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INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
ITM UNIVERSE, GWALIOR (M.P)
SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT
ON
SELECTION OF AN PORTFOLIO USING MARKOWITZ MODEL
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION
SUBMITTED TO
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
ITM UNIVERSE GWALIOR (M.P)
SUBMITTED BY:
KASTUBANAND BISHT
MBA 3rd SEM
(BATCH 2008-2010)
DECLARATION
I kastubanand Bisht hereby declare that the project entitled “Portfolio Analysis” with reference to
submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree in master of business administration is my own work. I
further declare that all the facts and figures furnished in this project report are the outcome of my
intensive research and findings.
This is the original report and is not the copy of any other report.
Kastubanand Bisht
MBA III SEM
ITM (SOM) Gwalior
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude towards all the persons who
helped me through their guidance and cooperation to complete the project successfully. It
is great privilege and honors to have an opportunity of doing project at
I would like to thank Mr. P.K Patankar (Sr. Manager Accounts) for guiding me in this
project and giving me necessary inputs. Without his constant and sincere support the
project would not have been completed.
Kastubanand Bisht
MBA III SEM
ITM (SOM) Gwalior
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Industry Profile
Chapter 2 - Organizational Profile
Chapter 3 - Need for the Study
Chapter 4 - Literature Survey
Chapter 5 - Research Methodology
Chapter 6 - Analysis of the Study
Chapter 7 - Findings and suggestions
Bibliography
Appendix
Chapter 1
INDUSTRY PROFILE
INTRODUCTION
Share khan is the retail broking arm of SSKI, an organization with more than eight
decades of trust & credibility in the stock market.
Business Leadership in:
INSTITUTIONAL BROKING & INVESTMENT BANKING
SSKI, a veteran equities solutions company with over 8 decades of experience in the
Indian stock markets.
Those who feel comfortable dealing with a human being and would rather visit a brick-
and-mortar outlet than talk to a PC, would be glad to know that Sharekhan offers the
facility to visit (or talk to) any of its share shops across the country. In fact Sharekhan
runs India's largest chain of share shops with over hundred outlets in more than 80 cities!
Sharekhan is also about focus. Sharekhan does not claim expertise in too many things.
Share khan’s expertise lies in stocks and that's what he talks about with authority. So
when he says that investing in stocks should not be confused with trading in stocks or a
portfolio-based strategy is better than betting on a single horse, it is something that is
spoken with years of focused learning and experience in the stock markets. And these
beliefs are reflected in everything Sharekhan does for its customers!
To sum up, Sharekhan brings a user- friendly online trading facility, coupled with a
wealth of content that will help you stalk the right shares. Sharekhan is one of India’s
leading broking houses providing a complete life-cycle of investment solutions in
EQUITIES, DERIVATIVES & COMMODITIES.
If experience their language, presentation style, content or for that matter the online
trading facility, one will find a common thread; one that helps you make informed
decisions and simplifies investing in stocks. The common thread of empowerment is
what Share khan’s all about!
Apart from Sharekhan, the SSKI Group also comprises of institutional broking and
corporate finance. The institutional broking division caters to domestic and foreign
institutional investors, while the corporate finance division focuses on niche areas such as
infrastructure, telecom and media. SSKI has been voted as the Top Domestic Brokerage
House in the research category, twice by Euro money survey and four times by Asia
money survey.
Chapter 2
ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE
SSKI – CORPORATE STRUCTURE SSKI Securities Pvt. Ltd.
Owns 56% of Owns 50.5% of SSKI INVESTOR SERVICES PVT. LTD. SSKI
CORPORATE FINANCE PVT. LTD.
Retail broking arm of the group Investment Banking arm of the group
Shareholding pattern: Shareholding pattern:
55.5% Morakhia family (promoters) 50.5% SSKI Securities Pvt. Ltd.
18.5% HSBC Private Equity India Fund Ltd 49.5 % Morakhia family
18.5% First Carlyle Ventures, Mauritius
7.5% Intel Pacific Inc.
THE SSKI LEGACY
Sharekhan is the retail broking arm of SSKI, an organization with more than eight
decades of trust & credibility in the stock market.
