MARS SAFIR

Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

Mars Habitat Competition

UAE SPACE AGENCY

MARS HABITAT COMPETITION

UAE Space Agency

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Amity University

Dubai UAE

Aerospace Engineering Members of the “MARS SAFIR” Team

Athira Manikandan Rufaidah Salim

Anvi Bhatnagar Akash Bandhyopadhyay

Muhammed Mansoor Syed Saboor Arif

Yousuf Khatir

ABSTRACT

From quite a while, it was viewed as that the universe was plenteous with water. In investigating the system for information about the universe and it's inceptions, we as people have explored different courses for guaranteeing human home in spots other than Earth. In the past there have been disclosures of water and ice in our nearby planetary group, for example, stores of water on blemishes and the moon, give an extraordinary possibility of revealing the vicinity of life structures according to our examination. In that capacity, water, a need for natural life, ought to be the group's essential material asset really taking shape of the living space outline. Given the assessed measure of water in specific parts on Mars, this methodology will exploit it as an essential indigenous material that goes about as an existence power to support us human and the plant environment.

The capability of the exhibited idea is to fabricate structures of living space on the planet without bringing substantial gear, supplies, materials, and structures from Earth. The capacity of development to be taken care of semi-self-rulingly before the entry of space explorers with computerized fabricating systems is as convincing as it is actually testing, since development strategies and travel vehicles are so connected with the general result of the natural surroundings. In any case, we have laid out a sending and development arrangement including the utilization of an anticipated blemishes plummet vehicle, a deployable layer, and semi-self-ruling mechanical accomplices to both assemble and store subsurface water ice.

On Mars, water is rich in the higher and lower degrees. Site determination was controlled by countless, which fused the need to conform access to a shallow ice table from the surface (inside 20cm-1m), with temperatures that stay underneath setting all through the Martian year. Considering objectives, for instance, reasonably delicate grades and sensitive domain for improvement, furthermore the longing for most compelling possible sun based presentation, we have picked a locale on the northern flanks of Alba Mons between 45 N-50N degree and 230 E – 270 E longitude. The wellspring of fluid magma show flanks grades of 2.5-5, allowing us to abuse the colder temperatures within the polar areas, while staying as far south as the expected movement of ice licenses for sun based presentation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….

INTRODUCTION TO OUR IDEA……………………………………………………………………………

JOURNEY TO MARS……………………………………………………………………………………........

MARTIAN HABITAT-MARS-SAFIR………………………………………………………………………...

1. POTENTIAL OF MARS-SAFIR…………………………………………………………………...

2. SITE SELECTION………………………………………………………………………………….

3. LEVELS OF MARS-SAFIR………………………………………………………………………..

4. SETTING AND ESTABLIS HMENT………………………………………………………………

5. METHODS.STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION………………………...……………………….......

6. MARS DRILLING…………………………………………………………………………………...

MATERIAL REQUIS ITES……………………………………………………………………………………..

1. SOLID ICE……………………………………………………………………………………………

1. PROCESS OF RPINTING ICE………………………………………………………………...

2. PHASE EXCHANGE PROCESS………………………………………………………………

3. PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATION……………………………………….

4. AIR COMPOSITION……………………………………………………………………………

5. SOLAR & MAGNETIC RADIATION…………………………………………………………

2. AEROGEL…………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. CARBON FIBRE GRATING………………………………………………………………………..

4. BNNT MEMBRANE …………………………………………………………………………………

5. DYNEEMA MEMBRANE………………………………………………………………………... ....

DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS

1. TOP VIEW………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. GROUND FLOOR PLAN………………………………………………………………………….

3. FIRST FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………………………………..

4. SECOND FLOOR PLAN…………………………………………………………………………

5. LEFT SIDE ELEVATION………………………………………………………………………..

6. RGHT SIDE ELEVATION…………………………………………………………………….....

7. CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW……………………………………………………………………..

CHALLENGES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS…………………………………………………………………...

1. FOOD PRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...

2. PRESENCE OF PERCHLORATES……………………………………………………………….....

3. PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN………………………………………………………………………...

4. MARTIAN GRAVITY CONTROL…………………………………………………………………...

SUBSTANTIAL AMENITIES……………………………..…………………………………………………….

1. COMMUNICATION FACILITIES…………………………………………………………………...

2. SANITATION…………………………………………………………………………………………...

3. POWER GENERATION……………………………………………………………………………….

4. PRESSURIZED AND ROBOT ROVERS…………………………………………………………….

1. DIMENS IONS……………………………………………………………………………………...

2. POWER SOURCE…………………………………………………………………………………

3. HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM……………………………………………………………………

4. TELECOMMUNICATION………………………………………………………………………..

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………… ……

1. SANDSTROM…………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. RADIATION…………………………………………………………………………………………….

REFRENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO OUR TEAM IDEA

"Water is the driving force of all nature"!

-Leornardo Da Vinci

From a long time, it was considered that the universe was abundant

with water. In exploring the galaxy for knowledge about the universe

and it's origins, we as humans have investigated various ways for

ensuring human habitation in places other than Earth. In the past

there have been discoveries of water and ice in our solar system,

such as deposits of water on mars and the moon, give a great chance

of uncovering the presence of life forms as per our research. As

such, water, a necessity for biological life, should be the team’s

primary material resource in the making of the habitat design. Given

the estimated amount of water in certain parts on Mars, this

approach will take full advantage of it as an necessary indigenous

material that acts as a life-force to sustain us human and the plant

ecosystem.

The idea came up from an imperative to throw light to the interior and to visualize and create connections to the landscape

beyond it, allowing the mind and the body to stay optimal. While scientists have been experimenting for a potential

synthetic replacement for sunlight, artificial substitutes will never hold nearly the same variance or ability to manage a

crew’s mental and physical health as is done experiencing the sun’s actual and through its daily cycles. The water ice

prevents the danger of living above ground by serving as a barrier for radiation, nullifying fears of solar radiation , unti l

now, that had kept Mars and its architecture in a dark underworld—buried beneath the surface that is thought to contain

perchlorates, gypsum and other similar substances hazardous to humans.

THE JOUNRNEY TO THE “RED PLANET”!

The human Journey to Mars starts approximately

250 miles overhead, as astronauts aboard the

International Space Station are working off the

Earth for the purpose of saving Earth. The space

station's microgravity environment makes

research possible that can't be possible on Earth,

leading to breakthroughs in understanding Earth

better, discovering aspects of space that we do

not know and physical and biological sciences,

including how future crews can survive on

longer missions and including round-trip

journeys to an asteroid and Mars.

Getting to Mars is a difficult task, to get there we have to fly through about 483 million kms, of deep space and

target a very accurate area to land. Adjustments to their flight paths can be made along the way, but a small error in

the trajectory can result in a big detour and or even missing the planet completely. The road to the launch pad is

nearly as difficult as the road to Mars. A spacecraft is built that not only can make the very long trip but can also

complete its mission once it arrives. Nothing less than exceptional technology and planning is required.

The spacecraft that NASA has built with the hope of carrying humans into deep space was given the name Orion.

Filled with almost 1,200 sensors, Orion has

completed a two-orbit, 4.5-hour flight to test

many of the systems most critical to the safety of

astronauts. Orion can accommodate up to six

people and it will use modern technology.

