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SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Page references to figures and tables are italicized.

abalone, 40Acanthopleura granulata, 373Acanthuridae, 167Acinonyx jubatus, 64, 299Acipenser, 328Acipenseridae, 61Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

analysis of, 164, 203 , 204, 210, 211 , 241 –242,241, 244, 253

capture techniques, 268, 270, 272as evidence for past environmental

conditions, 320, 322, 323 , 328, 345 , 350feeding behavior, 94human use of, 131 , 150, 253 , 257, 265 , 301 , 347in Hypothetical Collection, 156, 198identification of, 167isotopes, 84, 86larva, 90–91life history patterns, 91locomotion, 54–59morphology, 40, 41 , 42, 42, 43 , 50–54,

60–64, 371–372nomenclature, 34–35 , 35 , 37other hard tissue, 62–63recovery of, 148–149, 149, 150, 156seasonal growth, 74–79sex, 79–80site-formation processes and, 136, 137size, 64–67, 68, 187, 187, 264size and age, 73–74standard measurements, 382structures used in feeding, 43 , 46, 47, 49survivorship curve, 101

addax, 299Aepyornis maximus, 325Agavaceae, 84agave, 84agouti, 138, 298, 300Agouti paca, 298Ailuropoda melanoleuca, 92albatross, 60Albula vulpes, 43Alces alces, 32algae, 84alligator, American, 46, 80, 90Alligatoridae, 46Alligator mississippiensis, 80alpaca

disease, 309domestication of, 291, 293 , 301herd, 395importance of, 301 , 313–314ritual, 121taxonomy of, 291

amaranth, 84Amaranthus, 84Amia calva, 43Amphibia (amphibian)

analysis of, 210human use of, 238, 347in Hypothetical Collection, 156morphology, 40, 42, 43 , 44, 46, 60–62,

370standard measurements, 382taxonomy, 35vernacular names, 33

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85726-0 - Zooarchaeology, Second EditionElizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. WingIndexMore information

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492 systematic index

Ananas comosus, 84Anas platyrhynchos, 292, 295Anatidae, 54anchovy, 53 , 54, 137, 138, 272, 348anglerfish, 79, 92Anguillidae, 90Anomura, 62Anser anser, 7, 292Anseriformes, 90Antilocapra americana, 62Anura, 59, 382Apis mellifera, 292, 301Arachis, 86Ara macao, 301Arcidae, 122Arctica islandica, 77Ardeidae, 60, 104, 123 , 123Ariidae, 197, 198, 204, 205Ariopsis felis, 204, 205 , 210ark, 122armadillo, nine-banded, 17, 58, 60Arthropoda, 40, 45 , 117, 139, see also

Crustacea; Malacostraca; MaxillopodaArtiodactyla (artiodactyl)

analysis, 212, 237, 238, 253antler and horn, 62dentition, 52, 93 , 174, 176identification, 166as taphonomic agents, 135weight, 65

ass, African wild, 291ass, domestic, 115 , 115 , 291, 295 , 301 , 310Astacidae, 375Atherinopsidae, 104auk, great, 16aurochs, 15 , 292aurochs, Indian, 292Aves (bird)

analysis of, 203 , 210, 212, 237, 244, 253anatomy, 39capture techniques of, 268folk taxonomy, 33function and structure of hard tissue, 45–63habits and habitats, 272human use of, 275 , 301 , 345 , 347in Hypothetical Collection, 156, 173locomotion, 54–60, 59morphology, 40, 42, 60–64, 364

other hard tissue, 62–63seasonal growth, 74–79sex, 79–80and site-formation processes, 138, 203size, 64–67, 68size and age, 70–73standard measurements, 380taxonomy, 35

baboon, 54bacteria, 93 , 139, 140, 143Bagre marinus, 205 , 210Bairdiella chrysoura, 156, 205Balistidae, 61bamboo, 92banteng, 301barley, 293barnacle, 40, 45 , 46, 54, 138, 163 , 265barnacle, goose, 45 , 138barracouta, 328barracuda, 53bass, sea, 68bass, striped, 371–372bat, 59, 93beans, 86, 96, 349bear, 52, 58, 81 –82, 93 , 98, 133bear, American black, 90, 166bear, cave, 15 , 81 –82beaver, American, 48, 52, 52, 135bee, honey, 292, 301beetle, carpet, 380–381Belemnitella, 83bison, American (buffalo), 15 , 66, 120, 275Bison bison, 66, 275Bivalvia (bivalve)

analysis of, 207human use of, 132identification, 163latitudinal diversity, 111morphology, 40, 44–46, 54, 374seasonal growth, 77size, 68standard measurements, 383

boar, wild, 291, 304boar, wild Southeast Asian, 291bobwhite, see quailBombyx mandarina, 292Bombyx mori, 292, 301






systematic index 493

bonefish, 43bony fishes, see ActinopterygiiBoonia impressa, 149Bos gaurus, 301Bos grunniens, 296, 301Bos indicus, 9–10, 289, 292Bos javanicus, 301Bos nomadicus, 292Bos primigenius, 290, 292Bos taurus, 9–10, 47, 58, 71, 175 , 289, 292

in Hypothetical Collection, 179bottle gourd, 272, 329Bovidae (bovid)

analysis, 193 , 212dentition, 69, 176functional morphology of locomotion, 58horn, 62, 73 , 79–80, 164, 295taxonomy, 9, 166, 299

Bovinae (bovine), 201bowfin, 43boxfish, 61Bromeliaceae, 84bromeliad, 84bryozoan, 138Bubalus arnee, 291Bubalus bubalis, 291, 295Buccinidae, 126buffalo, 62, see also bison; water buffaloBufo, 238Burhinus bistriatus, 7, 158burro, see assBusycon carica, 383Busycon sinistrum, 126, 127butterfly, 33

Cactaceae, 84cactus, 84Cairina moschata, 292, 293Callinectes, 249camel, wild, 291Camelidae (camelid, camel), 295 , 310–311 , 326camels and dromedaries, domestic

Bactrian, 291domestication of, 297, 301dromedary, 291, 296, 301herd animal, 295–296importance of, 301one-humped, 291, 301

role of, 295–296, 297, 310two-humped, 291, 301

Camelus, 291 , 295Camelus bactrianus, 291, 301Camelus dromedarius, 291, 296, 301Camelus ferus, 291Canidae (canid), 135 , 275 , 294Canis familiaris, 7, 48, 58, 290, 291, 364Canis latrans, 329Canis lupus, 98, 290, 291, 294Capra aegagrus, 290, 292Capra hircus, 10, 210, 292Capreolus, 91Capreolus capreolus, 129Caprinae (caprine), 166, 175 , 176, 177, 204, 210,

211 , 212, 217Carangidae, 74Carassius auratus, 292, 301Carcharhinidae, 43Carcharodon carcharias, 53caribou (North American terminology), 15 ,

79, 80, 92, 193 , 225 , 230, 232, see alsoreindeer

Carnivora (carnivore), 53 , 80, 135 , 136, 301 , 326cartilaginous fishes, 41 , see also

ChondrichthyesCastor canadensis, 48, 52cat, 54, 135cat, domestic

barnyard animal, 134, 296–297dentition, 48domestication of, 291, 297, 301feral, 330house animal, 295 , 296–297in Hypothetical Collection, 209, 217importance of, 301introduction of, 310population source, 297in ritual, 297role of, 296–297skin, 242, 275taxonomy of, 291

cat, wild, 291caterpiller, 267catfish, 68, 167catfish, gafftopsail, 205catfish, hardhead, 204, 205catfish, sea, 197, 198, 205 , 210, 246, 263







cattle, 9–10, 65cattle, domestic, 193 , 212

Aberdeen Angus, 201age, 72archaeogenetics of, 289beef, 283breed, 179, 201 –202, 304, 305bull, 9, 80, 201calf, 103cow, 9, 80, 103 , 201dentition of, 47, 175domestication of, 292, 293 , 301environmental impact of, 330heifer, 103herd animal, 103 , 115 , 115 , 295–296horn, 303 , 305in Hypothetical Collection, 179, 211 , 217identification problems, 166, 204importance of, 301introduction of, 314, 331modifications, 242morphology, 58, 71, 303 , 304, 305Niatu breed, 304, 305ox, 80, 296, 305polled, 62, 305productivity, 102role of, 310sex, 202size, 303 , 331skeletal weight, 65 , 186steer, 9, 201survivorship curve, 100–103 , 101, 102, 303taxonomy of, 290, 291terminology, 9–10tooth wear, 175zebu, 9–10see also animal products; domestic animal

Caudata, 33 , 382Cavia aperea, 291Cavia porcellus, 121 , 291Cebus, 300cedar, red, 329Centropomus, 91Cephalopoda, 45 , 132Cervidae (cervid), 58, 176, 238, 263Cervus elaphus, 32, 125 , 128, 129, 130, 131Cetacea, 57, 57cheetah, 64, 299

Cheloniidae, 32–33Chelydra serpentina, 365Chelydridae, 94chenopod, 84Chenopodium, 84chicken, domestic

age, 71barnyard animal, 134, 295 , 296–297in China, 296diseases shared with humans, 331domestication of, 292, 297, 301in Hypothetical Collection, 173 , 178, 185 ,

185 , 190, 202importance of, 301introduction to Americas, 157–159, 331introduction to Oceania, 325 , 345role of, 134, 296–297sacred, 297seasonality, 79size, 303spur, 80, 178taboo, 296temporal significance, 157–158see also animal products; domestic animal;

medullary boneChiroptera, 59chiton, 40, 44, 104, 163 , 204chiton, West Indian fuzzy, 373Chitonidae, 104Chondrichthyes, 35 , 36, 40, 42, 42, 45 , 49, 55 ,

57, 68, 133Chordata, 35 , 39, 40, 42Cirripedia, 40, 163Cittarium pica, 104, 123clam, 39, 44, 53 , 268, 374clam, hard, 77, 198, 199, 263 , 263 , 327

standard measurements, 383clam, Japanese, 77, 152, 324Clupeidae, 131cobra, African spitting, 368coca, 322cockle, 263cod, Atlantic, 64, 78, 350Coenobita clypeatus, 62, 123 , 123Colubridae, 126Columba livia, 292, 295Columbidae, 325conch, see whelk







coquina, 89, 320coral, 51 , 52cormorant, 7, 137Corylus, 329cotton, 347cougar, 64, 88coyote, 329crab, 39, 40, 45 , 49, 51 , 62, 163 , 249

specimen preparation, 381crab, Florida stone, 49, 50crab, hermit, 62, 123 , 123crab, land, 63 , 91 , 99, 376crab, swimming, 375crane, 60Crassostrea rhizophorae, 104Crassostrea virginica, 65 , 68, 163 , 383crayfish, 45 , 49, 375Crepidula, 249croaker, Atlantic, 198, 200, 205 , 327, 327, 350crocodile, West African broad-fronted, 366Crocodylia (crocodilian), 40, 43 , 43 , 53 , 57, 61 ,