Amongst pioneers of investment research in the Indian market
In 1984 ventured into Institutional Broking & Corporate Finance.
Leading domestic player in Indian institutional business
Over US$ 5 billion of private equity deals.
SHAREKHAN’S SERVICES
1. ONLINE SERVICES
a. Online Home
b. First Step
c. Classic Account
d. Speed Trade
e. Dial N Trade
2. SHARE SHOPS
3. MUTUAL FUNDS
4. COMMODITY FUTURES
5. PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
ONLINE SERVICES
With a Sharekhan online trading account, one can buy and sell shares in an instant!
Anytime one like and from anywhere he likes!
One can choose the online trading account that suits your trading habits and preferences -
the Classic Account for most investors and Speed trade for active day traders. Classic
Account also comes with Dial-n-Trade completely free, which is an exclusive service for
trading shares by using telephone.
Freedom from paperwork
Instant credit and money transfer
Trade from any net enabled PC
After hour orders
Online orders on the phone
Timely advice and research reports
Real-time Portfolio tracking
Information and Price alerts
FIRST STEP
A unique program designed especially for those who have never invested in shares.
Through First Step, Sharekhan informs and handholds one to become a stock market
The Sharekhan First Step is a brand new program designed especially for those who are
new to investing in shares. All one has to do is open a Sharekhan First Step account
and it'll guide one through the investing process.
Sharekhan as a guide
Been in the business for over 80 years, Sharekhan can provide one with the assistance
and the advice like no one else could. It has created special information tools for its
customers, to help answer any queries one may have. All one has to do is sign up to
receive all the tools one need to understand the markets and invest in shares! From the
right tools and right information at disposal to the host of services besides training, one
can trust Sharekhan to be true guide to the financial jungle.
Why the First Step program?
In the complex world of investing in shares in India, interested beginners didn't have any
place they could start out from. This is why Sharekhan started the First Step program - to
assist and guide new investors when they take their first steps into the world of investing
in shares. This program is explicitly designed for beginners. One will not feel
unintelligent when asking questions like "Who owns the Stock Market?" or "What is a
stock-split?" since our people are trained to assist those taking their first step in the
market.
Invest using Rational Research
At Sharekhan we understand that every investor's needs and goals are different. Hence we
provide a comprehensive set of research reports, so that you can the right investment
decisions regardless of your investing preferences. You get
In-depth analysis of the markets
Analysis Before, During (live market updates) and After market timings
Special sector tracking reports sent regularly
Friendly Assistance at All Levels!
Soon after you sign up for the First Step program, we'll provide you (along with a group
of other customers) a "Tutorial Session" at one of our Share Shops in your city. This
tutorial will cover:
An introduction to investing in shares and fundamental concepts of the stock
market
Using Share khan’s online trading services and tools
The exchange's settlement cycles for sending/receiving shares and money
How to read our research reports and take investment decisions
How to use our Dian-n-Trade services to execute trades and get investment advice
How to take assistance of our customer service team via phone, email and chat
Execution of First Order
Our sales executive will fix an appointment with the customers, and meet them to
personally assist in placing an order either online or using Dial-n-Trade.
Dedicated Customer Support
Sharekhan has a team of trained professional executives ready to answer any queries one
may have about products and services help him troubleshooting any problems one may
experience and assist in every way possible.
One can call customer service number (Toll-Free) for any kind of help related to
executing transactions or payments and billing information.
CLASSIC ACCOUNT
Investing Online is so much easier!
This account enables you to buy and sell shares through website. Customer’s get features
like
a) Streaming quotes (using the applet-based system)
b) Multiple watch lists
c) Integrated Banking, demat and digital contracts
d) Instant credit and transfer
e) Real-time portfolio tracking with price alerts and, of course, the assurance of secure
transactions.
Integration of: Online trading + Bank + Demat account
Instant cash transfer facility against purchase & sale of shares
Make IPO bookings
You get Instant order and trade confirmations by e-mail
Streaming Quotes
Personalized Market Scan with your own customized stock ticker!