Offering the highest-ever payload volume and

mass capability and energy to speed missions

through space, Space Launch System will be the

most powerful rocket in history.

ORION LAUNCH

It all starts with the launch aboard a Delta IV Heavy rocket. As it pierces through Earth’s orbit, Orion separates

from its protective fairing, and then separates from jettisons. The Orion has the ability to identify any error before

the launch and release the crew to safety before if

any danger is encountered.

After Orion completes one orbit of the Earth, the

upper stage of the rocket fires again to start Orion

to rise above the Earth by 3,600 miles. Orion's

shielding is put to the test as the vehicle goes

through the waves of radiation. The upper stage of

the rocket triggers separation.

Orion's jets fire to reposition it to re-enter Earth's

atmosphere. At 75 miles above Earth, Orion travels

at a speed of more than 20,000 mph.

Even though its speed has been lowered to about three hundred miles per hour considering all the danger it is likely

to face while landing, it is still too fast to land safely in the ocean. Orion has specially designed parachutes to help

reduce its speed and land the spacecraft down to gentle pace, keeping things comfortable for a future crew and for

landing at Mars’s harsh surface.

HABITAT OVERVIEW

ALL ABOUT THE HABITAT

POTENTIAL OF THE Mars-Safir

The potential of the presented concept is to build structures of habitat on the planet without bringing heavy equipment,

supplies, materials, and structures from Earth. The ability of construction to be handled semi-autonomously before the

arrival of astronauts with digital manufacturing techniques is as compelling as it is technically challenging, because

construction techniques and transit vehicles are so linked with the overall outcome of the habitat. However, we have

outlined a deployment and construction sequence involving the use of a projected mars descent vehicle, a deployable

membrane, and semi-autonomous robotic partners to both gather and deposit subsurface water ice.

SITE SELECTION

On Mars, water is rich in the higher and lower scopes. Site

determination was controlled by a huge number of parameters,

which incorporated the need to adjust access to a shallow ice table

from the surface (inside 20cm-1m), with temperatures that stay

underneath solidifying all through the Martian year. Considering

imperatives, for example, moderately tender inclines and delicate

territory for development, and also the yearning for most extreme

conceivable sun based introduction, we have chosen a region on

the northern flanks of Alba Mons between 45 N-50N scope and

230 E – 270 E longitude. The fountain of liquid magma show

flanks inclines of 2.5-5, permitting us to exploit the colder

temperatures inside of the polar districts, while staying as far

south as the anticipated conveyance of ice licenses for sun based

introduction.

SETTING UP AND ESTABLISHMENT

HABITAT OVER VIEW

SITE SELECTION

• Located at Alba Mons in Mars'northern hemisphere, the shell structure draws on the anticipated abundance of water in the region, covered by only 30 cm of loose regolith.

MERITS OF THE ARCHITECTURE

• Fears of cosmic and solar radiation have buried proposals of Martian architecture beneath the regolithic surfaces believed to contain the substances hazardous to human life. The 5 cm ice shell protects against the radiation without compromising a life above the ground.

• The ice shell is envisioned as a series of nested domes enclosed by a transparent ETFE membrane. Inside the outer shell, the occupied "front yard" provides a unique interstitial zone for astronauts to experience without donning an EVA suit.

MARS-SAFIR SHIELD

• The double shell provides a buffer to minimise the contamination of mars.

• ECLSS systems vent into the interior column and the ETFE membrane seals the habitat from the Martian elements.

BEACON OF LIGHT

• Translucency of the ice washes the habitat with the day light, connecting the inhabitants to natural dirunal cycles.

THE WELL BEING

• Large windows allow views of the martians landscape, giving crew members oppurtunities to contemplate and reflect, ensuring the long term psycological well-being.

GREEN HOUSE MODULE

• A vertical hydroponic green house surrounds the inhabitants, while excess oxygen is vented to the front yard, the interstitial zone between the ice shells.

FLOWCHART OF THE METHODS / STAGES ON CONSTRUCTION

1. DESCENT

Organization is started by a lander, estimated for the as of now accessible payload of a Space X

Falcon Heavy and NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), both of which are experiencing trying and

improvement.

2. LANDING

Once inside of the 3-sigma landing range, super-sonic retro-impetus will brush off the meager upper

layer of free regolith, the perchlorates, gypsum and alternate debasements that is available on the

Martian surface, uncovering the subsurface ice and making it sublimate, in this way leaving a pit

afterward and taking out the requirement for removal preceding an auxiliary establishment.

3. IMPETUS OF AUTOMATON

The primary period of printing is outside in center, digging the encompassing scene for water and

making an establishment in which to ground the lander. Machines designed particularly for both

sintering and ice gathering drop from the lander's base lid, conveyed to mine subsurface ice and

fabricate another establishment.

4.RESEVOIR AND HOSE DEPLOY

The robots stay outside, along these lines keeping away from potential sullying with the inside. The

twofold acting machine uses it's capacity to scoop and warmth regolith both to gather Martian tidy

and concentrate water and different volatiles, while its laser serves to both sinter waste regolith and

also cut strong ice beneath the ice table. All ice is liquefied and saved inside of a store pack for use

in future utilization and nursery support. These bots are vitality proficient and low upkeep, as they

depend on the material science of sublimation as opposed to arduous geologic mining, utilizing sun

based vitality and the normally frosty environment (- 50C) for the water, ice and vapor stage

changes.

5. SINTER PROCESS:

The twofold acting machines gathers and laser sinters regolith to give an establishment to the ice

living space

6. INFLATABLE MEMBRANE:

A straightforward and completely shut ETFE film strengthened with elastic Dyneema is conveyed

from the lander and swelled to shape a pressurized limit between the lander and the Martian outside.

This film, accuracy produced on Earth, is basic insurance for the future ice shell, keeping any

printed ice from sublimating into the atmosphere. The isolated spaces are industrial facility made

and inserted inside of the ETFE layer

7. SECOND PHASE

The low-volume, short proximity spout guarantees that any water that stops mid direction softens

and refreeze momentarily by means of the vitality of its effect.

A sinewy clear silica added substance guarantees that the ice framed has more prominent elastic

strength,9 computed to support the quality of ice to the request of 3 times. While ice has been

appeared to have elastic properties that are, truth be told, better than materials, for example, block

and rock, the sinewy fortification guarantees the life span and uprightness of the structure.

8. THE INNER THERMAL BREAK:

A translucent hydrophobic aerogel layer-a permeable substance, 99.8 percent unfilled space by

volume, this extra lightweight material brought on the lander from Earth, serves an effective air hole

to make the essential warm break. The protecting layer empowers the internal volume to accomplish

livable temperatures without softening the ice structure past.

9. GREEN HOUSE MODULE / GROWTH OF PLANTS:

Grower and seeds that would touch base with the lander start to develop inside of the territory. This

hydroponic framework makes utilization of the subsurface water reaped by the machines and put

away in the establishment supply. Considering the mechanical ECLSS frameworks, these plants will

change over the CO2 of the Martian climate (95% by volume) into the O2 expected to keep up

human life.

The middle of the road zone between the two ice shells will serve to keep up the ideal harmony

between 02 creation and perfect air structure for the inside natural surroundings. This will likewise

guarantee that the Martian climate will stay uncontaminated by human use.