366Crocuta crocuta, 136Crustacea

analysis of, 203 , 206anatomy, 7, 39in Hypothetical Collection, 155identification, 162–163morphology, 44–46, 49, 54, 61 ,

375–376nomenclature, 37see also Arthropoda; Malacostraca;

MaxillopodaCtenosaura pectinata, 367Cucurbita, 322cuscus, 300cuttlefish, see squidCynoscion, 205Cyprinodontidae, 156

Dasyprocta leporina, 138, 300Dasyprocta punctata, 298Dasypus novemcinctus, 17, 58Decapoda (decapod), 37, 40, 45 , 163 , 375deer, 58, 62, 79, 91 , 310deer, brocket, 91deer, huemal, 91 , 326deer, mule, 91 –92

deer, Pere David’s, 91deer, red, 32, 90, 91 , 125 , 125 , 128, 129, 130, 131,

196deer, roe, 91 , 129deer, white-tailed

age, 72biology, 79ecology, 89, 91 –92food preferences, 298habitat, 331human use of, 326in Hypothetical Collection, 159, 173 , 185 ,

186, 188, 189, 190, 194, 202, 204, 206, 207,209, 211 , 212, 221 , 223 , 224, 235 , 237, 238,240, 241 , 242, 243 , 244, 246, 248, 249

reproduction, 192tooth wear, 176venison, 252weight, 186, 237, 238see also age; antler; sex; size

Delphinidae, 53 , 56Dermestidae, 380–381Dicrodon, 268Didelphis marsupialis, 300dingo, 291Dinornis maximus, 325Diodontidae, 51Diomedeidae, 60Dioscorea, 329dodo, 325dog, domestic

anatomical drawing, 364breeds, 304bulldogs, University of Georgia, 282burial, 121 , 294, 296, 305changes to, 287–288, 304in China, 296consumption of, 242, 294, 296dentition, 47, 48, 305 , 312diseases shared with humans, 331domestication of, 291, 293 , 294, 301 , 303 , 310,

312environmental impact of, 330feral, 314, 330food, 272, 294genetics, 294, 310identification of, 212importance of, 295 , 301







dog, domestic (cont.)introduction of, 294, 325locomotion, 56, 58morphology, 58, 58, 294, 304, 305 , 364nomenclature, 32, 290pathologies in, 311 , 312pekingese, 305role of, 7, 282, 294–297skin, 275taphonomic agent, 56, 134–138, 137, 313taxonomy of, 290totem, 282variability, 287–288, 294, 304vernacular names, 32and wolf, 290, 294, 304worked specimens, 133 , 296

dog, New Guinea singing, 291dolphin, 56, 166Donacidae, 89Donax denticulatus, 320donkey, see assdove, rock, 292dragon, Komodo, 53dromedary, see camels and dromedariesdrum, 51 , 52, 68, 74, 205 , 212drum, black, 205 , 238drum, red, 91 , 187, 187, 205duck, 54, 57duck, domestic, 292, see also mallardduck, muscovy, 292, 293

earthworm, 139Echinodermata, 39, 40, 43–44, 77, 162Echinoidea, 40, 44eel, 90, 265eel, freshwater, 90egret, 104Elaphurus davidianus, 91elephant, 47, 49, 52, 67, 166, 296elephant bird, 325Elephantidae, 49, 328Elephas maximus, 296elk (European terminology), 32, 90, 91Engraulidae, 53Enhydra lutris, 61Ephippidae, 74Equidae (equid), 59, 80, 166, 246Equus africanus, 291

Equus asinus, 115 , 291Equus caballus, 58, 115 , 212, 291Equus ferus, 291Erethizontidae, 135Erythroxylon coca, 322eucalyptus, 92Eumalacostraca, 40euphorb, 84Euphorbiaceae, 84

Falconiformes, 60Felidae (felid), 54, 135Felis catus, 48, 134, 209, 291Felis silvestris, 291fishes, see ActinopterygiiFissurellidae, 104flamingo, 54flounder, 68fly, stable, 321 –322fowl, red jungle, 292fox, Channel Island, 300fox, South American, 121 , 294frog, 40, 44, 57, 59, 91 , 238, 370

standard measurements, 382fungi, 139, 142

Gadus morhua, 64Galeichthys peruvianus, 263Galliformes, 80Gallinago gallinago, 209Gallus gallus, 71 , 185 , 292gannet, 98gar, 40, 42, 61 , 207Gastropoda (gastropod)

analysis of, 208anatomical drawing, 373dye, 134environmental information, 320–321identification, 163morphology, 40, 44, 68, 373seasonal growth, 77specimen preparation, 381

gaur, 301Gazella subgutturosa, 270gazelle, 62, 299gazelle, Persian, 270Gecarcinidae, 63 , 91 , 376Geomyidae, 58







Geomys pinetus, 33Gnathostomata, 35goat, bezoar, 292goat, domestic

age, 72, 73angora, 195 , 314cashmere, 314dentition of, 175domestication of, 73 , 293 , 301environmental impact of, 330herd animal, 115 , 115 , 295–296, 303horn, 303 , 305in Hypothetical Collection, 210, 212identification problems, 166importance of, 301introduction of, 310, 311 , 314, 331morphology, 58, 303neat cattle, 10size, 303taxonomy of, 9–10, 290, 292see also animal products; domestic animal

goldfish, 292, 301goose, 7goose, domestic, 292, 301goose, graylag, 292gopher, pocket, 33 , 58, 139Gopherus agassizii, 135Gopherus polyphemus, 33 , 80, 81, 209grouper, 53Gruiformes, 60guanaco, 291, 326guinea pig, domestic

burial, 121consumption of, 138domestication of, 291, 293 , 298, 301importance of, 301in ritual, 297role of, 7, 295 , 296–297size, 303

guinea pig, wild, 291

hare, 310hare, snowshoe, 99hawk, 94hazelnut, 329heron, 60, 123 , 123herring, 131 , 156, 267Heteromyidae, 59

Hippocamelus antisensis, 91 , 326Homo sapiens, 252Hordeum vulgare, 293horse, domestic

consumption of, 242dentition, 93domestication of, 291, 301 , 302herd animal, 115 , 115 , 295–296identification of, 212introduction of, 311 , 314, 331morphology, 58, 59, 80role of, 296, 310–311stabling of, 321 –322

horse, wild, 291, 328human, 252, see also Topical Indexhummingbird, 93hutia, 301Hyaenidae, 135 , 299hyena, 135 , 299hyena, spotted, 136Hystricidae, 135

ibex, 62, 299ibis, 104Iguana, 369iguana, spiny-tailed, 367Insecta (insect), 5

agents of environmental change, 316anatomy, 39environmental indicators, 320–322grubs, 138larva, 321 –322, 329morphology, 51 , 61 –62recovery of, 149as taphonomic agents, 142

Invertebrata (invertebrate)analysis of, 164anatomical drawing, 373–376ecology of, 93 , 109as evidence for past environmental

conditions, 319, 323functional morphology, 44–45 , 54, 60–62human use of, 255 , 347larval stages, 91pathology, 170seasonal growth, 74–79size and age, 70, 73specimen preparation, 381







Ischadium recurvum, 104Isolobodon portoricensis, 301

jack, 74Juniperus silicicola, 329

kangaroo, 52, 59killifish, 156, 166kingfish, 166, 205koala, 92

Labroidei, 35Lacertilia (lizard), 43 , 367, 381Lagenaria siceraria, 272Lagomorpha, 7Lama glama, 54, 291Lama guanicoe, 291, 326Leiostomus xanthurus, 205Leopardus pardalis, 300Lepadidae, 45Lepisosteidae, 40Lepisosteus, 61Leporidae, 48Lepus americanus, 99lichen, 106limpet, 40, 104, 138, 265lion, 98liptooth, 151Littorina irrorata, 203Littorinidae, 68lizard, 40, 43 , 138, 367, 369

standard measurements, 381lizard, dicrodon, 268lizard, varanid, 135llama, 308, 309

dentition, 54disease, 309–310domestication of, 291, 293 , 301 , 312environmental impact of, 313herd animal, 115 , 115 , 295–296, 307, 313–314importance of, 301 , 313–314pack animal, 295 , 296, 307, 309, 313–314, 322ritual, 121 , 306, 307, 313taxonomy of, 291see also animal products; domestic animal

lobster, 39, 40, 45 , 132, 163Lontra canadensis, 57Lophiiformes, 79

Lutjanidae, 53Lutjanus griseus, 91

macaw, scarlet, 301mackerel, 53 , 56Macropodidae, 52maize, 84, 96, 307, 322, 345 , 349Malaclemys terrapin, 209, 209Malacostraca, 40, 45 , 375mallard, 292, 295 , 301Mammalia (mammal)

age, 265analysis of, 164, 203 , 210, 212, 237, 244anatomy, 39capture techniques, 268dentition, 170, 195as evidence for past environmental

conditions, 328feeding strategy, 93human use of, 257, 275 , 347in Hypothetical Collection, 156isotopes, 84, 86locomotion, 54–59morphology, 40, 42, 42, 43 , 44, 51 –54, 60–64,

364nomenclature, 35recovery of, 156richness, 111seasonal growth, 74–79sex, 79–80, 178and site-formation processes, 138, 203size, 64–67, 67, 68size and age, 70–73 , 72standard measurements, 380structures used in feeding, 46–48, 47, 48,

49, 263trophic level, 93

mammoth, woolly, 15 , 325 , 328Mammuthus primigenius, 325Mammutidae, 328manatee, West Indian, 49, 52, 56mangrove, 104Marmota monax, 90Marsupialia (marsupial), 300mastodon, 328Maxillopoda, 40, 45Mazama, 91Megalonychidae, 328