Single screen interface for cash and derivatives
MUTUAL FUNDS
Mutual Fund
A mutual fund is a pool of money that is invested according to a common investment
objective by an asset management company (AMC). The AMC offers to invest the
money of hundreds of investors according to a certain objective - to keep money liquid or
give a regular income or grow the money long term. Investors buy a scheme if it fits in
with their investment goals, like getting a regular income now or letting the money
accumulate over the long term. Investors pay a small fraction of their total funds to the
AMC each year as investment management fees.
COMMODITIES FUTURES
The process of economic liberalization in India began in 1991.
As part of this process, several capital market reforms were carried out by the capital
market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India. One such measure was to allow
trading in equities-based derivatives on stock exchanges in 2000. This step proved to be a
shot in the arm of the capital market and volumes soared within three years. The success
of the capital market reforms motivated the government and the Forward Market
Commission (the commodities market regulator) to kick off similar reforms in the
commodities market. Thus almost all the commodities were allowed to be traded in the
futures market from April 2003. To make trading in commodity futures more transparent
and successful, multi-commodity exchanges at national level were also conceived and
these next generation exchanges were allowed to start futures trading in commodities on-
line.
Commodities exchanges have seen a surge in commodity futures volumes in the last few
months. This rise in volumes has been led by bullion (gold and silver) trading. Today a
whole lot of commodities are available for trading in futures and the list is getting bigger
by the day. No wonder then that the commodity futures market is being viewed as a
significant business segment by many– businessmen, investors, institutions, brokers,
banks et al.
DEMAT SERVICES
Convenient, Secure and Automated Demat services
Dematerialization and trading in the demat mode is the safer and faster alternative to the
physical existence of securities. Demat as a parallel solution offers freedom from delays,
thefts, forgeries, settlement risks and paper work. This system works through depository
participants (DPs) who offer demat services and the securities are held in the electronic
form for the investor directly by the Depository.
Sharekhan Depository Services offers dematerialization services to individual and
corporate investors. It has a team of professionals and the latest technological expertise
dedicated exclusively to its demat department, apart from a national network of
franchisee, making our services quick, convenient and efficient.
At Sharekhan, its commitment is to provide a complete demat solution which is simple,
safe and secure.
Chapter 3
NEED FOR STUDY
NEED FOR THE STUDY
Value and thereby create for the company is now considered the principal objective of a
business firm and in achieving such objective, proper and efficient management of
finance is quite essential. The four most vital and important aspects of portfolio
management are:
1. portfolio risk
2. expected return
3. systematic and unsystematic risk
4. liquidity
In order to facilitate the realization of the objective of maximization of investor’s wealth.
Hence, every business firm should devote considerable attention towards the effective as
well as efficient management of investments. In the management of investments both risk
and return are vital, to a great extent in creating value of the company.
Chapter 4
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Boyle Phelim P. & Uppal Raman University of British Columbia - Division of Finance; China Academy of Financial Research (CAFR) March 18, 2009
1. Keynes Meets Markowitz: The Tradeoff Between Familiarity and Diversification
Model also has empirically testable implications for trading behavior: in response to a
change in idiosyncratic risk the Keynesian portfolio always exhibits more trading than the
Markowitz portfolio, while the opposite is true for a change in systematic volatility. In
the equilibrium version of the model with heterogeneous agents who are familiar with
different assets, we find that the risk premium of stocks depends on both systematic and
idiosyncratic volatility, and that the equity risk premium is significantly higher than in the
standard model out ambiguity.