10. ARRIVAL AND INHABITATION, EXPLORATION:

The warmth from the lander and the team stays inside the natural surroundings because of the layer

of printed aerogel protection.

11. CREW EXPLORES:

With all EVA suits outside to sealed areas, we would like to keep out however much conceivably

poisonous Mars regolith as could reasonably be expected.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATTION

DESCENT

LANDING

IMPETUS OF AUTOMATON

RESEVOIR AND HOSE DEPLOY

SINSTER PROCESS

INFLATION OF ETFE MEMBRANE

SECOND PHASE OF AUTOMATON DROP

THE INNER THERMAL BREAK

GROWTH OF PLANTS

ARRIVAL OF THE CREW

INHABITATION OF CREW

EXPLORATION

MARS DRILLING

Mars drilling is another option which opted along the retro propulsion technique which will help make the setting

up process easier.

By drilling into Martian soil, the astronauts would be able to get a peek under the Mars’ surface and search for signs

of life.

Our rover will drill the surface and collect samples. The planet’s weak atmosphere doesn’t offer much protection

from radiation and sunlight, so there are possibilities for organic molecules to hav e been preserved underground

than on the surface. The Rover will search for these molecules to see if they provide any hints that life existed on

Mars.

The Rover is expected to collect at least 17 different samples for analysis during the course of their s tay. An

onboard analytical laboratory will crush the samples to a fine powder and examine their chemical, physical and

spectral properties, identifying any organic molecules present. The drill also includes a miniaturized infrared

spectrometer, a device used to figure out the physical and chemical properties of the borehole itself.

It was challenging to create a drill that could work well despite the low temperature and pressure on the Martian

surface. The process uses its expertise in drilling a different inhospitable environment —the seabed—to build the

drill, which can extract samples from depths of up to 2 m (6.5 ft). It consists of multiple components, with a 0.7 -m

(2.3-ft) drill as well as three extension rods of 0.5 m (1.6 ft) each. The extension rods are attached to the drill, which

extend to its full length when need, and disassembled after a sample is recovered.

The drill is able to collect samples in Mars-like temperature and pressure conditions, and could also automatically

assemble itself to its full length and collect samples up to a depth of 2 m (6.5 ft).

Technology will play a critical role in the ExoMars mission’s ability to unearth the mysteries that lie beneath the

planet’s soil. In the future it may even lead to benefits much closer to home, as the technology could be adapted to

improve oil and gas exploration here on Earth.

The Martian Habitat: “Mars-Safir”

“Mars-Safir” - The traveler’s adobe on mars!!

Our habitat, Mars- Safir is made up of four major layers, each layer pertaining to overcome the difficulties faced on the

mars. The structure is hemispherical in shape with the elliptical base to provide maximum stability. The layers consists of

ice, aerogel, ETFE membranes, Dyneema and carbon fiber grates each whose merits are discussed further in the portfolio.

By taking maximum advantage of water-ice’s ability to filter the sun’s rays and protect against radiation, Mars-safir gives

importance to life above ground and protects the human presence on the surface of the planet. The partially translucent

exterior covering reintroduces the concept of interior -to-exterior gradient designs, challenging the basic assumptions that

extraterrestrial habitats always require visually unbreathable barriers which separate the interior from the outside terrain.

The center of the structure that is the living quarters, is strictly interior thus benefiting from the protection provided of the

redundant pressure envelopes.

LEVELS OF MARS-SAFIR

THE VERTICAL HABITAT:

The vertically oriented habitation, which consists the mechanical services provided by the habitat, inherits the orientation of

the crew’s optimal Transit Habitat to hasten the crew’s adjustment to their life on the Martian surface. The h abitat’s levels

organize the various core programs by activity provided within the lander, introducing a range of private to communal

interior spaces. Efficiency of the interior creates sizable pockets of storage at the lander’s base to store both the b ots as well

as the four crucial Environmental Control and the Life Support Systems. Once the lander has deployed , safely, the

inflatable ETFE membrane, pre-fabricated bridges will unfold from within the lander, creating ‘pockets’ for the inserted

program. A spiral staircase at the core of the lander will provide circulation to the various upper levels of the habitat, while

simultaneously issuing the crew a means for exercise when traversing levels.

THE INTERIOR ZONES:

GROUND LEVEL:

A. Airlock poyer

B. Entry Level

C. Rover Connection

D. Intermediate regulation zone

E. EVA Prep room

F. Storage module

LEVEL ONE:

A. Medical Bay / First Aid Support

B. Research work area/ Laboratory

C. Space for the Media and Recreational activity(LEISURE )

D. Santitation Area , and the other essential components

E. Greenhouse

F. Intermediate Regulation Zone

LEVEL TWO

A. Crew Sleeping Space

B. Personal Desk C. Sanitation

D. Food preparation Area E. Galleria

F. Greenhouse G. Intermediate Regulation Zone

WINDOWS:

Where the ice shell thins, large ETFE inflatable windows filled with radiation shielding gas further expand the perceived

volume and frame views into the landscape. Together, these features enable opportunities to contemplate the view of the extraordinary Martian terrain.

ENTRY LEVEL TO THE BASE:

Crew member generally enter and leave the habitat through this hatch, which opens into an airlock capable of holding up to the two suited astronauts at a time. If the hatch is for some reason not usable, entry and exit from the habitat is also possible

through the docking hatch for the pressurized rover. This sort of double redundancy is important for guaranteeing the safety of the crew over their long term stay.

EXIT BASE/ ROVER CONNECTION

The airlock enables crew members to pass in and out of the habitat without letting the atmosphere in the habitat leak out. Since the atmosphere of the Mars is only about 1/100 the pressure of the atmosphere on Earth , the airlock has to be

incredulously strong.

Design features: Both the hatches on the airlock swing out from the airlock to diminish the possibility of a crew member being trapped inside. With the hatch to the outside it is very important that the hatch door not be opened until the pressure inside the

airlock matches the outside pressure of the Martian atmosphere. If the hatch were opened while the pressure in the airlock were greater than the outside, the hatch could fly open and damage its hinges as well as anyone and anything located just

outside the hatch. The sudden release of air pressure could also cause the crew member inside the airlock to be hurled out onto the Martian surface as high speed. For this reason, the hatch to the outside does not open until the green light goes on , indicating that the pressure inside and outside have been equalized.

STAIR TO UPPERLEVEL: The stair takes you to the main living quarters that are located in the upper levels. The stairs are much steeper than a normal

stair. Its design is based on so-called "ship's ladders" that are used on naval vessels on Earth. A "ship's ladder" is really a stair that is nearly as steep as a conventional ladder, but it enables one to walk up and down without necessarily holding on to

the sides. The design makes it easier for crew members to carry out things from one level of the habitat to the other.

GEO/ BIO LABAROTORY:

Purpose: One of the significant reasons to go to Mars is to enable the scientists to do the sophisticated scientific studies that cann ot be carried out by robots alone. This scientific research involves exploring the vista of Mars, collecting samples and conducting

its analysis in the laboratory.

Design features: The laboratory contains the sample port, where samples can be brought into the habitat without exposing them to the

habitat's atmosphere. The lab also contains glove boxes and work tables where these samp les can be analyzed. Equipment that is used to process the samples includes cutting and polishing tools, as well as a vari ety of instruments that perform

scientific analysis. These include various instruments as well as the safety gear.