Megalops atlanticus, 43 , 43Meleagris gallopavo, 8, 202, 292Meleagris ocellata, 202Melonginidae, 126Menippe mercenaria, 49, 50Menticirrhus, 166, 205Mercenaria, 77, 327, 383Mercenaria campechiensis, 74Mercenaria mercenaria, 198, 199, 263Meretrix lamarkii, 77, 324Meretrix lucoria, 77, 152Metroxylon sagu, 329Micropogonias undulatus, 198, 200, 205 , 327Microtini, 48millet, 84Mirounga angustirostris, 98mite, 5, 320moa, great, 325mole, 56, 58, 217Mollusca (mollusc)

analysis, 164, 203 , 204, 206, 208, 210anatomy, 39dietary contribution, 234as evidence for past environmental

conditions, 320, 323 , 345as evidence of residential pattern, 265human use of, 275 , 347in Hypothetical Collection, 155 , 168, 246identification of, 162, 165 , 204morphology, 40, 44–45 , 51 –54, 60–62,

373–374nomenclature, 37predation, 122processing techniques of, 274recovery of, 156seasonal growth, 74–79, 176size and age, 73–74, 187, 192, 198specimen preparation, 381standard measurements, 383structures used in feeding, 46

monitor lizard, see Komodo dragonmonkey, capuchin, 300Monodon monocerous, 47–48moonsnail, 122moose (American terminology), 32, see also

elkMorone [=Roccus] saxatilis, 371–372Morus bassanus, 98

moss, 106moth, silk, domestic, 292, 301moth, silk, wild, 292mouflon, Asiatic, 292mouse, 135 , 298, 301 , 310, 330mouse, house, 152, 398mouse, kangaroo, 59mudsnail, eastern, 68Mugil, 198, 205Mugil cephalus, 104mullet, 104, 156, 197, 198, 204, 205 , 272murex, 122, 134Muricacea, 122Muricidae, 122Muridae, 135Mus musculus, 152, 298mussel, 109, 132mussel, hooked, 104Mustelidae (mustelid), 98, 135Myliobatidae, 51Mysticeti, 46Mytilidae, 109

Naja nigricollis, 368narwhal, 47–48Nassarius obsoletus, 68Naticidae, 122nerite, 89, 104Neritidae, 89Neverita duplicata, 68

oca, 322ocelot, 300octopus, 45 , see also squidOdobenus rosmarus, 48Odocoileus, 91 –92Odocoileus hemionus, 91 –92Odocoileus virginianus

antler growth, 79dentition, 176garden hunting, 298in Hypothetical Collection, 159, 173

Odontoceti, 53odostome, impressed, 149opossum, common, 300orchid, 84Orchidaceae, 84Oryctolagus cuniculus, 100, 291, 295 , 310







oryx, 299Oryza sativa, 84Osteichthyes, 34, see also ActinopterygiiOsteolaemus tetraspis, 366Ostrachiidae, 61otter, Nearctic river, 57otter, sea, 61 , 64Ovis aries, 10, 290, 292Ovis canadensis, 275Ovis orientalis, 290, 292owl, 94Oxalis tuberosa, 322oyster, 69, 77, 149, 164, 239, 246oyster, Caribbean, 104oyster, eastern, 65 , 68, 163 , 275 , 320, 323

standard measurements, 383

paca, 298pademelon, dusky, 300palm, sago, 329panda, giant, 92Pandanus, 345pandanus, 345Panicum miliaceum, 84panther, 64, see also cougarPanthera leo, 98Papio, 54parrot, 60, 94parrotfish, , 272parrotfish, stoplight, 34, 35 , 35 , 36, 53parrotfish, yellowtail, 36Passer domesticus, 330pea, 86peafowl, 80peanut, 86Pecari tajacu, 298peccary, collared, 298Pectinidae, 132Pelecypoda, 44, 373 , 383Penaeus, 50, 104penguin, 57, 60perch, silver, 156, 205Perciformes (perciform), 35 , 68Perissodactyla (perissodactyl), 52, 166periwinkle, marsh, 68, 203petrel, 57Phalacrocoracidae, 7Phalacrocorax, 137

Phalanger orientalis, 300Phascolarctos cinereus, 92Phaseolus, 86Phaseolus vulgaris, 96pheasant, 80Phoenicopteridae, 54pig, domestic

age, 72barnyard animal, 295–296, 297, 312in China, 296dentition of, 48, 49, 52, 54, 170, 175 , 203 , 204domestication of, 291, 293 , 301environmental impact of, 313 , 330, 331feral, 100, 314, 331food habits, 93in Hypothetical Collection, 217identification of, 203 , 204, 212importance of, 100, 301introduction of, 310, 311 , 314, 325 , 331Middle White breed, 305morphology, 58, 58, 80, 304, 305 , 363in Oceania, 345pickled pigs feet, 215pork, 283 , 348role of, 7, 296–297, 311size, 303skeletal weight, 65taphonomic agent, 134–135 , 136taxonomy of, 291tooth wear, 175weight, 65see also animal products; domestic animal

pigeon, 325 , 329pigeon, domestic, 292, 295 , 301pigeon, wild, 292pineapple, 84Pinguinus impennis, 16Pinnipedia, 57piranha, 53 , 55Pisaster ochraceus, 109Pisces, 35Pisum, 86plankton, 54, 84, 91 , 99–100, 107Platax, 75Pleuronectiformes, 68Pogonias cromis, 205 , 238Polygyra, 151Polyplacophora, 40, 44, 373







porcupine, 268porcupine, New World, 135porcupine, Old World, 135porcupinefish, 51 , 61porgy, 49, 51 , 52, 68porpoise, 53Portunidae, 375potato, 307, 314, 322Primate, 52, 60, 80, 135Procellariiformes, 57Procyonidae, 52pronghorn, 62protozoa, 93Pseudalopex [= Dusicyon] sechurae, 121Psittacidae, 60puma, see cougarPuma concolor, 64Python, 369python, 369

quahog, 77, 78, see also hard clamquahog, ocean, 77quahog, southern, 74quail, 80

rabbit, 7, 48, 52, 59, 93 , 135 , 217rabbit, domestic, 291, 295 , 301rabbit, European, 100, 291raccoon, 52, 58, 93 , 135 , 217, 294rail, 325Rallidae, 325Rana, 238rangia, Atlantic, 78, 327Rangia cuneata, 78, 327Rangifer tarandus, 79Ranidae, 44, 370Raphus cucullatus, 325rat, 134, 135 , 136, 217, 298, 301 , 330rat, black, 190, 191, 298rat, New Guinea, 300rat, Norway, 190, 191, 298rat, Old World (Eurasian), 8rat, Polynesian, 300rat, rice, 323Rattus exulans, 300Rattus norvegicus, 8, 190, 191Rattus praetor, 300Rattus rattus, 8, 190, 191

ray, 43 , 44, 156ray, eagle, 51reindeer, domestic (European terminology),

80, 92, 295–296, 301Reptilia (reptile)

analysis, 203 , 210feeding behavior, 93function and structure of hard tissue, 43 ,

46–63hibernation, 90human use of, 347in Hypothetical Collection, 156locomotion, 54–59morphology, 40, 42, 43 , 43 , 44, 60–64,

365–369and site-formation processes, 135 , 138,

203size, 64–67standard measurements, 381taxonomy, 35

rhinoceros, 15rice, 84Rodentia (rodent), 32, 33 , 49, 52, 80, 93 , 135 ,

137, 138, 268see also guinea pig; Microtini; mouse;

Muridae; rat

Saccharum, 84salamander, 33 , 40

standard measurements, 382see also pocket gopher

salmon, 90, 262Salmonidae, 90sandpiper, 209scallop, 132Scaphopoda, 40, 44Scaridae, 35 , 36Scarus viridis, 34–35 , 35Sciaenidae, 51 , 68, 205 , 212Sciaenops ocellatus, 91 , 187, 205Sciuridae, 135 , 138Sciurus carolinensis, 329Scolopacidae, 209Scombridae, 53sea lion, California, 98, 268, 272seal, 57seal, northern elephant, 98seatrout, 205







sea urchin, 39, 44, 45 , 46, 50, 51 , 61 , 64, 91 , 104,132, 265

sedge, 106Serpentes, 43 , 207, 368–369, 381Serranidae, 53 , 68Serrasalmus, 53 , 55shark, 43 , 43 , 44, 46, 133 , 156shark, white, 53 , 206shark eye, 68sheep, bighorn, 275sheep, domestic

age, 72dentition of, 175domestication of, 292, 293 , 301 , 312environmental impact of, 330herd animal, 115 , 115 , 295–296horn, 303 , 305in Hypothetical Collection, 210identification problems, 166importance of, 301introduction of, 310, 311 , 314, 331morphology, 58, 303neat cattle, 10polled, 62, 305size, 303skeletal weight, 65taxonomy of, 9–10, 290, 292, 294weight, 65 , 225 , 232see also animal products; domestic animal

shrew, 66, 67, 310shrimp, 39, 40, 45 , 49–50, 104, 148–149Sigmodontinae, 323Siluriformes, 68, 167, 204silverside, 104Sirenia (sirenian), 57slippersnail, 249sloth, giant ground, 328snail, 39, 44, 62snail, land, 138, 139, 149, 151 –152, 320–321snake, 40, 43 , 53 , 57, 68, 90, 152, 207, 368–369

standard measurements, 381snake, nonpoisonous, 126snake, pit viper, 53 , 126, 208, 209, 209snapper, 53 , 104snapper, gray, 91snipe, common, 209snook, 91 , 104Solanum, 322

sorghum, 84Sorghum vulgare, 84Soricidae, 66spadefish, 74, 75Sparidae, 49, 68Sparisoma, 35Sparisoma rubripinne, 36Sparisomatinae, 35Sparisoma viride, 34, 35 , 36, 53sparrow, English or house, 330Spermophilus, 90Sphenisciformes, 57Sphyraenidae, 53spider, 320Spisula solidissima, 77Spondylidae, 134Spondylus calcifer, 320spot, 205Squamata, see Lacertilia; Serpentessquash, 322, 349squid, 44, 132squirrel, 135 , 138squirrel, gray, 329squirrel, ground, 90starfish, ochre, 109starling, 330Sterna, 98Sterna paradisaea, 90stingray, 268Stomoxys calcitrans, 321 –322Strigiformes, 94sturgeon, 61 , 265 , 328Sturnus vulgaris, 330sugarcane, 84Suidae (suid), 49, 80surfclam, Atlantic, 77surgeonfish, 167Sus domesticus, 7, 48, 58, 170, 175 , 291–292, 363Sus scrofa, 291–292Sus scrofa vittatus, 291swine, see pig