Viju & Baourakis March 19, 2009; last revised: September 16, 2009
2. Portfolio Optimization Using Markowitz Model: An Application of the Buharest Stock Exchange
The Bucharest Stock Exchange, with all its economical, social and political problems and
sudden ups and downs, is a good reflection of the transition period that emerging
economy is currently undergoing. This study focuses on the use of an appropriate
methodology for constructing efficient stock portfolios in an extremely unstable market
that makes the trade-off between risk and return even more difficult to achieve. The
objective is set in order to assess the market behavior: employing the Markowitz model,
to construct a set of optimum portfolios under a number of varying constraints and to
compare them with the market portfolio
Anton Abdulbasah Kamil & Chin Yew Fei - Journal of Statistics & Management
Systems Vol. 9 (2006), No. 3, pp. 519–536
3. Portfolio analysis based on Markowitz model
This paper focused on Portfolio Analysis that set-up among 15 selected stocks traded in
Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). Markowitz model (1959) is the main idea which
used to build up the optimal portfolio in order to achieve the objective of maximizes the
return and minimizes the risk. There are few scenarios are considered in constructing the
optimal portfolio, such as risk-free, taxes, transaction cost and benchmark portfolio
Zhidong Bai, Huixia Liu and Wing-Keung Wong - RMI Working Paper No. 09/02 April 13, 2009
4. On the Markowitz mean-variance analysis of self-financingPortfolios
This paper extends the work of Markowitz (1952), Korkie and Turtle (2002) and others
by first proving that the traditional estimate for the optimal return of self-financing
portfolios always overestimates from its theoretic value. We further demonstrate the
superiority of our proposed estimate over the traditional estimate by simulation.
Daniel Bertland
5. The Perfect Portfolio
Abstract: Nowadays investors have a large number of choices of how they can invest
their money. One of their biggest challenges is how to allocate their portfolio between
equities, bonds and properties. It can only be shown afterwards, which was the best
allocation. That is why it is so popular to look at historical mean-variance to predict the
future.
Chapter 5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To have better understanding about the Markowitz model.
2. It helped me in understanding the importance of correlation among the different
stock’s returns in the construction of stock portfolio.
3. To minimize the portfolio variance i.e. risks.
4. To Eliminating the unsystematic risk through the diversification of securities.
5. The objective is to determine the percent to invest in each asset while minimizing
risk of the entire portfolio.
METHODOLOGY
The present study has been conducted on portfolio diversification on two groups including five companies each.
TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Empirical research
DATA COLLECTION
Secondary data - The secondary data are those which have already collected and stored. Secondary data easily get those secondary data from records, journals, annual reports of the company etc. It will save the time, money and efforts to collect data. Secondary data also made available through trade magazines, balance sheets, books etc.
ANALYSIS TOOLS APPLIED:
MARKOWITZ PORTFOLIO MODEL given by Harry Markowitz
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
THE MARKOWITZ MODEL
Harry Markowitz is generally acknowledged as the father of modern portfolio theory
after publishing his seminal paper in 1952, for which he (jointly) received a Nobel Prize
in 1990. Markowitz (1952) and Tobin (1958) showed that it was possible to identify the
composition of an optimal portfolio of risky securities, given forecasts of future returns
and an appropriate covariance matrix of share returns. This research endeavours to apply
the theory of Markowitz to the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) to establish
whether an optimal portfolio can be identified and used as an effective trading rule.
Weekly data over 11 years on the top 40 JSE listed companies was analysed to construct
the study found that the trading strategy significantly outperformed the market in the
period under review Most people agree that holding two stocks is less risky than holding
one stock.
For example:-
Holding stocks from textile, banking and electronic companies is better than investing all
the money on the textile companies stock. But building up the optimal portfolio is very
difficult. Markowitz provides an answer. It is also known as modern portfolio theory.
Modern portfolio theory (MPT) is a theory of investment which tries to maximize
portfolio expected return for a given amount of portfolio risk, or equivalently minimize
risk for a given level of expected return, by carefully choosing the proportions of various
assets. Although MPT is widely used in practice in the financial industry and several of
its creators won a Nobel Prize for the theory, in recent years the basic assumptions of
MPT have been widely challenged by fields such as behavioral economics.
MPT is a mathematical formulation of the concept of diversification in investing, with the
aim of selecting a collection of investment assets that has collectively lower risk than any
individual asset. That this is possible can be seen intuitively because different types of
assets often change in value in opposite ways. For example, when prices in the stock
market fall, prices in the bond market often increase, and vice versa]. A collection of both
types of assets can therefore have lower overall risk than either individually. But
diversification lowers risk even if assets' returns are not negatively correlated—indeed,
even if they are positively correlated.
More technically, MPT models an asset's return as a normally distributed (or more
generally as an elliptically distributed random variable), defines risk as the standard
deviation of return, and models a portfolio as a weighted combination of assets so that the
return of a portfolio is the weighted combination of the assets' returns. By combining
different assets whose returns are not perfectly positively correlated, MPT seeks to
reduce the total variance of the portfolio return. MPT also assumes that investors are
rational and markets are efficient.