EVA PREPARATION: The EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) Preparation Area serves many functions that serves many functions that assist the crew members when they are getting ready to go out on a "traverse", i.e., an excursion outside the habitat. The equipment is laid

out in preparation for the traverse. This is also where pre-breathing typically takes place. A pure oxygen based breathing system enables suit pressure to be much lower thereby making the suits themselves more flexible.

AIRLOCK: There is a large difference in pressure between the air inside the habitat and the atmosphere of Mars. In fact, the atmospheric

pressure on Mars is much closer to the Earth's atmospheric pressure. The purpose of the airlock is to prevent the air from rushing out of the habitat when the crew members enter and leave. When they enter the habitat, the airlock replaces the low

pressure with the higher pressure habitat air, and the vice-versa when they leave.

MEDICAL BAY: Medical Facility is used for treating and stabilizing a crew member who has been critically injured. Mars is a hostile environment that creates an ever- present potential for medical emergencies. To deal with the medical facility rapidly and

effectively, there must be a medical facility that contains all the necessary medical supplies and instruments.

Design features: The medical facility has its own lights and electrical outlets. The bed folds out and can be reconfigured in various ways as needed. The medical equipment in the emergency station may include the following:

1. Pre-assembles surgical instruments kit 2. Gasses, such as oxygen and nitrous oxide, pressurized air, etc.

3. Drugs and chemical not stores in the sample lab 4. Various monitors like a heart monitor or an ultrasound device and a ray imager

5. Peripheral equipment such as IV bags, gloves, etc. An emergency medical facility is provided in the ground level, so that the crew need not haul an injured person up the

ladder.

THE BASIC CREW COMPARTMENT (Bed and the personal work space): The Basic crew sleeping compartment and the private study area that serves as each crew member's personal space in the

habitat. The crucial additional function of the bunks is to serve as the recovery facility for sick.

KITCHEN / PERSONAL HYGIENE: Crew members should bath at least 3 times a week; so a facility for full body cleaning is provided in the habitat. Similarly to satisfy the need for cooked food and the other food requirements, the facility to cook food has also been provided at various

levels.

The toilet, sink and shower are all designed for Martian gravity of 0.38g. The shower is stacked above the ECLSS (Environmental control and life support system) to reduce the length of plumbing. This has 2 benefits: There are fewer pipes

to clog and there is less heat loss through the pipe because it travels a shorter distance.

THE SPACE TO THE ROVER CONNECTION: One of the most important activities for humans on mars is using the pressurized rover to explore the surface. This rover enables the crew to explore up to 400 kilometres.

Along the space to the rover connection, there is a small port which acts as the place wherein the rock samples could be

brought into the habitat for analysis in the laboratory. The crew members uses the mechanical arms and a conveyor belt to bring the samples thought the hatch into the sample lock-- an argon based lock that move the samples in to the glove boxes.

The robot rovers extend the range of Mars terrain that the crew can explore. Each robot is designed to travel over the ground that is too difficult to for the pressurized rover to cover. The crew can haul the wagon which has the robots fitted into

and release the robot rovers to explore that terrain and to identify and retrieve the samples.

MATERIAL REQUISITES

MATERIAL REQUISITES

1. SOLID ICE

PROCESS OF PRINTING ICE

Through a comprehension of the material science of stage change and the temperature and weight

states of the Martian environment, and additionally a comprehension of the physical affidavit

strategies required we've planned a procedure to transform subsurface ice into water vapor, vapor

used to store fluid water, in a domain sufficiently frosty to print a structure in strong ice.

The i-bots utilize a triple spout to apportion a composite of water, fiber and aerogel along layered

rings, making a dynamite light-transmitting lenticular structure that is basically stable, protected and

translucent.

The i-bot is intended to store layers of ice with a low-volume, short proximity spout that guarantees

that any water that stops mid-direction liquefies and refreeze promptly by means of the vitality of its

effect.

Mechanism of igloo as an insulator

THE MERITS OF THE ICE AS THE MAJOR INGREDINET

We now accept there to be a plenitude of water in subsurface and uncovered ice in the higher and

lower scopes. Site determination was controlled by a large number of parameters, including

adjusting access to a shallow ice table from the surface, with temperatures that stay beneath

solidifying all through the Martian year.

Water's one of a kind retention range retains high vitality short wavelength radiation making it a

powerful radiation shield. In meantime it permits light in the noticeable range to go through making

a one of a kind daylit inside.

THE PHASE EXCHANGE PROCESS

The noteworthy element to be comprehended

while gathering and utilizing water on Mars is

its it's stage change in various weights and

temperatures.

Water ice is found underneath the subsurface of

a significant number of the northern scopes of

Mars. In spite of the fact that the weight of the

Martian air is slight, the temperatures are

sufficiently icy to permit water to exist as ice

underneath the weight of the Martian regolith.

In the event that the subsurface ice is presented

to the meager Martian environment with weights

around 600kpA, it will instantly sublimate

transforming from a strong to a vaporous state and scatter into the air. In any case, in the event that

we could catch some of that subsurface ice, wall it in, and utilize the suns radiation to warmth it, we

could catch water in it's vaporous stage. In it's vaporous state we can begin to gather and pump

water vapor for use in the printing of a

strong water ice structure.

PRESSURE CONSIDERATION:

A straightforward and completely shut ETFE layer strengthened with tractable Dyneema is sent

from the lander and swelled to frame a pressurized limit between the lander and the Martian outside.

This layer, accuracy produced on Earth, is basic assurance for the future ice shell, keeping any

printed ice from sublimating into the climate.

By making an inside air around 70 kPa, like the space transport, and keeping the temperature at the

encompassing Mars surface temperature which at this scope will stay beneath solidifying

throughout the entire year, we guarantee water will stay in it's strong state.

The Dyneema fortified film is the main weight limit, taking the heap of 70 kPa of inside weight.

The type of Mars-safir altogether decreases weight stress reacting to essential weight geometries.

With the weight of the weight vessel evacuated by this layer, the ice can stay as slim as

gravitationally basically essential.

A sample of ETFE membrane used for greenhouses

TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATION:

A translucent hydrophobic aerogel layer with U estimations of 1 W.m2K and light transmittance of

66% is printed between the inward ice shell and the possessed automatic spaces to guarantee warm

solace. A permeable substance, 99.8 percent unfilled space by volume, this extra lightweight

material brought on the lander from Earth, serves a productive air hole to make the fundamental

warm break. The protecting layer empowers the internal volume to accomplish livable temperatures

without dissolving the ice structure past.

CONSIDERATION OF THE AIRCOMPOSITION

Thermally isolated from the living space inside, the occupiable 'front yard' stash simply inside the

external shell gives a genuinely interesting ensured nonpartisan zone that is not so much inside or

outside; it empowers the space explorers to encounter the "outside" while never wearing an EVA

suit. This interstitial zone space shows another, freeing and progressive meaning of living additional

terrestrially—one that praises the oddity and marvel of living on Mars. The ice offers a limit that

can moderate fumes from the natural surroundings and deal with the patterned relationship between

the trade and exchange creation of oxygen and CO2.

