Mars
description
Transcript of Mars
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Mars
“Líf rauðu plánetunnar”
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• Braut, helstu stærðir og tölur
• Könnun Mars, Marsbúarnir og Viking
• Yfirborðið
• Lofthjúpurinn og þróun hans
• Jarðfræðileg saga
• Tunglin
• Framtíðarkönnun Mars
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Mars er utan Jarðarbrautar• Meðalfjarlægð 1,52 AU
– 1,38 til 1,66
• Umferðartíminn 1,88 ár
• Gagnstaða við sól á rúmlega 2 ára fresti
• Mars er þá næst Jörðu og aðstæður til skoðunar bestar – og Mars á lofti alla nóttina
• Gagnstaðan í ágúst 2003: Fjarlægðin til Mars með minnsta móti! (0,373 AU)
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Mars fer í lykkju við gagnstöðu• Frá Jörðinni séð fer Mars aftur á bak á göngu
sinni um hvelfinguna
• Gerist vegna þess að Jörðin fer fram úr Mars
• Mjög erfitt að útskýra í jarðmiðjukerfi
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Aðstæður á yfirborði• Hitastig -53˚C að jafnaði
– Minnst -140˚C Mest +20˚C
• Loftþrýstingur 7 mb (minna en 1/100 atm)
• Mars er 0,53 jarðarþvermál
• Þyngdarhröðun 3,8 m/s2
– Skaðleg langtímaáhrif fyrir geimfara?
• Lausnarhraði 5 km/s– 11,4 km/s á Jörðinni– Mylsna getur sloppið frá Mars við loftsteinaárekstra
(SNC-loftsteinarnir)
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Athuganir með sjónaukum• Mars er afar óskýr í sjónauka
– Truflanir í lofthjúpi Jarðar– Truflanir í lofthjúpi Mars
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• 1659 Huygens – dökk og ljós svæði
• 1666 Cassini – Snúningstími, ís á heimskautum
• 1770+ Herschel – Möndulhalli 25˚– Árstíðir eins og á Jörðinni
• 1877 Schiaparelli – Mjóar línur – “Canali”
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Marsbúar verða til• ~1890: Percival Lowell
verður altekinn af Marsbúahugmyndinni
• Smíðar stærsta sjónauka þess tíma á Marshæð í Flagstaff, Arizona
• “Sér” skurði, borgir, vegi…
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• Marsbúar (litlir og grænir) verða áberandi í vitund almennings
• 1898 – H.G.Wells – War of the Worlds
• 1937 Orson Welles –Innrásin frá Mars í útvarpiAlmenningur viti fjær af hræðslu
• 1964: Fyrstu myndir frá yfirborðinu– Engir marsbúar eða skurðir– Loftsteinagígar, sandauðnir
• 1971: Mariner 9 á braut um Mars
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• 1977 Viking geimförin lendaEfnagreina ‘Mars’veginn – engin merki um líf
Góðar myndir af öllu yfirborðinu
• Mars Global Surveyor– Nákvæmt hæðarkort af öllu yfirborðinu– Aðdráttarlinsa tekur nákvæmar myndir af öllu
yfirborðinu
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Yfirborðið• Hálent suðurhvel
– Mikið af loftsteinagígum– Gamalt yfirborð– Víða ummerki rennandi vatns
• Láglent norðurhvel– Nýrra yfirborð– Fáir loftsteinagígar– 3-4 km lægra en norðurhvelið
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Helstu kennileiti• Olympsfjall
– Stærsta fjall sólkerfisins, 27 km– Dyngja, mjög aflíðandi– 600 km þvermál við fjallsrætur
• Þarsis-bungan– 5 km háslétta– 3 eldfjöll í röð, öll um 25 km há
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• Marinerdalurinn– 4000 km langur– 7 km djúpur
• Hellas-dældin– 7 km djúp
• Heimskautaísinn
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Ummerki rennandi vatns• Aðallega á suðurhveli
– Eldra yfirborð– Varðveitir ummerki um aðstæður fyrir meira en
3000 más
• Hugsanlega úthaf í láglendi norðurhvelsins
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• Einnig merki um vatn undir yfirborði
• Sífreri í jarðvegi norðan og sunnan 30. breiddargráðu
• Vatn lekur niður hlíðar gíga
• Loftsteinar lenda í drullu
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Hve mikið vatn?• Áætlanir byggðar á rofi vatns
• A.m.k. 500 m vatn um allt yfirborð
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Yfirborðið eins og Sprengisandur• Viking-geimförin 1977: Fyrstu myndir frá yfirborði• Lentu á sléttum svæðum – óspennandi• Mældu hitastig, veðurfar o.fl.
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Lagskipt jarðlög á heimskautum
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Þykkari lofthjúpur áður fyrr• Ummerki um rennandi vatn ótvíræð
• Krefst þess að lofthjúpur hafi verið þykkari og hiti hærri
• Meðan eldvirkni var meiri var lofthjúpur þykkari vegna meiri útgösunar
• Þegar Mars kólnar að innan dregur úr jarðfræðilegri virkni og lofthjúpur þynnist
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Gróðurhúsáhrifin
• Lofthjúpur aðallega CO2
• CO2 leysist upp í vatni
• Fljótandi vatn eyðir þeim forsendum sem gera það mögulegt
• Engar skorpuhreyfingar → CO2 sem fellur út hverfur varanlega
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Tunglin tvö, Fóbos og Deimos• Lítil og óregluleg í laginu
• 20-30 km í þvermál
• Líklega fyrrverandi smástirni
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Deimos (15x12x11 km)
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Fóbos (27x22x18 km)