Assumptions underlying Markowitz Theory
Portfolio theory in the shape of Markowitz Theory makes the following assumptions
concerning the investment market and investors behavior within those markets. We
summaries these assumptions below:
1. Investors seek to maximize the expected return of total wealth.
2. All investors have the same expected single period investment horizon.
3. All investors are risk-adverse, that is they will only accept greater risk if they
are compensated with a higher expected return.
4. Investors base their investment decisions on the expected return and risk (i.e.
the standard deviation of assets historical returns).
5. All markets are perfectly efficient (e.g. no taxes and no transaction cost).
Risk and expected return
MPT assumes that investors are risk averse, meaning that given two portfolios that offer
the same expected return, investors will prefer the less risky one. Thus, an investor will
take on increased risk only if compensated by higher expected returns. Conversely, an
investor who wants higher expected returns must accept more risk. The exact trade-off
will be the same for all investors, but different investors will evaluate the trade-off
differently based on individual risk aversion characteristics. The implication is that a
rational investor will not invest in a portfolio if a second portfolio exists with a more
favorable risk-expected return profile – i.e., if for that level of risk an alternative portfolio
exists which has better expected returns
Under the model:
Portfolio return is the proportion-weighted combination of the constituent assets'
returns.
Portfolio volatility is a function of the correlations ρij of the component assets, for
all asset pairs (i, j).
In general:
Expected return:
where Rp is the return on the portfolio, Ri is the return on asset i and wi is the
weighting of component asset i (that is, the share of asset i in the portfolio).
Portfolio return variance:
Where ρij is the correlation coefficient between the returns on assets i and j. Alternatively
the expression can be written as:
Where ρij = 1 for i=j.
Portfolio return volatility = Standard Deviation
Portfolio return =
10 COMPANIES PROFILE
ACC LTD.
ACC (ACC Limited) is India's foremost manufacturer of cement and concrete. ACC's
operations are spread throughout the country with 16 modern cement factories, more than
40 Ready mix concrete plants, 20 sales offices, and several zonal offices. It has a
workforce of about 10,000 persons and a countrywide distribution network of over 9,000
dealers.
AIRTEL COMPANY
We are one of Asia’s leading providers of telecommunication services with presence in
all the 22 licensed jurisdictions (also known as Telecom Circles) in India, and in Srilanka.
We served an aggregate of 133,708,496 customers as of April 30, 2010, in India; of
whom 130,616,487 subscribe to our GSM services and 3,092,009 use our Telemedia
Services either for voice and/or broadband access delivered through DSL. We are the
largest wireless service provider in the country, based on the number of customers as of
April 30, 2010. We offer an integrated suite of telecom solutions to our enterprise
customers, in addition to providing long distance connectivity both nationally and
internationally. We also offer DTH and IPTV Services. All these services are rendered
under a unified brand “Airtel”.
CIPLA LTD COMPANY
India’s second largest pharmaceutical firm Cipla Ltd, edged out the multinational giant
GlaxoSmithKline which was reigning supreme in the country for long, in terms of drug
sales last year.
Consistently maintaining a fast-track growth momentum, Cipla has registered an 80-
percent jump in net profit for the quarter ended on March 31 2006, driven by growth in
domestic sales and exports.
In the fourth quarter, Cipla posted a net profit of 1.90 billion rupees. Net sales grew 63
percent to 8.7 billion rupees. Cipla's exports in the quarter grew 63.7 percent while
domestic sales rose 56.4 percent. Cipla anticipates 15 to 20 percent growth in this year.
HDFC BANK
Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited, more popularly known as HDFC
Bank Ltd, was established in the year 1994, as a part of the liberalization of the Indian
Banking Industry by Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It was one of the first banks to receive
an 'in principle' approval from RBI, for setting up a bank in the private sector. The bank
was incorporated with the name 'HDFC Bank Limited', with its registered office in
Mumbai. The following year, it started its operations as a Scheduled Commercial Bank.