CONSIDERATION OF THE SOLAR AND MAGNETIC RADIATION

For green house like asylum, multi-layer intelligent sort plastic movies issued. The movies are

planned so obvious daylight light would go into the safe house however would square infrared

warmth light from getting away. This procedure is regularly utilized as a part of green houses on

earth utilizing sheets of glass to trap the warmth, and the same is connected here.

Radiation are the waves or sub-nuclear particles that vehicles vitality to another element – whether

it is a space traveler or shuttle segment. Lively particles can be unsafe to people since they go

directly through the skin, saving vitality and harming cells or DNA along the way. In any case, the

utilization of ice should shield the inside of the living space from such sun oriented radiation thus

wiping out the likelihood of any harm to the human body.

There are approaches to shield from these higher-vitality particles and their optional radiation:

The sheer volume of the material, for example, strong ice encompassing the structure that would

retain the lively particles and their related auxiliary molecule radiation before they could achieve the

space explorers. This will shield all the more proficiently and would likewise eliminate weight and

cost.

Hydrogenated boron nitride nanotubes—known as hydrogenated BNNTs—are modest, nanotubes

made of carbon, boron, and nitrogen, with hydrogen mixed all through the unfilled spaces left in the

middle of the tubes. Boron is likewise an incredible safeguard optional neutrons, making

hydrogenated BNNTs a perfect protecting material, which is one of the critical material which is

utilized as a part of the development of the natural surroundings.

2. AEROGEL

The foremost inner (2nd innermost) layer which is further covered by the ice from the interior, is

made of the translucent hydrophobic aerogel which is a porous solid, 98.2 percent empty space by

volume. Silica aero gels are produced by extracting the liquid component of a gel through

supercritical drying, that will collapse from capillary action, as would happen with conventional

evaporation. The composition of the air also nullifies the various methods of the heat transfer

(convection, conduction, and radiation). The silica aerogels has its extra benefit of providing low

thermal and electrical conductivity.

In addition, the aerogel has excellent insulating properties and load bearing capabilities due to the

dendtritic microstructure. On absorbing moisture, there is a structural change which it suffers, i.e,

contraction, but however the complete deterioration is prevented by making them hydrophobic.

The so-obtained ultra violet material is of extremely low density and has the efficient property of

thermal conductivity that will help serve the purpose of providing the efficient air gap to create the

necessary thermal-break. This additional light weight material is brought on the lander from the

mars, and is used in printing the layer that would cover the ice from the interior set up. The

insulating layer enable the inner volumes to achieve habitable temperatures without melting the ice

structure beyond.

3. CARBON FIBER GRATING

Carbon fibers forms the intermediate layers that covers the interstitial zone from both the sides that

adds on to the extra strength to the structure of the habitat. The properties of carbon fibers such as

high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature and low

thermal expansion, make them the most appropriate material.

It is combined with the other materials to form the composite to form he carbon-fiber-reinforced

polymer which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio.

Considering their very high conductivity they are mixed with the acetate that will impart high

insulating properties to act as the shield to the magnetic and electrical radiation, and will help

maintain the temperature in the interiors.

4. ETFE MEMBRANE

Ethylene tetrafluroethylene(ETFE) is a fluorine based plastic that has the properties of high

corrosion resistance and strength over a wide temperature range. It has relatively high melting point,

excellent chemical, electrical and high energy radiation resistance properties which in turn makes

the suitable and the best option to make the intermediate layer.

ETFE is effectively the high-strength version, along with its self-cleaning properties and the

recyclability and has high resistance to the ultra violet light. However, the appropriate caution is

taken against any chances of the combustion. Such devastating possibilities are eliminated by the

usage of the other materials which counter this effect.

5. BNNT MEMBRANE

Hydrogenated boron nitride nanotubes—known as hydrogenated BNNTs—are tiny, nanotubes

made of carbon, boron, and nitrogen, with hydrogen interspersed throughout the empty spaces left

in between the tubes. Boron is also an excellent absorber secondary neutrons, making hydrogenated

BNNTs an ideal shielding material, which is one of the significant material which is used in the

construction of the Altair.

Outstanding piezoelectric and electrostintive properties of the BNNT, combined with the creation of

the non- toxic light weight piezoelectric systems allows the better response and mechanical

properties of this layer.

Thermally conducting and electrically insulating components will be possible by the usage of the

BNNT ultra strong composite membranes.

The other major properties that serves its purpose in the construction of the Altair includes the

biomedical, electrical insulation, fire retardation, radiation shielding etc.

6. DYNEEMA MEMBRANE

Dyneema/ Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene

which offers the characteristics such as Resistance to abrasion, high lubrication, and so on.

Furthermore, this is enhanced by another very thin multi-layer reflective type plastic films which

shields the habitat from the external radiation and the harsh Martian atmospheric conditions.

DESIGN &MEASUREMENT

COST EFFECTIVENESS

PREFABRICATED PANELLED HABITAT

Mars Safir is a proposal for a human mission to Mars which purports to be both cost effective and

possible with the current technology It is habitat that is intended as permanent settlement rather than

as a simple way-station or other dedicated mechanism.

Considering the cost of the rocket launch, and the various stages of construction of the habitat by

the semiautonomous robots, we have calculated the total approximate cost.

Digitized and ready to use custom made panels as per given design and suitable connectors wi th

high level of quality control. The panels are made of lightweight materials like ETFE, carbon fiber,

etc. with complete modular solutions including vacuum, water supply, drainage, and power supply.

Another advantage of Mars Safir is a single point of source of information allowing all the designed

disciplines to work together saving time and cost.

Cost of Total built up area= 1525 sq. feet approx.

Cost per sq. foot (lump sum) as per 2015 Dubai Market,

i.e., = 450- 600 AED (The source is Gulf News GN properties)

Hence, the total cost= 1525 * 600 = 915000 AED

THE MATERIAL COST as per the source is GN properties

AEROGEL: Cost per sq. foot=200$ = 800AED

Greenhouse Hydroponic ETFE Greenhouse Film:

Zibo King-Trading Int'l Trade Co., Ltd.

378.2 AED- 100 AED per sq. foot

(US $1600-3300 = 6400-13,200 AED for 3 Metric Tons)

TRANSPARENT CARBON FIBER: $94.55 = 378.2 AED

DYNEEMA MEMBRANE: $60.00 = 240.00AED

THE TOTAL COST OF THE MSSION MARS SAFIR =

ROCKET LAUNCH + HABITAT CONSTRUCTION = 5 Billion(approx.)

“Requisites, Challenges AND Solutions”

FOR THE SURVIVAL ON MARS

“FOOD”: THE BASIC NEED

The first humans to reach Mars may not be identified as astronauts but farmers. In order to live a sustainable life on Mars

humans must know how to grow fresh food on it.

Although there would be food taken from Earth for the trip to Mars, it’ll only serve as emergency rations therefore the

astronauts will depend on fresh food that will be produced on Mars.

CHALLENGES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD:

Growing crops on the Martian soil is of primary importance. Frozen packets of food would be taken from Earth for

temporary use until the crops start to grow. The challenges that astronauts would face are: Gravity difference,

atmosphere variation, lower light intensity is lower, no atmosphere protection from harmful solar radiation.