Tagelus plebeius, 68tagelus, stout, 68Talpidae, 56tarpon, 43 , 43 , 91 , 104tern, 98tern, Arctic, 90







Terrapene carolina, 61 , 90terrapin, diamondback, 209, 209Testudines, 57, 61 , 133 , 178, 381Testudinidae, 61thick-knee, double-striped, 7, 158thorny-oyster, Pacific, 134, 320Threskiornithidae, 104Thylogale brunii, 300Thyrsites atun, 328toad, 40, 59, 91 , 138, 152, 238

standard measurements, 382topsnail, West Indian, 104, 123 , 123tortoise, 61 , 299tortoise, desert, 135tortoise, gopher, 33 , 80, 81, 90, 249, 265 ,

320in Hypothetical Collection, 178, 209,

209Trachycardium procerum, 263Trichechus manatus, 49, 56triggerfish, 61 , 167Trionychidae, 79Triticum aestivum, 84Trochilidae, 93turkey, 8, 80, 173turkey, domestic, 292, 293 , 295 , 301turkey, ocellated, 202turkey, wild northern, 202, 292, 331turtle, 40, 41 , 42, 46, 57, 60–61 , 68, 80, 207,

244, 262, 365standard measurements, 381

turtle, eastern box, 61 , 80, 90turtle, sea, 32–33 , 57, 80, 138, 166, 261turtle, snapping, 94, 365turtle, softshell, 79tuskshell, 44

ungulate, see Artiodactyla; PerissodactylaUrocyon littoralis, 300Ursidae, 52Ursus americanus, 90Ursus spelaeus, 81

Vanilla, 84vanilla, 84Varanidae, 135Varanus komodoensis, 53

Vertebrata (vertebrate)anatomical drawings, 363–372anatomy, 39directional terms, 363as evidence for past environmental

conditions, 319, 323human use of, 255in Hypothetical Collection, 165identification, 168locomotion, 54–59morphology, 42–44, 60–62, 93nomenclature, 35seasonal growth, 74–79size and age, 70, 73specimen preparation, 380–381standard measurements, 380–382

Vicugna pacos, 121 , 291Vicugna vicugna, 64, 291vicuna, 64, 291, 326Viperidae, 53vole, 48

walrus, 48wapiti, North American, 32, see also red deerwater buffalo, Asian wild, 291water buffalo, domestic, 291, 295–296, 301 , 310,

313weasel, 98, 135 , 310whale, 54, 57, 57, 138whale, baleen, 46, 107whale, toothed, 44, 53wheat, 84, 293whelk, 126, 134whelk, knobbed, standard measurements, 383whelk, lightning, 126, 127wolf, 99, 304wolf, gray, 98, 290, 291, 294woodchuck, 90wrass, 35

yak, 296, 301yam, 329

Zalophus californianus, 98zamia, 329Zamia integrifolia, 329Zea mays, 84, 96, 322






TOPICAL INDEX

Page references to figures and tables are italicized.

abiotic processes, 119, 134, 139–145Aborigine, 329accession number, 158acculturation, 280activity area, 213 , see also archaeological

contextactualistic study, 22, 28, 143–144adaptation

biological, 79cultural, 10, 13–14, 18, 20–21 , 29

adenine, 81aerobic condition, 140aestivation, 90Afghanistan, 303–304Africa, 3 , 4, 144, 193 , 226, 347

and domestic animals, 101 , 102, 102, 158,291–292, 293 , 295 , 296, 305 , 310, 330, 331

age, 166, 192–199absolute, 72, 74, 77, 172, 192, 196, 266anatomical features of, 54–56, 62–63 , 69–74,

158, 164, 172–179classes, 72, 153 , 172, 182, 192–199, 264and cranial sutures, 60, 72, 172–173 , 196at death, 28, 75 , 77–78, 173 , 176, 192, 193 ,

196, 197, 200, 263 , 266, 278, 309with determinate growth, 70–73 , 79–80,

193–196distribution, 101 –102, 309and domestication, 297, 303 , 304, 306–310,

312and environmental reconstruction, 319, 322,

323 , 324, 350

epiphyseal fusion, 70–73 , 71, 72, 172,173–174, 180, 184, 193–195 , 195 , 232, 263

estimation of, 154with indeterminate growth, 73–74, 79,

197–198and MNI, 206, 210, 210and morphology, 54–56, 60, 62–63 , 164, 172relative, 72, 74, 172, 196response to stress, 318and seasonal growth, 74–79and sex, 65 , 172, 174, 178, 194, 199, 202and size, 65 , 69–74, 180, 183–185 , 186,

197–198, 238structure, 100–103 , 194and subsistence strategies, 267tooth development, 43–44, 72–73 , 171 , 172,

174, 195 , 196tooth eruption sequence, 72–73 , 172, 174,

193 , 195–196, 263 , 309and tools, 185see also antler; increments; sex; size; tooth

wearaggregation of animals, 98, 254Aitutaki Island, Southern Cook Islands, 328Alaska (USA), 3 , 225 , 273Albarella, U., 168Aleutian shell mound (USA), 3 , 15 , 15Ali Kosh (Iran), 3 , 305allec, 132Allen, M. S., 328Alligator Ware, 283allometry, 66–69, 67, 234–235 , 235 , 236, 238






topical index 505

dimensional, 187, 187, 234, 235formula, 68, 187, 187, 235 , 236, 239, 241power function, 239see also biomass; estimate of body

dimension; estimate of dietarycontribution; isometric relationship

Alps, 90altitude, 84, 86, 106, 255 , 318Amazon Basin, 3 , 322Ambient Inhalable Reservoir (AIR), 83 , 85 ,

86American Fisheries Society, 34, 37Americas, 2, 4, 8, 348

and domestic animals, 291–292, 293 , 294,296, 311

post-Columbian colonization of, 100, 158,311 , 330, 331

anadromous, 90, 262anaerobic condition, 140analogy, 39, 45 , 266, 267, 343–344Anasazi (Colorado, USA), 3 , 298anatomical drawing

bass, 371–372bird, 59, 364chiton, 373clam, 374cobra, 368crab, 375 , 376crayfish, 375crocodile, 366dog, 364frog, 370gastropod, 373iguana, 367, 369mammal foot, 58pig, 363python, 369sea urchin, 45turtle, 365whale, 57

anatomical region, 216–219anatomy, 31 , 38–41 , 40

directional terms, 46, 363invertebrate, 44–45 , 49–50, 61 –62, 73–77structure and function in, 38–39, 45 , 54, 56vertebrate, 42–44anatomical variation, 63–80

Andes, 3 , 88, 121 , 134

and domestic animals, 291–292, 297, 298,308, 309, 310–311 , 313–314

exchange systems, 320, 322slaughter traditions, 126

Anglo-Norman, 283Anglo-Saxon, 312animal attribute, 272, 279, 280animal husbandry

and agriculture, 314anatomical features of age and sex, 172, 199artifacts of, 270, 301 , 313culling, 326environmental impact of, 330–331 , 349–350and ethnoarchaeology, 144and residue on tools, 274and zooarchaeological research, 5 , 287, 330,

348practices, 103 , 306–307, 311 –312see also domestic animal; pathology; tools

animal products, 275–276, 348blood, 86, 103 , 192, 306bone, 230, 233 , 295 , 348bone meal, 215brain, 6, 215 , 233bristle, 296building material, 7, 275 , 295candles, 95 , 133 , 276cheese, 314and domestic animals, 295–297, 300down, 275dung, 7, 295 , 314, 321 –322egg, 6, 296, 348fat, 7, 95 , 133 , 225 , 232, 274feather, 5 , 32, 61 , 275 , 296, 301 , 348fertilizer, 7, 295 , 314fiber, 296, 313 , 314fuel, 7, 132, 254, 295 , 314fur, 32, 127, 215 , 275 , 295gelatin, 7, 204glue, 7, 133 , 204, 215 , 275 , 348grease, 133 , 204, 226, 230, 274, 275 , 348hair, 5 , 7, 41 , 192hide, 5 , 7, 127, 215 , 233–234, 295 , 331 , 348honey, 84jelly, 274lubricant, 133 , 275manure, 7marrow, 56, 226, 227, 230, 232, 233 , 274






506 topical index

animal products (cont.)milk, 86, 95 , 103 , 192, 295–296, 306, 310, 314,

348and nutrition, 95–97oil, 7, 95 , 133 , 204, 274, 275–276organ meat, 95 , 215pigment, 275plaster, 295pomade, 275powder horn, 295progeny, 306services, 295–296, 306, 348shampoo, 275sinew, 268skin, 32, 61 , 233–234, 275and technology, 266tongue, 233turtle shell, 133viscera, 6, 233waterproofing, 133wool, 7, 103 , 192, 295 , 306, 314, 344yogurt, 314see also antler; horn; meat; nutrition; tools

animal rolesin agriculture, 296burden-bearing, 7, 103 , 213 , 243 , 295–296,

297, 306, 310, 312, 313 , 344ceremonial, 281 –284, 285 , 348companionship, 248guard animal, 7nonfood, 7, 10, 25–26, 203 , 213recreation, 281sacred, 297service, 103 , 295as social marker, 278–285 , 335 , 348traction, 7, 103 , 243 , 295–296, 306, 310transportation, 243 , 344walking larder, 301 –302and zooarchaeological research, 7, 286, 297,

310–311 , 335 , 348see also animal products; domestic animal;

ritual; toolsannual cycle, 79, 89, 260, 266Antarctic, 90Antelope House (Arizona, USA), 321anthropological theory, 12–14

cultural ecology, 12, 13–14, 18, 20functionalism, 18, 20, 25

ecological anthropology, 12, 13–14, 20, 21 , 29environmental determinism, 12, 26, 317environmental possibilism, 13–14, 17, 29historical ecology, 12, 29historical particularism, 13human ecology, 14, 345 , 346, 347, 350–351postprocessualism, 26processualism, 20, 25structuralism, 20–21 , 25–26symbolic anthropology, 20–21 , 26