Today, the bank boasts of as many as 1412 branches and over 3275 ATMs across India
Infosys Technologies
Infosys, India's No. 2 software services exporter, Infosys customers are happy too: 19 out
of 20 come back to the Bangalore Company with repeat orders. Now, Infosys has its eye
on China. Of the 12,600 people it will hire this year; nearly 1,000 will be at its Shanghai
offices.
ITC COMPANY
ITC is one of India's foremost private sector companies with a market capitalisation of
over US $ 22 billion and a turnover of US $ 6 billion.* ITC is rated among the World's
Best Big Companies, Asia's 'Fab 50' and the World's Most Reputable Companies by
Forbes magazine, among India's Most Respected Companies by BusinessWorld and
among India's Most Valuable Companies by Business Today. ITC ranks among India's
`10 Most Valuable (Company) Brands', in a study conducted by Brand Finance and
published by the Economic Times. ITC also ranks among Asia's 50 best performing
companies compiled by Business Week.
WIPRO LTD
Wipro Technologies is the No.1 provider of integrated business; technology and process
solutions on a global delivery platform Wipro Technologies is a global services provider
delivering technology-driven business solutions that meet the strategic objectives of our
clients. Wipro has 40+ ‘Centers of Excellence’ that create solutions around specific needs
of industries. Wipro delivers
Unmatched business value to customers through a combination of process excellence,
quality frameworks and service delivery innovation. Wipro is the World's first CMM
Level 5 certified software services company and the first outside USA to receive the
IEEE Software Process Award.
Mahindra and Mahindra ltd
Mahindra Group is one of the largest corporate groups of India. It is a US $4.5 billion
conglomerate with employee strength of over 40,000. The group has diverse business
interests such as automotive, farm equipments, infrastructure, information technology,
hospitality, and financial services. Mahindra Group has global presence and it is ranked
amongst Forbes Top 200 list of the World's Most Reputable Companies and in the Top
10 list of Most Reputable Indian companies. The origins of Mahindra Group can be
traced back to October 2, 1945 when Mahindra brothers J.C. Mahindra & K.C. Mahindra
joined hands with Ghulam Mohammad, and Mahindra & Mohammad was set up as a
franchise for assembling jeeps from Willys, USA. After India's independence in 1947,
Mahindra & Mohammad changed its name to Mahindra & Mahindra. Ghulam
Mohammad migrated to Pakistan post-partition and became the first Finance Minister of
Pakistan. Since then, Mahindra Group has gone from strength to strength and today it has
evolved into a giant group.
Chapter 6
ANALYSIS OFDATA
Comparative analysis of two portfolios taking a group of five companies from the above table
Details of Portfolio A
Company Name Beta Return for 1 Year
Average volatility(Standard
Deviation)ACC Ltd 0.92 4.34 2.16
Bharti Airtel Ltd 0.60 -36.00 2.44Cipla Ltd 0.40 43.06 1.85
HDFC Bank 0.69 30.72 1.53Infosys Tech.
Ltd0.67 65.90 1.62
Covariance of Returns of Securities of Five Companies
Denoted as Portfolio A
Company Name
Probability Returns Deviation from expected return
Product of deviation and
probabilityACC Ltd 0.20 4.34 -17.26 -3.452
Bharti Airtel Ltd
0.20 -36.00 57.604 11.520
Cipla Ltd 0.20 43.06 21.456 4.291HDFC Bank 0.20 30.72 9.116 1.823Infosys Tech
Ltd.0.20 65.90 44.296 8.859
R = 108.02 Covar = 23.041
Company Name Returns Standard deviationACC Ltd. 4.34 2.16
Bharti Airtel -36.00 2.44Cipla 43.06 1.85
HDFC Bank 30.72 1.53Infosys Tech. Ltd 65.90 1.62
R = 108.02
