 147 67 3 6
Hamletting 128+
(68,000+)
25 18
Disappearances 706 446 61 12 22
Massacre 192 90 28 13 13
Frustrated
Massacre46 127 63 12 9
Torture 560 578 357 21 102
Crossfire
Casualties49 51 7 7
HRVs of the Different Regimes*
REGIMES MARCOS AQUINO RAMOS ESTRADA ARROYO
HRVS NUMBER OF VICTIMS
Arrest and
Detention22,287
individuals
15,870
individuals
4,030
individuals
682
individuals
1,291
individuals
Extrajudicial
Execution2,481
individuals
705
individuals
223
individuals
31
individuals
55
individuals
Frustrated
Extrajudicial
Execution
139
individuals
147
individuals
67
individuals
3
individuals
8
individuals
Enforced
Disappearance706
individuals
446
individuals
61
individuals
12
individuals
54
individuals
HRVs of the Different Regimes*REGIMES MARCOS AQUINO RAMOS ESTRADA ARROYO
HRVS NUMBER OF VICTIMS
Massacre 915
individuals
killed and
220
individuals
wounded
357
individuals
killed and
138
individuals
wounded
104
individuals
killed and 59
individuals
wounded
59 individuals
killed and 22
individuals
wounded
107
individuals
Frustrated
Massacre
53
individuals
killed and
132
individuals
wounded
131
individuals
killed and
217
individuals
wounded
60 individuals
killed and 125
individuals
wounded
15 individuals
killed and 20
individuals
wounded
43
individuals
Torture 1,262
individuals
2,465
individuals
2,215
individuals
307
individuals
219
individuals
Casualties due
to Crossfire
No
documentatio
n
57
individuals
killed and 58
individuals
wounded
47 individuals
killed and 82
individuals
wounded
6 individuals
killed and 14
individuals
wounded
14
individuals
1986 Snap Elections
• Extensive discrepancies in the election
results causes a walkout among
COMELEC workers during the official
counting of votes.
• LP leader and Antique Gov. Evelio Javier
gunned down after the elections due to his
staunch anti-Dictatorship stance.
EDSA Revolution
• Ousting of Marcos
• Proclamation of Cory Aquino
• Revolutionary Government
T
H
A
N
K
Y
O
U
For more information, please contact:
Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP) Martial Law Museum
45 St. Mary St., Cubao, Quezon City
Tel Nos. 4378054, Email: [email protected]: http://www.tfdp.net
Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA)
Tel Nos. 4362633, Email: [email protected]: http://www.philippinehumanrights.org
Philippine Human Rights Information Center (PhilRights)
53-B Maliksi St., Barangay Pinyahan, Q.C.
Tel Nos. 4331714 and 4365686