Antilles, 3 , 299, 300–301 , 322, 348antler

and age, 196anatomical features of, 64, 73 , 172biological characteristics of, 47, 62human use of, 6, 127, 133 , 233–234, 275and seasonality, 79, 178, 263sexual dimorphism, 80, 200velvet, 62, 79see also animal products; element types

apatite, 85 , 118Arabia, 291–292aragonite, 39, 61 , 63archaeobotany, 30, 386archaeogenetics, 28, 29, 80–82, 244, 288–290,

344, 350, see also DNA; genetics; genomearchaeological context

base camp, 265burial, 25 , 146, 147, 192, 262, 282, 296, 305butchery, 22, 23camp, 25 , 120, 255 , 258ceremonial, 134closed, 264column sample, 147commercial, 225consumption, 22, 23 , 204, 225crypt, 140, 143and domestication, 299–300and environmental reconstruction, 322extractive, 255 , 264, 265and first-order changes, 124, 134feature, 147, 264fishing station, 25 , 120, 265footing trench, 147hearth, 147, 264home base, 259, 299house, 9, 147, 264informal structure, 264






topical index 507

kill, 9, 22, 23 , 120, 146, 200, 204, 215 , 225 ,226

latrine, 136, 140, 321long-term, 120–121midden, 9, 147, 203 , 264, 321 , 329and MNI, 209monument, 279, 347mound, 16, 329processing, 120, 204residential, 120–121 , 146rural, 215 , 277–278and second-order changes, 206, 209, 210,

213 , 216sheet refuse, 147, 155 , 264social, 225storage, 9, 147, 208, 264, 275 , 299, 330systemic, 123–124, 134temple, 9, 147, 282and temporal periodicity, 264–265temporary camp, 258, 264tomb, 294, 305trash deposit, 155 , 264types of deposits, 120–121urban, 121 , 134, 208, 215 , 245 , 249, 252, 254,

277–278, 322, 329village, 25 , 25 , 121 , 215 , 264well, 121 , 140, 147, 155zone, 264and zooarchaeological collection, 385–386and zooarchaeological research, 8, 18–20,

22, 157, 252, 284, 294, 343 , 346archaeozoology, 4–5Archaic Period, 258Arctic, 90Argentina, 3 , 304Arizona (USA), 3 , 145Armitage, P. L., 190artifact, 5 , 9, 16, 145 , 274artiodactyl index, 166, 205Asia, 19, 291–292, 293 , 294, 296assemblage, definition, 9attribution, 161 , 164–167, 378, see also

identificationAustralia, 2, 3 , 100, 134, 269, 328, 330,

331Australopithecine, 249Avebury (England), 321Ayacucho (Peru), 3 , 307

Bahamas, 35–36Baker, F. C., 18baleen, 41 , 54Bardach, J. E., 35basal metabolism, 255 , 260Bassett, E., 137bauplan, 38–39behavioral archaeology, 22behavioral strategies, 22, 23 , 155 , 227Behrensmeyer, A. K., 142, 170belief system, 5 , 7, 25–26, 28, 252, 281 –283 ,

285–286, 348Bering Straits, 294Binford, L. R., 22, 23 , 207, 224, 225–227, 230binomen, 34, 290binomial, 33binominal, 33bioarchaeology, 4biochemical analysis, 27, 80, 82–86biogeography

and domestication, 299–300, 310–311 , 319,330–331 , 348

and environmental reconstruction,318–320, 322, 324–325

exotic animals, 280response to stress, 318and subsistence strategies, 260–261and zooarchaeology, 1 , 8, 17, 29, 116, 166

biological anthropology, 2, 386biological ecology, 14biomass

aggregation, 239in food webs, 107sample biomass, 211, 236, 238, 239, 241 ,

245–246see also allometry; estimate of dietary

contributionbiome, 106, 107, see also ecosystembiostratinomy, 122biotic processes, 119, 123 , 134–139, 143–145bioturbation, 5 , 124, 134, 139Black Sea, 3Blitzkrieg, 329blood

protein, 80residue, 5 , 274–275 , 349

Boas, F., 13Bobrowsky, P. T., 4






508 topical index

bogs, 140Bokonyi, S., 206, 207Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles), 3 ,

300bone

and abiotic processes, 140–141acellular, 55 , 74cancellous, 55–56, 70–71cartilage-replacement, 55cellular, 74center of ossification, 70–71compact, 55–56, 172composition of, 39density, 56, 136, 243 , 275dermal, 17, 55 , 60–61endochondral, 55 , 70Haversian, 55immature, 55 , 172increments in, 76inorganic component, 39–41 , 41, 84–85and isotopes, 84–85 , 87lamellar, 55 , 56membrane, 55 , 60nonvascular, 55organic component, 39–41 , 41, 84–85primary lamellar, 55primary vascular, 55secondary lamellar, 55trabecula, 56, 70–71in vertebrate locomotion, 54–56woven, 55in zooarchaeology, 7, 345see also raw material

bone count, see number of identifiedspecimens

Bonnaterre, P. J., 34–35Brain, C. K., 232breakage unit, 161 , 216British Isles, 321 , see also EnglandBronze Age, Early, 305Broughton, J. M., 328Brusca, G. J., 44Brusca, R. C., 44buffer zone, 98–99Burma, 296butchery

methods, 16, 22, 28, 153 , 166, 167, 213 , 232,242–243 , 293

modifications associated with, 125–130, 141 ,242–243

and NISP, 203primary, 126, 128, 130, 243 , 272, 274secondary, 126, 128, 130, 272, 274skill, 242, 274tertiary, 126, 272, 274unit, 216–219, 220–227, 272, 274waste, 136–137see also modifications; tools

Butler, V. L., 328

calcite, 39, 61calcium

carbonate, 39, 46, 49, 50, 61 , 63 , 78as a component of hard tissue, 39, 61 –62,

141as a nutrient, 94, 97phosphate, 39, 97and strontium, 86–87

California (USA), 3 , 18, 131, 300, 328campaign-style archaeology, 19Canada, 3 , 37, 155 , 269cannibalism, 99captive animals, 73 , 296, 299–301Caribbean, 3 , 32–33 , 91 , 134, 155 , 328, 331carrying capacity, 24, 99–100, 245 , 255 ,

259–260cartilage, 41 , 54–55 , 70–71Casas, Bartolome de las, 299Casas Grandes (Chihuahua, Mexico), 3 , 301Casteel, R. W., 239catadromous, 90catalogue number, 159catchment area, 25

and environmental reconstruction, 319, 320,322

site-catchment analysis, 24, 213 , 257in subsistence strategies, 254, 257–261 , 299,

344, 347, 349cave, 140, 143 , 321cementum, 41, 46, 47, 76, 176, 193 , 196, see also

incrementsCentral America, 158central-place theory, 24Ceramic Age, 328ceremony, see ritualChannel Islands (California, USA), 3 , 300






topical index 509

Chaplin, R. E., 167, 193 , 194, 206, 207, 237,249

charm, 7chemical, organic, 81 , 94Chihuahuan Desert (Mexico and USA), 3 ,

259, 301China, 291–292, 293 , 296, 310Chiriqui (Panama), 283chitin, 39, 49, 61 –62chromosome, 81 –82, 289chronology, 15 , 17–18, 29cirri, 54clade, 82, 289, 291, 294Clarke, D. L., 22Clason, A. T., 153 , 168class, 33–34, 35 , 37, 39, 42–45 , 54, 55 , 56Cleland, C. E., 245climate

and environmental reconstruction, 316, 318,319

as an abiotic process, 140as an environmental factor, 72, 76, 110, 266,

277change, 5 , 183 , 260,

cognition, 281 –283collagen, 39, 55 , 84–86, 96, 118, 142collection, definition, 9, see also reference

collection; zooarchaeological collectioncolonization, 8, 25 , 100, 280, 294, 300, 311 , 314,

325 , 330, 348Colorado (USA), 3 , 298commensal relationship, 100, 103 , 118, 137–138,

151 , 213–215 , 242, 262, 298, 329–330common name, 9–10, 32–33 , 37community ecology

abiotic, 106and applied zooarchaeology, 332biotic, 104connectance, 107, 109ecosystem structure, 88–89, 103–113 , 108, 114heterogeneity, 110–113mutualism, 103and zooarchaeology, 18see also commensal relationship;

competitive relationship; diversity;ecosystem; equitability; food web;population ecology; predator-preyrelationship, productivity; richness;

similarity measure; symbioticrelationship; trophic level

competitive relationship, 103 , 330complex societies, 28computers, 160, 176, 207conchiolin, 39, 61conjunctive approach, 18, 19connective tissue, 54–56conservation, 6, 29, 331 –334Cook Islands (Polynesia), 3 , 273 , 328, 345Coppergate (York, England), 3 , 136coppice, 324coprolite, 5 , 6, 46, 136–138, 256, 262, 321 , 345corrected frequency, 224, 225 , 226, 229, 229corrected number of specimens (CSI), 260cost, 280

cost-benefit analysis, 24energetic, 22–24, 98, 253–255 , 257, 266,

343–344see also Jochim’s model

courtship display, 54, 64, 302Crabtree, P. J., 242crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), see

photosynthetic pathwaysCruz-Uribe, K., 206, 207, 213 , 227, 249ctenidia, 54cuisine, 251 , 278, 335

traditional Mexican, 349cultural filter, 5 , 6, 26, 245 , 317cultural resource management, 20, 26, 30, 377cultural transformation processes, 123–125 , 134culture, 9

areas, 13change, 6, 245 , 260continuity, 6core, 13definition of edible, 16, 38, 233 , 237, 256, 279definition of value, 215 , 219, 280, 344and domestication, 347, 348and environment, 12–14, 316–317, 323 , 335 ,

349–350history, 14, 17–18, 29, 252maintenance, 285patrimony, 161 , 390, 393secondary features, 13and subsistence strategies, 251 –252

cumulative frequency graph, 195 , 196curation, 18, 26, 146, 153 , 154, 178, 297, 342






510 topical index

curation (cont.)collection-management policies, 393–394environment, 394facility, 389, 393long-term, 393–395of notes and records, 377, 389–390, 393–394protocols, 387, 389of reference specimens, 381 , 393of studied archaeological specimens, 377,

387–391 , 393–394of unstudied archaeological specimens,

377, 393–394curio, 206cytosine, 81

Dahl, G., 103daily cycle, 24, 89, 260Dall, W. H., 15Dalzell, P., 328data

access to, 390, 394–395archival, 158, 389–390curation of, 389–390, 393–395modern age, 73 , 192–193 , 196modern biogeographical, 266modern fisheries, 322–323modern food value, 226modern growth, 77–79modern observations, 182–183modern sex, 200, 201modern size, 186modern weight, 234, 238standard measurements, 64–65see also primary data; secondary data