Covariance A = 1\5 [(4.34-21.604) (-36.00-21.604) (43.06-21.604) (30.72-21.604) (65.90-21.604)]= 1/5 (-17.26*57.604*21.456*9.114*44.296)= -1722824.41
By multiplying all values of standard deviation, we get standard deviation A = 24.1669
Now computing the portfolio A risk as:Portfolio A Risk R = covariance /SD of 5 companies= -1722824.41/24.1669
= -71288.59
Expected Return on Portfolio A = ∑ (wt of securities * expected return on securities)= 0.20*4.34 + 0.20*(-36) + 0.20*43.06 + 0.20*30.72 + 0.20*65.90= 21.604%
Details of Portfolio B
Company Name Beta Return for 1 Year Average volatility(Standard
Deviation)ITC Ltd 0.68 54.18 1.90
Wipro Ltd 0.77 75.17 1.86Mahindra &
Mahindra Ltd1.22 69.61 2.59
TATA Steel Ltd. 1.68 23.21 3.14SBI 1.16 21.36 2.15
Covariance of Returns of Securities of Five Companies
Denoted as Portfolio B
Company Name
Probability Returns Deviation from expected return
Product of deviation and
probabilityITC Ltd 0.20 54.18 5.474 1.094
Wipro Ltd 0.20 75.17 26.464 5.292Mahindra &
Mahindra Ltd0.20 69.61 20.904 4.180
TATA Steel 0.20 23.21 -25.496 -5.099
LtdSBI 0.20 21.36 -27.346 -5.469
R = 243.53 Covar = -0.002
Company Name Returns Standard deviationACC Ltd. 54.18 1.90
Bharti Airtel 75.17 1.86Cipla 69.61 2.59
HDFC Bank 23.21 3.14Infosys Tech. Ltd 21.36 2.15
R = 243.53
Covariance B = 1\5 [(54.18-48.706) (75.17-48.706) (69.61-48.706) (23.21-48.706) (21.36-48.706)]= 1/5 (5.474*26.464*20.904*-25.496*27.346)= 422265.436
By multiplying all values of standard deviation, we get standard deviation B = 60.5994
Now computing the portfolio B risk as:Portfolio B Risk R = covariance /SD of 5 companies= 422265.436/60.5994= 6968.145
Expected Return on Portfolio B = ∑ (wt of securities * expected return on securities)= 0.20*54.18 + 0.20*75.17 + 0.20*69.61 + 0.20*23.21 + 0.20*21.36= 48.706%
Chapter 7
FINDINGS&
SUGGESTIONS
Findings
We found that as the number of securities in the portfolio increases, the portfolio
variance approaches the average covariance.
One more finding of my study is that B’s Portfolio covariance is negative.
We found that Return of Portfolio is more than B’s Portfolio so it will be
Beneficial.
We found that Portfolio Risk can be reduced by the simplest kind of Securities.
We found that Investment opportunities will be increase with the help of
Portfolio.
We found that level of risk exposure is measured with the help of the Standard
Deviation of Returns.
Suggestions
We should diversify our Investments because it helps to spread risk over many assets.
We should select securities on the basis of Risk and Return Analysis.
The Investor should be risk Averse because they will take risk only if they are
compensate for the risk.
Sharekhan should enhance investment opportunities for the Investors through the
Portfolio.
APPENDICES
Beta, R2, Volatility and Returns of SENSEX Scrips for One Year Period (June 2009 - May 2010)
MARKOWITZ Analysis of Portfolio Risk and Return
Company Name
Beta Co-efficient R2
Return for 1 year
Sensex Weightage
Average Daily
Volatility
ACC Ltd 0.92 0.35 4.34 0.64 2.16
Bharti Airtel Ltd
0.60 0.11 -36.00 2.64 2.44
Cipla Ltd 0.40 0.09 43.06 1.26 1.85
HDFC Bank 0.69 0.38 30.72 5.23 1.53
Infosys Tech. Ltd
0.67 0.33 65.90 9.82 1.62
ITC Ltd 0.68 0.24 54.18 5.73 1.90
Wipro Ltd 0.77 0.32 75.17 1.49 1.86
Mahindra & Mahindra
Ltd
1.22 .42 69.61 1.88 2.59
TATA Steel Ltd
1.68 0.55 23.21 2.36 3.14
SBI 1.16 0.56 21.36 4.91 2.15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Security analysis and portfolio management (Punithavathy Pandian)
Financial Management (I.M.Pandey)
WEBSITES:
bseindia.com
nseindia.com
yahoofinance.com
investopedia.com
networth.com
economictimes.com
en.wikipedia.org
studyfinance.com