Furthermore, the presence of perchlorates is a life-threatening situation. These are toxic in nature and are a huge

hindrance to growth of crops. If not completely removed from the soil surrounding and underneath the habitat, it

can be fatal. Ongoing research on the ISS shows that crops are capable of growing in microgravity, given that

certain other conditions are fulfilled.

Greenhouse module of the Mars Safir will reduce the light intensity causing a reduction in growth of plants.

Furthermore, researchers are also studying growth of plants under lower pressures than that of Earth because

the more pressure inside a greenhouse, the much bigger it has to be to contain it. However, the greenhouse must

be separate from the crews living quarters.

On the other hand, another major issue at hand is the radiation. Mars does not have the thick protective

atmosphere that Earth has therefore particles from space reaching its surface would be damaging to the humans

and the plants on it. Thus, some kind of protection needs to be there.

SOLUTIONS OFFERED BY “Mars-Safir”:

Keeping all these challenges and advancements in mind, we have come together to device a solution or a theory as to

how crops can be grown on the Martian soil. Its essential points are:

Plants will be produced under a controlled greenhouse.

It’ll occur under artificial lighting.

A thick layer of Martian soil on top of the habitat to protect the plants from radiation.

CO2 available from Mars atmosphere.

Water available from underneath the soil.

Nutrients for the soil can be imported from the Earth or used from Human Waste.

Martian soil is devoid of the nutrients found in Earth's soil, and it is also fine, meaning water would likely go

through it much more quickly than it would on Earth. Using fertilizers or human waste could provide a fast

boost of nutrients, such as nitrogen, and may also change the texture of the soil so it would stick to water for

longer.

PERCHLORATION – THE MAJOR CHALLENGE

Due to the presence of perchlorates on the Martian soil which is harmful for human life, it needs to be removed. The

perchlorate chemicals found on Mars are reactive chemicals which are capable of disrupting the basic functioning of the

metabolic system; it interferes with our ability to absorb iodine which is important for the production of thyroid

hormones.

SOLUTIONS OFFERED BY “Mars-Safir”:

In our design, we aim at tackling this hazard in two ways, each of them serving a different purpose:

Firstly, we know that ammonium perchlorate is widely used ingredient in rocket fuels. Based on this fact, the

perchlorates can be separated from the Martian soil by incorporating innovative technology of mining, to obtain

ammonium perchlorate; hereby, producing an essential ingredient of solid rocket fuel. This will prove to be a requisite

in the astronauts’ journey back to Earth.

Furthermore, perchlorates are highly soluble in water. So the area of Martian soil that is going to be used for growing

crops can be simply just washed with water, hereby getting rid off the toxic substances.

Some ways of managing calcium perchlorate exposure include: dust suppression, dust extraction and blood monitoring

will be employed. Other ideas include a wash-down spray that can clean the suits and equipment of dust deposits.

Furthermore, another approach is that the astronauts would climb into their suits through a bulkhead opening to avoid

back contamination when dealing with per chlorates.

PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN

We have worked on generating oxygen on Mars by considering various theories and experiments that are being

performed. We’ve come up with 3 most essential methods, multiple methods enable astronauts to have alternatives if

any one fails due to unforeseen incidents.

There are mainly three methods:

1. Regolith bacteria

2. Water on Mars

3. MOXIE

Regolith bacteria:

In experiments, certain organisms were able to produce oxygen on Mars which are known as regolith which were placed

on the soil. Regolith is a layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil,

broken rock, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial

planets and moons.

The regolith not only produces oxygen but also removes the nitrogen from the soil therefore a nitrogen fixing bacteria is

needed. These microbes would be a much more efficient way of producing oxygen than carrying containers filled with

O2.

WATER ON MARS:

However, if Regolith method fails then the astronauts can resort to another method, which is separating the oxygen and

hydrogen from the water on Mars. This method will help generate oxygen as well as store hydrogen for use on Earth .

The oxygen will be used to provide a breathable atmosphere in the living units, and a portion will be stored in reserve

for conditions when there is less power available, for example at night, and during dust storms.

MOXIE: Mars Oxygen InSitu resource utilization Experiment

The moxie device will brew oxygen from the abundant CO2 present on Mars. CO2 consists of one Carbon atom

and two oxygen atoms and the MOXIE’s job is to split the two of them. This process requires energy and the

end result will be oxygen molecules and a by-product Carbon monoxide. The MOXIE will get its energy from a

Radio Thermal Generator which produces energy from heat developed in radioactive plutonium.

The plan is to build an oxygen factory on Mars that is 100 times bigger than this prototype.

MARTIAN GRAVTY CONTROL:

Considering the effect these various environmental factors have while designing the surface habitat, we find

that it has the following implications and the corresponding on the various factors.

STABILITY AND TRANSPORT:

The lower gravity of Mars must be considered for the overall benefit, allowing the easier transport of building

materials, and erection of structures, along with the reduction in the innate dead loads.

LANDING & PYSCOLOGICAL EFFECT:

Physiological effects of zero OR micro gravity include the effects on the balance and cardiovascular system.

With these mitigated for to some extent, such signs on the body are less likely to be experienced on the journey

to Mars. As a result, the life of the astronauts on the Martian atmosphere will not be so different, however the

consequences of ravelling beyond the Earths' lower orbit and living on Mars is far less territory in the history.

After the long space flight, the astronauts will find it had to withstand and orientate themselves in the Martian

gravity. Considering the gravity of Mars which is 0.38 times that of Earth, astronauts will be able to able adopt

to the surroundings easily on landing.

However, on the longer run, the force of gravity which the bodies have to adapt will not be present to re -

strengthen the cells, bones and the muscles of the astronauts as they readapt to the gravity environment.

Adjusting to the lower level of the Martian gravitational pull may cause a physiological change in the

astronaut’s bone density, muscle strength, and circulation.

These conditions even have the chance of making the survival impossible. However, the Mars-Safir have provided the various levels which counter acts such effects of gravity mentally or physically.

GROWTH OF PLANTS: In the NASA's initial space biology experiments, it is proved that it is not of ease for the further reproduction of plants in space. In weightlessness, the plants cannot be watered with. Similar is the problem of waterlogging which is faced, where the water instead if filtering down through the soil, water encased the plants' roots. The plant biology investigations called Petri plants are made use which has explored the fundamental genetic mechanisms plants use to adapt to a microgravity environment. When the crew leaves the lower orbit of the Earth, plants recycle the exhaled carbon dioxide and the waste in addition to the production of food.

Likewise, the seeds that would be produced on Mars is likely to have different nutritional qualities that the ones produced on Earth. However, the Mars-Safir provides the adequate environment for the proper growth of plants on the Martian atmosphere. In the same manner, the plants gives us an insight about the learning about the metabolism of plants by responding to the unique and challenging environment.

COROLLIS EFFECT:

In a spinning hab, the change in gravity is likely to make a difference in the vertical motion,if the gravity is not maintained. For instance, if a ball is thrown upwards, it will curve away in the direction of the habitat which is spinning. Similarly, there could be a feeling og getting pushed over in the direction of the spin if one stands up suddenly. To counter such effects which could be faced by the astronauts within the stable habitat, the artificial gravity can be maintained, if in case of emergency despite all the other counter measures. Artificial gravity can be easily be created. In the case of emergency, the giant wheel-in-space that looks like a cover of a 1950's sci-fi novel. A viable design could be something as simple as a crew compartment attached to a counterweight compartment by a long cable that is initially coiled in a spindle. Attitude thrusters on the compartments could start the ship spinning while the cable uncoiled to its desired length. The centripetal force would keep the cable straight as it lengthened, and hence counter acting the devastating effects of the micro-gravity, and hence providing the protection.