Davis, S. J. M., 168, 207, 287death assemblage, 118, 119, 183 , 249, 263–264decomposition, 109dedicatory reviews, 11de facto refuse, 124deforestation, 325de la Vega, Garcilaso, 325–325demography, animal, 263 , 327dendroclimatology, 319dendrogram, 82Denmark, 3 , 125 , 128, 129, 130, 131, 201density

density-dependent factors, 99–100density-independent factors, 99–100

of resources, 99–100, 254–255dental formula, 47–48dentine, 39, 41, 47, 47, 72–73 , 76, 176deposited assemblage, 118–120, 119, 183 , 249dermis, 61desert, 140, 143diagenesis, 83 , 86, 122, 144diagnostic zone, 163 , 164, 165 , 172, 217Diamond, J. M., 293diaphysis, 70–71 , 71, 168, 173–174, see also agediastema, 48, 52, 52dichotomous key, 38diet

breadth, 24defined, 251dietary requirements, 94–98, 97, 251and isotopes, 82, 83 , 84–87norms of food consumption, 278, 280–281nutrition and diet, 255–257and subsistence strategies, 252, 298and zooarchaeological research, 16, 20, 153 ,

247, 249see also nutrients; nutrition

disasters, 316, 319disease, animal

and dentition, 195in domestic animals, 297, 307, 312and the environment, 316evidence for, 170related to size and age, 69, 72see also pathology

disposal, trash, 8, 132, 136, 145 , 203 , 208, 213 ,242, 259, 264

diversityin community ecology, 103definition, 110, 111and food web, 109local (alpha), 100niche breadth, 245–246, 247and productivity, 110–113quantification of, 156regional (gamma), 110and sample size, 151Shannon-Weaver function, 111 , 112, 112, 247Shannon-Weiner function, 111in subsistence strategies, 260, 275 , 298turnover of species (beta), 102, 110see also equitability; evenness; richness






topical index 511

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 5 , 34, 80–82,144, 274–275 , 386

ancient DNA (aDNA), 81 –82, 118, 182,288–289

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 81 –82,288–289, 294

nuclear DNA (nDNA), 80–82, 289see also archaeogenetics; genetics; genome

document, see written recorddomestic animal, 2, 7, 16, 17, 28, 100, 115 , 115 ,

290, 293 , 344barnyard, 293 , 295 , 296–297breed, 36, 65 , 73 , 189, 201 –202, 291free-ranging, 193herd, 255 , 293 , 295–296, 330–331house, 293 , 295 , 296–297introduction and spread of, 28, 87, 302–303 ,

310–311 , 325 , 331 , 348pet, 7, 216, 281 , 300, 301see also animal husbandry; pathology;

Systematic Indexdomestication, 287–288, 291–292

behavioral features, 268, 287–288, 290,301 –302, 304

capture and control, 298–299castration, 73 , 201 –202, 268, 304, 306, 307,

312centers of, 293 , 302–303change in faunal composition, 311change in proportion, 302–305 , 312and coat color, 287, 298, 305–306confinement, 243 , 302–303 , 311 –312and conformation, 183 , 186, 202, 297, 302,

304–305 , 331control of breeding, 73 , 289, 290, 299, 301 ,

302–306demographic change, 303 , 306–310, 311diet, 243 , 290and environment, 293 , 296, 330–331 , 349–350and environmental reconstruction, 313–314,

317, 325evidence for, 184, 189–190, 215 , 297, 302–314features of age and sex, 72–73 , 172, 192and genetics, 81 –82, 288–289, 305–306and health, 28, 243 , 311 –312history of, 1 , 28, 29, 291–292, 293 , 303 , 305 ,

310–311impact on culture, 295–296, 348

inbreeding, 312and isotopes, 83major domestic species, 291–292, 301methods of study, 297–310and modifications, 243–244morphology, 288, 289, 290, 297, 302, 311phenotypic features of, 305physiological features of, 73 , 301 –302and plant cultivation, 293 , 298, 310, 311 , 314,

330–331polling, 268, 305 , 312process of, 290, 297–307range extension, 299–300and site-catchment analysis, 24slaughter schedule, 103and subsistence strategies, 260and taming, 299–301taxonomy of, 290, 291–292timing of, 293 , 303unintentional, 298–299and zooarchaeological research, 5see also Systematic Index; taxonomy

Driver, J. C., 161

Eaton, G. F., 16ecofact, 5ecological analogy, 143 , 182–183 , 266, 320–322,

343ecology, 13–14, 21 , 29, 31 , 251 , 297, 332

definition, 88–89methods, 113–115see also community ecology; population

ecologyeconomies

and behavior, 253–255and domestic animals, 311and environmental change, 319and isotopes, 82and social organization, 252, 276, 280and social systems, 254–255and zooarchaeological research, 1 , 4, 5 , 13 ,

24, 27–28, 169, 213 , 344, 348ecosystem, 8, 84, 86, 90, 105 , 106, 108, 109, 110,

115–116, 316, 330, 347, 349aquatic, 104, 106, 109definition, 104estuary, 104, 105 , 106island, 303 , 310, 324–325






512 topical index

ecosystem (cont.)marine, 84, 85 , 106model, 109processes, 327structure, 103 , 104–107temperate, 84, 90, 106, 296terrestrial, 84, 85 , 104, 106, 107, 107tropical, 84, 104, 105 , 106, 296see also community ecology; ecology;

population ecologyecotype, 36Ecuador, 3 , 268, 294edentate, 46, 94edge effect, 329edible meat, 233–237

meat weight, 27, 233–235summary, 240–242total live weight, 66, 233–237usable meat, 233–234

Efremov, J. A., 117, 123egg shell, 5 , 46, 61 , 63Egypt, 3 , 297, 299, 305Ein Mallaha (Israel), 3 , 294element, archaeological, definition of, 9, 161element representation

anatomical region, 161 , 163 , 205 , 217, 217,218, 219

and butchery, 127and edibility, 234as primary data, 153 , 158, 161 –164portion, 161 –163 , 216, 219–220, 220, 223skeletal elements, 216–217summary figure, 163symmetry, 161 , 163 , 206–208, 219–220, 224and trade, 278see also identification

element types, 127, 168, 364–376aperture, 69, 77, 163apex, 163 , 208Aristotle’s lantern, 40, 44, 45 , 46, 50, 162astragalus, 7, 71 , 180, 184, 201 , 295atlas, 187, 187, 197, 198, 222baculum, 80, 178beak (bill), 40, 46, 94carapace, 40, 41 –42, 46, 60–61 , 208, 365carpal, 58, 58, 59, 215carpometacarpus, 59, 59cheliped, 40, 45 , 49, 50, 50, 51 , 62, 163

clavicle, 60claw, 50, 58cleithrum, 74columella, 163 , 208coracoid, 60cranium, 40, 46, 60, 215dactyl, 49, 50dentary, 44, 48, 49, 52, 53 , 54, 55 , 350dermal bone, 60–61dermal denticle, 61dermal scute, 60–61endocranium, 74epiplastron, 80, 81, 178femur, 57, 60, 186fibula, 58frontal, 60, 62humerus, 57, 58, 59, 128, 184, 185 , 192hypoplastron, 209ilium, 40interhaemal, 75mandible, invertebrate, 46, 49–50, 51, 62,

163mandible, vertebrate, 52, 72–73 , 127, 139, 174maxilla, 44, 72–73 , 174, 350metacarpus, 58, 58, 65 , 66, 180, 201metapodia, 58–59, 127, 133 , 215 , 228, 295metatarsus, 58operculum, 44, 75 , 77otic capsule, 41, 56palatine, 44parietal, 60pedicel, 62, 80, 178pelvic girdle, 57, 60, 139phalanx, 58–59, 58, 59, 127, 215 , 222pharyngeal grinding mill, 44, 52, 53plastron, 41 , 46, 60–61 , 80, 178, 365premaxilla, 44, 52, 53 , 54propodus, 49, 50pterygiophore, 74, 167pterygoid, 44pyramid, 45quill, 268radius, 58–59, 58, 59rib, 56, 60–61 , 74scale, 4, 5 , 61 , 75 , 77scapula, 60, 125 , 125 , 130, 139, 242, 295shell plate, 40, 44, 46, 163spine, 61 , 75 , 75 , 77, 162, 167, 268






topical index 513

spur, 80, 178sternum, 60, 129synsacrum, 60tarsal, 58, 215tarsometatarsus, 60, 80test, 45 , 61 , 162tibia, 71, 129, 192, 312tibiotarsus, 60ulna, 58–59, 58, 59, 133vomer, 44see also antler; horn; mollusc valve; tooth;

vertebraEl Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 333El Paraiso (Peru), 3 , 347elver, 90–91Emeryville (California, USA), 3 , 18, 328enamel, 39, 41, 46, 47, 52, 52, 87, 141 , 170, 176,

195 , 203enamel hypoplasia, 170–171 , 170, 256endemic, 378endolymphatic fluid, 63energy, 109

conservation, 253flow, 28, 104–105 , 109management, 252, 266, 285 , 343–344

England, 3 , 154, 312, 321environmental archaeology, 4environmental change

anthropogenic, 316, 318, 323 , 324–331 , 334,349–350

archaeological evidence for, 316–317, 323causes of, 317–319, 333–334and domestication, 290, 303 , 313–314, 325 ,

329–331extinction, 1 , 17, 29, 116, 317, 322, 325 ,

328–329extirpation, 116and harvesting effort, 325–326and humans, 14, 259–260, 324–334, 335 , 346and island ecosystems, 324–325mining and smelting, 316and niche breadth, 245nonanthropogenic, 316, 318, 323 , 333 , 334overexploitation, 29, 78, 92, 183 , 259–260,

326–328, 334and seasonal growth, 77and zooarchaeological research, 1 , 29, 279,

316–317, 344

environmental reconstruction, 320–323caveats, 319–320, 333goals of, 317–318and habitat requirement, 320–321and modern analogues, 266and zooarchaeological data, 316–317,

323–324, 332–334see also landscape

environmental stasis, 316, 317environmental stress, 69, 76–77, 318enzymes, 94, 96, 97, 310epidermis, 41 , 55epiphyseal plate, 70–71epiphysis, 70–71 , 71, 168, 173–174, 180, 193 ,

309, see also ageequitability, 110–113 , 112, 245

definition, 112Sheldon formula, 247see also diversity; evenness; richness

Ertbølle culture, 125escargot, 138estimate of body dimension, 154

allometric, 69, 186–187, 187comparison with reference specimen,

185–186ratio diagram, 187–189, 189, 190ratios, 65 , 185–186, 190–191 , 191, 200–202, 201as secondary data, 182, 183–191see also age; allometry; sex; shoulder height;

variationestimate of dietary contribution, 27

allometric, 69, 234–235 , 235 , 238–239, 236,240, 241 , 241

comparison with reference specimen, 234,235 , 239, 240–241

for individuals, 210, 235 , 235 , 240, 241for whole animals, 234–237, 235 , 240from the literature, 235 , 238, 240from measurements, 234–235 , 235 , 240as secondary data, 183 , 233–242, 249, 278using specimen weight, 211 –212, 235–239,

235 , 236, 240–241summary, 240–242weight method, 236, 237see also age; allometry; biomass; minimum

number of individuals; number ofidentified specimens; sex; specimenweight; variation






514 topical index

ethical standards, 377, 390ethnicity, 28, 126, 213 , 215 , 242, 245 , 280–281 ,

348, see also social institutionsethnoarchaeology, 9, 22, 144–145 , 343–344ethnographic analogy, 8, 145 , 232, 267–268,

343–344ethnographic observation, 6, 144–145 , 183 ,

232, 252, 267–268, 274, 343–344ethnozoology, 4Eurasia, 2, 4, 100, 291–292, 293 , 295 , 314, 328,

330, 331slaughter traditions, 126

Europe, 17, 134, 158, 291–292, 294, 295 , 305 ,310, 329

Evans, J. G., 25–26evaporation, 106evenness, 245 , see also diversity; equitability;

richnessevolution, 15 , 32, 39, 54, 55 , 82, 332evolutionary ecology, 14excavation procedures

arbitrary or metric stratigraphy, 208, 385definition of contexts, 385location of units, 146–147, 242, 284and MNI, 208–209, 209, 212natural stratigraphy, 208, 316, 385provenience, 158records, 160, 385–386screen size, 136, 147–150, 149, 155 , 156, 156,

184, 197, 204, 284, 342, 347, 385and secondary data, 203 , 204, 206, 208as second-order change, 118, 141 , 146–151 ,

385standardization, 156, 346–347and zooarchaeological collection, 250,

344–348, 377, 384–385and zooarchaeological research, 8, 18, 22,

27, 343see also first-order changes; modifications;

sampling protocol; second-orderchanges; site-formation processes

exchange systems, 276–278and domestic animals, 290, 293 , 310, 311and elements represented, 161 , 213and environmental reconstruction, 318, 320,

322and identification, 164and isotopes, 83

market, 208, 215 , 277–278and modifications, 168and NISP, 167, 203 , 204reciprocity, 277–278, 284redistribution, 126, 200, 232, 277–278, 307,

326response to overexploitation, 326and social role of animals, 279and technology, 267and temporal periodicity, 261 , 265 , 266trade, 6, 18, 82, 87, 134, 158, 215 , 242, 255 ,

258, 260, 278, 295 , 300–301 , 331 , 344and zooarchaeological research, 24, 28

exoskeleton, 39, 40, 41, 49–50, 51 , 61 –62, 70, 163expected number of individuals, 223–224experimental archaeology, 8–9, 132, 134–135 ,

143–144, 343–344

family, 34, 35 , 38, 52, 110famine food, 345faunal succession, 5fecal steroids, 256, 349feces, see coprolitefeeding behavior, 297

browser, 51 , 87, 92–93 , 313–314carnivore, 48, 50–53 , 84, 85 , 86, 87, 92, 98,

107, 301decomposer, 109detritivore, 92, 107frugivore, 51generalized, 37, 58, 92granivore, 93grazer, 50–51 , 84, 87, 92–93 , 313–314, 330herbivore, 46, 48, 50–52, 73 , 84, 85 , 86, 87,

92–93 , 99, 104, 107, 272, 298, 329insectivore, 51nectarivore, 51 , 93omnivore, 48, 50–54, 87, 92, 301 , 347piscivore, 51scavenger, 51 , 118, 134, 136, 137–138, 216, 294,

296, 298specialized, 37, 53 , 54, 92suspension feeder, 51 , 53–54see also functional morphology of feeding;

tooth; trophic levelferal animals, 73 , 100, 193 , 310, 314–315Fertile Crescent (southwest Asia), 3 , 17,

291–292, 293 , 303–304






topical index 515

fields, agricultural, 255Field Sample number (FS#), 160, 220, 220fire, 106, 267, 316, 324, 329, 350first-order changes, 117, 118–120, 122–143

abiotic, 119, 119, 139–143biotic, 119, 119, 134–139conditions promoting preservation, 143 ,

345and environmental reconstruction, 317, 319,

323and primary data, 161 , 169and secondary data, 208, 237and zooarchaeological research, 26, 27,

143–145 , 153 , 161 , 274, 346see also excavation procedures;

modifications; second-order changes;site-formation processes; soil

fish sauce, 131 –132flipper, 57, 57, 58Florida (USA), 3 , 348

southern, 126, 134southwestern Florida, 3 , 323

Florida Museum of Natural History, 186folk knowledge, 31food

consumption norms, 280–281exchange, 5 , 9, 24, 145 , 208, 237, 257meanings, 281 –283 , 349preference, 91 –92, 138, 199, 215 , 272,

280–281pyramid, 97sharing, 126, 145 , 276, 278and social organization, 278–284see also exchange systems; food

preparation; nutritionfood preparation

bake, 131boil, 131 , 274cook, 131 –132cure, 126dry, 274, 307, 326ethnographic observation of, 145fermentation, 274and fragmentation, 141fry, 274and modifications, 168–172, 242–244and NISP, 203pickle, 274

preserve, 131 –132, 208, 262, 265 , 266, 272,274–275

process, 272, 274–275 , 344render, 274roast, 131 , 274salt, 131 , 274and skeletal frequency, 213–215smoke, 126, 131 , 274and subsistence strategies, 251and zooarchaeological research, 16see also butchery; modifications

foodways, 251 , 280–281 , 348food web, 97, 103 , 107–109

biomass, 107, 108food chain, 106, 109see also community ecology; productivity;

trophic levelforaging theory, 22, 28, 326

bottom-up processes, 326–327top-down processes, 326–327

foraging time, 24Fore, 33form, 36forma domestica, 290Fort Michilimackinac (Michigan, USA), 3 ,

348Fort Mose (Florida, USA), 213 , 214fossil, 1 , 183 , 206founder effect, 302Fountain of Youth site (Florida, USA), 200fowl

diseases shared with humans, 331environmental impact of, 330

fractionation, 78, 84, see also isotopesfragment

crossmend, 167–168definition, 9see also number of identified specimens

function, in archaeology, 18–20, 24, 26, 213functional morphology of feeding, 46–54

capturing, 50–54crushing, 47, 50, 51 , 52–53cutting, 47, 52–53filter feeding, 53–54grinding, 47, 50, 52–53holding, 47, 52–53other uses, 54piercing, 47, 50






516 topical index

functional (cont.)shearing, 47, 48, 50, 53suspension feeding, 46, 50, 53–54see also feeding behavior; tooth

functional morphology of locomotion, 56–60,58

functional morphology of protection, 60–62fusion score, 195

game theory, 22–25ganoid scale, 61 , 207Garbage Project (Tucson, Arizona, USA), 145garden hunting, 92, 298garum, 132gastrolith

crustacean, 41, 46, 62, 63lithic, 46

genealogy, 289genetic drift, 203genetics, 32, 80–82, 288, 305–306, 310, 386genome, 81Gentry, A., 290, 292genus, 33–36, 35 , 38, 110, 290geochemistry, 28, 80, 87, 320geographic barrier, 36Georgia (USA), 3 , 148, 149Germany, 322Gilmore, R. M., 19glucose, 95glycogen, 95grade, 35Grant, A., 174, 196graphic art, 267, 283 , 299, 305 , 307, 309, 312,

313 , 343figurine, 9, 145mural, 9, 299petroglyph, 9

gravity model, 24Grayson, D. K., 212Greenland, 316Grouard, S., 328growth, 182, 302

and age, 70–74, 171 , 196allometric, 66–69in birds, 63 , 70–71 , 173annulus, 75–77, 200arrested, 170–171curves, 65–69, 193

determinate, 70–73 , 79–80, 172–174,193–197, 238, 263

and environmental reconstruction, 320false annulus, 76–77indeterminate, 49, 73–74, 79, 173 , 176, 186,

187, 197–199, 239, 263linear, 65–66in mammals, 173response to stress, 318seasonal, 28, 74–79, 192, 263see also age; cementum; increments; size;

toothGuadeloupe (Lesser Antilles, West Indies), 328guanine, 81Guayaki, 145 , 329Gulf of Cortez, 1 , 134Gulf of Mexico, 91 , 134, 155Gulf Stream, 90

habit, 260–266, 275crepuscular, 261cyptic, 271diurnal, 261nocturnal, 261 , 271

habitat, 261 , 275complexity, 110distal, 214, 260, 322heterogeneity, 110, 112preferences, 89–91 , 266proximal, 214, 260, 322

haplotype, 288–289Hargrave, L. L., 17, 18Harris lines, 256harvest profile, 196harvesting pressure, 326Hayden, B., 284Haynes, G., 144health, animal, 73 , 195 , see also pathologyheirloom, 124, 125heritage management, 26, 377, 393Hesse, B., 224, 226hibernation, 90, 262–263hierarchy, 33–34, 36, 98–99Himalayas, 3 , 296Hispaniola (Greater Antilles, West Indies), 3 ,

155 , 301 , 331Hjort, A., 103Hohokam Period, 258






topical index 517

Hoko River (Washington, USA), 3 , 143Holocene, 317, 320, 323 , 324, 332, 334homology, 39hoof, 41 , 61hormone, 62, 95horn, 5 , 295 , 305

core, 62, 133 , 164, 178–179, 179, 275maturation, 73 , 172, 196morphology, 62, 179, 312sexual dimorphism, 200, 202, 305sheath, 62, 133–134, 295see also animal products; element types