LEISURE / RECREATIONAL ACTVITY

THE NEED AND THE KINDS OF THE RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY IN MARS -SAFIR

Astronauts have to make sometime for themselves to give them a break from their strenuous and high

pressure work of being able to live on Mars. In their break-time, they can indulge in nearly all leisure

activities as long as they’re indoors- play games, watch TV, exercise(indoors), use the internet, watch

movies, and so on.

However, there is going to be some communication and media limitations, due to the large distance between

Mars and Earth, causing time delays, they will

have to request, beforehand, the movies or news

broadcasts they want to see. If an astronaut

would like to watch Cricket, he or she can ask

for it, and it would be uploaded to the Mars

servers. However, there will always be a time

delay of a minimum of three minutes, so the

people on Mars will get to know who won a few

minutes after the people on Earth.

Our space explorers will likewise discover time to unwind. They can do the vast majority of the indoor exercises that individuals can do on Earth: read, play diversions, compose, paint, work out in the rec center, sit in front of the TV, utilize the Internet, contact companions at home et cetera, for which the facilities are provided in our habitat Mars-Safir. There will be some correspondence and media confinements, because of the separation in the middle of Earth and Mars, bringing about time delays: they will need to ask for the motion pictures or news shows they need to find ahead of time. In the event that a space explorer might want to watch the Super Bowl, he or she can ask for it, and it would be transferred to the server on Mars. There will dependably be a period postponement of no less than three minutes, so the general population on Mars will know who won a couple of minutes after the general population on Earth. Ideally this slight postponement won't ruin their happiness regarding our 'Earth sports'. Easy Internet access will be limited to their preferred sites that are constantly updated on the local Mars web server. Other websites will take between 6 and 45 minutes to appear on their screen - first 3-22 minutes for your click to reach Earth, and then another 3-22 minutes for the website data to reach Mars. Contacting friends at home is possible by video, voice or text, but real time dialogue is not possible, because of the time delay.

SUBSTANTIAL AMENITIES

COMMUNICATION

For communication between the people of Earth and our astronauts on Mars to be possible, we're going to need networking

protocols that can function properly for long distances, long communication times, loads of interrupted signals and the issue

of connectivity- disconnections and breaks in communication, which are caused by anything ranging from the spin of a

planet about its axis (something that can be predicted and scheduled for) to solar storms.

To tackle this, we’ve depended on the platform that accoun ts for these hindrances: Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN).

Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN):

The centre of DTN is something called the Bundle Protocol (BP), which is similar to Internet Protocol. The big

difference is where IP depends on an uninterrupted stream of data between one device and the next, Bundle Protocol

allows data to be stored in packets when communications are severed, and forwarded when communication is no longer

interrupted or severed. This "store and forward" technique, as NASA calls it, allows space -based networks to make up

for its non-continuous connectivity.

On the other hand, Internet access will be limited to their preferred sites that will be constantly updated on the Mars web

server. Other websites which are not constantly updated will take between 6 and 45 minutes to appear on their screen in

Mars, the first 3-22 minutes for your click to reach Earth, and then another 3-22 minutes for the website data to reach

Mars. Contacting friends at home is possible by video, voice or text message, but real time dialogue is not possible,

because of the time delay.

SANITATION AND ITS RELATION WITH THE PLANT GROWTH

Proper and hygienic disposal of human waste produced is of primary importance as it ensures good working conditions

for the astronauts as well as their good health. In our design, we put forward a theory of using the human feces as

manure for growing crops in the Martian soil.

While using manure to fertilize soil is common on Earth, there are some obstacles—especially when it comes to using

human feces. Human waste has human pathogens in it. Crops grown from soil fertilized that way would have those

pathogens on or inside of them. If the astronauts consume those crops, they will contract those pathogens. This can get

them sick.

To tackle this problem, the waste has to be completely desiccated, freeze-dried, and then dumped out on the surface of

Mars wherein the crops are to be grown. Any pathogens in there would have been dead.

POWER GENERATION

Power generation using the sun’s energy is the most cost effective method. In our design we use 20 solar panels that

are capable of producing 5kW of power. This is utilized for experimental as well as mundane activities.

The solar arrays produce more power than the dome needs at one time for its systems and experiments. During the

day, about 60 percent of the electricity that the solar arrays generate is used to charge the system's batter ies. At

night, these batteries power the station.

5kW-20 solar panels

The method of mounting solar arrays on a ‘blanket’ is used while transporting it. The blanket can be folded like an

accordion for delivery to Mars and then deployed, or spread out over the domes of the habitat with the assistance of the rovers.

PRESSURIZED AND ROBOT ROVERS

The main science goal of the Martian rover, Rahala, would be to evaluate whether Mars has or has ever had an

environment that could possibly support bacteria or other microbial life. To try to find out we study rocks and soil to find

records of the geologic and climate history of Mars. It will also look fo r carbon and other chemical building blocks of life.

Since the planet has future hopes for habitation, these will have specialized equipment to collect samples, mostly soil

samples. These rovers would also contain smaller units or robots that would be able to collect data in very narrow and small

spaces.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Dimensions

Power Source

Heat rejection system

Telecommunication

DIMENSIONS:

Rahala has a mass of around a ton or about 900kgs including 120 kg of scientific instruments. The rover is 3.2 m long

by 3.0 m wide by 2.5 m in height. These dimensions are quite similar to most other rovers but are slightly larger because

it contains the smaller robot units.

POWER SOURCE:

Rahala is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), like the successful Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars

landers in 1976.

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators, or RTGs, provide electrical power for space crafts and rovers by converting

the heat generated by the decay of plutonium-238 (Pu-238) fuel into electricity using devices called thermocouples.

A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consists of two wire legs made from different

metals. The wires legs are welded together at one end, thus forming a junction. This junction is where the temperature is

measured. Since they have no moving parts that can fail or wear out, RTGs have historically been viewed as a highly

reliable power option. Thermocouples have been used in RTGs for a total combined time of over 300 years, and a not a

single thermocouple has ever ceased producing power.

Thermocouples are common in everyday items that must monitor or regulate their temperature, such as air conditioners,

refrigerators and medical thermometers. The principle of a thermocouple involves two plates, each made of a different

metal that conducts electricity. Joining these two plates to form a closed electrical circuit while keeping the two

junctions at different temperatures produces an electric current. Each of these pairs of junctions forms an individual

thermocouple. In an RTG, the radioisotope fuel heats one of these junctions while the oth er junction remains unheated

and is cooled by the space environment or a planetary atmosphere.

Radioisotope power systems are generators that produce electricity that get generated from the decay of radioactive

isotopes, such as plutonium-238, which is one of the isotopes of plutonium. Heat given off during the decaying of the

isotopes is converted into electric voltage by thermocouples; this will in turn provide a constant power supply to the

rover day and night through all the seasons. Waste heat can be used to heat internal systems and processes via pipes and

tubes, freeing electrical power for the operation of the vehicle and instruments.

Rahala power generator will be of the latest RTG generation. Based on legacy RTG technology, it represents a more

flexible and compact development step, and is designed to produce 200 watts of electrical power from about 2,000 watts

of thermal power at the start of the mission. The MMRTG produces less power over tim e as its plutonium fuel decays:

at its minimum lifetime of 14 years, electrical power output is down to 100 watts. The power source will generate10 MJ

each day, much more than the solar panels of the Mars Exploration Rovers, which can generate about 2.1 MJ (0.58

kWh) each day. The electrical output from the MMRTG will thus be able to charge multiple rechargeable lithium -ion

batteries. This enables the power subsystem to meet peak power demands of rover activities when the demand

temporarily exceeds the generator’s steady output level. Each battery has a capacity of about 45 ampere-hours

The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) is a type of Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Generator developed for for various space missions for example those used for mars mission.

HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM:

The rovers while landing and while during operation will come across a variety of temperatures ranging from 40 °C to -127

°C. Thus a heating system is required. This heat will be provided by the thermal system of the rover throughout the year.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS:

Telecommunication includes a small deep space transponder on the descent stage and a solid -state power amplifier on the

rover for X band. The rover also has two UHF radios, the signals of which the 2001 Mars Odyssey satellite is capable of

relaying back to Earth. An average of 14 minutes, 6 seconds will be required for signals to travel between Earth and Mars.

Rahala can communicate with Earth directly at speeds up to 32 kbit/s.

COMPONENTS:

Mast Camera (Mast Cam)

The Mast Camera is the Rahala’s main imaging tool. It will be able to capture high -resolution photographs and video of

the Martian landscape, which scientists will study and be able to find out various aspects of the Martian environment.

Mast Cam consists of two camera systems that are attached or mounted at an elevated position above the body of the

rover so the instrument will have a good view of the Red Planet environment as the rover explores and scavenges the

planet. Mast Cam images will also help the mission team drive and operate the rover.

Sample Analysis at Mars

SAS (Sample analysis system) is the main component of Rahala, which would way about 40 to 45 kilograms. This

weight; it makes up about half of the rover's science payload.

SAS is actually a suite of three separate instruments — a mass spectrometer, a gas chromatograph and a laser

spectrometer. These instruments will search for carbon-containing compounds, the building blocks of life as we know it.

They will also look for other elements associated with life on Earth, such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

The SAS instrument suite is located in the main body. The rover's robotic arm will drop samples into SAS via an inlet

on the rover's exterior. Some of these samples will come from the interior of rocks, powder bored out by a 2-inch (5-

centimeter) drill situated at the end of the arm.

Other than carbon-containing compounds, the rover could potentially also find various other compounds like ice,

ferrous oxides etc. crucial for the habitation of humans and their sustenance.

Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)

The toaster-size RAD is designed specifically to help prepare for future human exploration of Mars. The instrument will

measure and identify high-energy radiation of all types on the Red Planet, from fast-moving protons to gamma rays.

RAD's observations will allow scientists to determine just how much radiation an astronaut would be exposed to on

Mars.

Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)

DAN is an instrument located near the back of the rover’s main body, will help the rover search for ice and water -

logged minerals beneath the Martian surface.

The instrument will fire beams that comprise of neutrons at the ground and then note the speed at which these particles

travel when they bounce back. Hydrogen atoms tend to slow neutrons down, so an abundance of sluggish neutrons

would signal underground water or ice.

DAN should be able to map out water concentrations as low as 0.1 percent at depths up to 6 feet (2 m).

Hexali

Of all the main components of the rover one of the key components, is the hexali. It’s at its basic level a simple football

like mini-drone which is used to scavenge and use materials. It consists of 5 reaction wheels. Each one of these wheels

are connected to a brushless DC motor, motion controllers, inertial sensors and a central unit that acts as a processor,

along with batteries. Inertial sensors are used to measure tilt of the device and also find out the velocity of the hexali an d

the hull sensor provide data about the angular velocity of the action wheels. Based on these estimates, a non -linear

controller is used to balance the hexali on its corner. The angular velocity of the reaction wheel is kept close to zero.

This mechanism is used to stabilize satellites.

Due to gravity the algorithms used are very different. With this setup Hexali can be lifted without making any

disturbances, rotate while balancing and balance on its edge. In addition the momentum wheels can rotate at very high

angular velocities and build up sufficient angular momentum a rapid breaking of the wheel allows for the transferring

the angular momentum to the hexali phase body. Thus it is able to jump and traverse any kind of terrain.

EMERGENCY AND

MANGEMENT

EMERGENCY AND MANGEMENT Disasters and management on Mars:

1. Radiation

2. Sand storm

• SAND STORM:

It is unknown how the fine Mars dust might affect humans, should they be exposed to it. However, the astronauts will only go outside in their fully-enclosed Mars suits, and inside the habitat, the air will be filtered to remove the dust.

Mars has a very thin atmosphere, about 1% of Earth’s atmosphere. Because of this, hurricane forces on Mars feel like a gentle breezes on Earth. The problem of a storm is not that it will push you over or destroy material, the problem is that

Mars is extremely 'dusty'.

Power during a dust storm:

Solar power however has a few disadvantages: during night time, the energy must come from batteries; and during dust storms, the solar panels will yield less energy. The solar panel system used by Mars will deliver enough energy to power all critical systems during a dust storm.

Non-critical systems however will be shut down or restricted, to save energy:

• Oxygen and water will come primarily from the storage tanks (not from powered extraction)

• Dirty water will be stored (for later recycling, when full power is available)

• Oxygen from the storage tanks will be consumed Greenhouse lighting will be dimmed

• EVAs will be limited to emergency repairs

• Rover operation will be limited

The astronauts will have enough water stored for 15 days of normal water usage, and for 150 days if usage is limited.

The oxygen storage tanks will contain enough oxygen for 60 days. Because electrical power is so critical for the

survival of the crew, extra safety margins will be built into the power usage profiles for dust storms.

• RADIATION ON MARS:

Mars's surface receives more radiation than the Earth's but still blocks a considerable amount. Radiation exposure on the

surface is 30 µSv per hour during solar minimum; during solar maximum, dosage equivalent of this exposure is reduced

by the factor two.

If the settlers spend on average three hours every three days outside the habitat, their individual exposure adds up to 11

mSv per year.

The Mars One habitat will be covered by several meters of soil, which provides reliable shielding even against galactic

cosmic rays. Five meters of soil will provide the same protection as the Earth's atmosphere-- equivalent to 1,000 g/cm2

of shielding.

With the help of a forecasting system, taking shelter in the habitat can prevent radiation exposure from SPEs.

Total radiation exposure:

The 210-day trip results in radiation exposure of the crew of 386 +/- 61 mSv. On the surface, they will be exposed to

about 11 mSv per year during their excursions on the surface of Mars. This means that the settlers will be able to spend

about sixty years on Mars before reaching their career limit, with respect to ESA standards.

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ASA/USRA, Proceedinas of the 6th Annual Summer Conference, June 1990. National

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Planetary Society, Poster: An Explorer's Guide to Mars. 1990. School of Architecture,

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