Howard, H., 18human

biology, 252, 310burial, 17, 121 , 149, 160, 262, 282, 294, 296demography, 13 , 27, 252, 254–256, 260, 276,

285 , 327disease, 27, 256–257, 259, 321and domestic animals, 296, 298, 331fetus and infant, 160genetics, 82health, 252, 255–257, 259, 281 –283 , 298, 321identification of, 160–161 , 166migration, 87, 319morphology, 52, 58, 60, 93mortality, 262as omnivores, 52remains, 27, 30, 82, 161 , 171 , 256–257, 321 ,

345 , 390sex roles, 251 , 280, 281see also diet; Native American Graves

Protection and Repatriation Act;nutrition

humidity, 255 , 320hydrology, 106hydroxyapatite, 39, 55 , 84–85 , 141hygiene, 321hyperostosis, 74, 75Hypothetical Collection, 154–155

and age, 195 , 197, 405applications of allometry, 187and archaeological context, 209, 210comparison of data, 211dietary contribution, 235 , 236, 241diversity, 247elements represented, 159, 205 , 217, 218,

219, 220, 221, 222, 223

interpretation of, 246–249measurements, 179, 184, 185 , 188, 191, 198,

406–407modifications, 159, 162, 171, 172, 244, 245 ,

401and primary data, 156–180and screen size, 156and secondary data, 184–246similarity index, 214and size, 189, 190species list, 396–400specimen distribution worksheet, 402–404utility indices, 225 , 228, 229, 230, 231volume density, 233

Iceland, 350iconography, 283 , 309identification

of archaeological specimens, 133 , 164–167,203–204, 206, 333 , 378

and basic biology, 31 , 38of closely related taxa, 82–83 , 189–191 , 191and elements represented, 161and Hypothetical Collection, 205procedures, 27, 153 , 342and second-order changes, 118, 146, 157,

250see also age; element representation; sex;

size; variationIglulik, 269Inca, 306, 313 , 314, 325–326increments, 176, 178, 319

and age, 73 , 74, 176, 193 , 197–198and basic biology, 75–79in cementum, 76–77, 193 , 196growth, 73 , 74, 166, 172, 193in marine organisms, 77–79mineral density, 77in mollusc valves, 73 , 74, 75–78, 176, 199, 263in otoliths, 63 , 75 , 77–78, 176, 197, 200in pectoral spines, 77seasonal, 77–78, 196, 262, 263 , 263see also age; cementum; growth; isotopes;

mollusc valve; otolith; toothindex of fragmentation, 204–205India, 291–292, 296, 299Indian Ocean, 3 , 325Indus Valley (Pakistan), 3 , 293






518 topical index

information theory, 111 , see also diversityinfraorder, 62Ingalik, 273Ingura, 269International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature, 34, 290International Council of Archaeozoology

(ICAZ), 4, 392intestinal contents, 136–137introduction of animals and plants, 116,

299–301 , 324–325 , 330see also biogeography; domestic animal;

domesticationintrogression, 289Iran, 3 , 303–304, 305Ireland, 283 , 293irrigation, 296, 330Isaac, G. L., 145island effect, 303isometric relationship, 69, see also allometryisotopes

carbon, 83–85 , 85and environmental reconstruction, 319and first-order changes, 118, 130, 144nitrogen, 83 , 85–86, 85oxygen, 78–79, 83 , 263 , 320, 323stable, 78–79, 82–87, 85 , 182, 256–257, 288,

290, 344, 345 , 350unstable, 83and zooarchaeological research, 5 , 27, 262,

274, 349see also environmental reconstruction;

fractionation; minerals; photosyntheticpathways; seasonality

Israel, 3 , 294

Japan, 293 , 324Jericho, 3 , 305Jochim, M. A., 253 , 254Jochim’s model, 253–255Jones, D. S., 327Jones, K. G., 136Jones, K. T., 230Jordan, 270Junin (Peru), 309

Kazakhstan, 291–292keratin, 39–41 , 54, 61 , 133 , see also horn

keratinized tissues, 54, 60kilocalorie (kcal), 95kilojoule (kJ), 95kingdom, 34Kings Bay (Georgia, USA), 3 , 148, 149, 199kinship, 9, 28, 145 , 252, 276, 277Kirch, P. V., 114kjøkkenmøddinger, 2Klamath, 269, 271Klasies River Mouth (South Africa), 3Klein, R. G., 206, 207, 213 , 227, 249Koike, H., 152krill, 54Kroeber, A. L., 12–13K strategy, 100, 101Kubasiewicz, M., 237Kuri, 305

lactation, 255labor

division of, 145 , 254, 261reducing, 22

laboratory proceduresarchaeological, 385–386and MNI, 206, 208and NISP, 203 , 204as second-order changes, 156zooarchaeological, 8, 161 , 386–390

Laguna Blanca Reserve (Argentina), 115 , 115Lake Chad (north Africa), 3 , 305land clearance, 124landscape

change, 277, 313–314, 316, 321land clearance, 329–330, 350and zooarchaeological research, 10, 24see also environmental reconstruction

Lapland, 3 , 330Lapp, 296Lartet, E., 15 , 16latitude, 84, 90, 106, 110, 111, 293 , 318latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), 110–111laundry list, 13 , 164, 183Lawrence, B., 19, 20legal standards, 377, 390Leone, M. P., 29life assemblage, 118, 119, 124, 152, 183 , 240life cycle, 89–90life history, 77, 89, 90–91 , 99–103 , 327–328






topical index 519

life table, 100–103 , 102life zone, see biomelight, 106, 109Linares, O. F., 92, 298lineage, genetic, 289, 291, 293 , 294, 310linear fit, 65–66, 67linear program, 22linguistics, 32Linnaeus, C., 32, 33 , 38, see also taxonomyliterature review, 36–38, 157–158, 231 , 266locomotion, types of

digging, 56, 58digitigrade, 58, 58flying, 56, 57, 59–60hopping, 56, 58–59plantigrade, 58–59running, 56, 58–59swimming, 56–58unguligrade, 58–59, 58walking, 56, 58–59

London, England, 121Loomis, F. B., 16Lotka-Volterra equation, 100Lower Pecos Region (Chihuahuan Desert,

Mexico, USA), 259Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2Lyman, R. L., 3 , 153 , 216, 226–229, 231

Madagascar, 3 , 269, 271, 273magic, 279, see also ritualMaltby, J. M., 243Mangaia (Cook Islands), 3 , 345mantle, 61Marean, C. W., 227material culture, 114

associated with domestication, 313–314association with food preparation, 274, 266and environmental reconstruction, 345and ritual context, 284and subsistence strategies, 252, 262,

266–276and zooarchaeological research, 16, 252, 348see also raw materials; tools

%MAU, 227, 228, 229, 229, 230, 231Mauritius (Indian Ocean), 3 , 325Mayer, D., 231meal, 132, 284measurements

and age, 197–198, 199and domestication, 184, 189, 303–305estimate of body dimension, 183–191 , 184,

185 , 186, 187, 188, 190, 191estimate of dietary contribution, 234, 235 ,

236, 241and MNI, 206as primary data, 158, 164, 179–180and sex, 178, 200–202, 201and size, 65standard length, 187, 187standardized biological dimensions, 65 , 186,

186standardized zooarchaeological

dimensions, 179and taxonomic attribution, 166, 191and zooarchaeological research, 344, 350

meat, 348and diet, 86, 225 , 226, 230, 232, 257, 306–307and herd animals, 295–296modern cuts, 219and zooarchaeological research, 6, 348see also animal products

medicine, 7, 132, 344medieval, 350Mediterranean, 131 , 134, 290, 303 , 310medullary bone, 56, 63 , 80, 178, 263megafauna, 317, 328Meighan, C. W., 20Melanesia, 3 , 300menu, 251 , 278Mesoamerica, 96Mesolithic site (Denmark), 125 , 125 , 128, 129,

130, 131metabolic pathways, 82–85metaphysis, 70Metcalfe, D., 230Mexico, 19, 134, 158, 259, 291–292, 294, 301 , 320Michigan (USA), 3 , 348microorganisms, 140, 142microsatellites, 289Middle Ages, 134middle-range theory, 21 –22, 23Middle Stone Age sites, 347migration

and ecology, 90–91and extinctions, 328–329and genetics, 82






520 topical index

migration (cont.)and isotopes, 87long-range pastoral nomad, 258and seasonal growth, 76and subsistence strategies, 260–261 , 280transhumance, 258, 260, 295see also catchment area; seasonality;

settlement patterns; subsistencestrategies

migratory animal, 89–91 , 262, 265Mills, W. C., 16MIND, 206minerals

alterations to, 130, 144, 386barium, 86copper, 97, 316lead, 316major minerals, 97as nutrients, 94, 96, 97as raw material, 275strontium, 83 , 86–87and subsistence strategies, 256–257, 262, 290trace elements, 5 , 27, 86, 97, 344, 345 , 349, 350see also calcium; isotopes; nutrients

minimum number of animal units (MAU),226–231 , 228, 229, 231

minimum number of elements (MNE),226–229, 228, 229, 231 –232

minimum number of individuals (MNI)and age, 206–207, 210aggregation, 208and archaeological context, 206, 208–209,

209and cultural behavior, 208, 214and estimates of dietary contribution,

235–237, 235 , 239, 240and identifiability, 207–208, 210matched pairs, 152, 206–207maximum distinction method, 208and measurements, 206minimum distinction method, 208and niche breadth, 245 , 247, 249and NISP, 208, 212–213and sample size, 113as secondary data, 202, 205–210, 210, 211,

224, 231 –232, 233 , 278and sex, 206sensu Binford, 23 , 207, 226–227

sensu White, 20, 207, 210, 224, 227–228, 234and specimen weight, 211and site-formation processes, 206, 208, 212symmetry, 206–208see also excavation procedures; number of

identified specimens; quantificationMissouri (USA), 79mitochondria, 81mobility, 24, 172, 257–260, 262, 265 , 276

see also catchment area; seasonality;settlement patterns

Mochica vessel, 307, 309, 312, 313modifications

abrasion, 122, 128blow, 127, 128, 130, 170, 243burned, 124, 132, 170, 180, 242, 245butchering, 122, 124, 126–130, 171, 244, 278calcined, 132chemical, 124chop, 127–128, 129, 170, 172clean-cut, 130columnar, 169cooking, 130–132cut, 128–129, 129, 170, 172, 243digestion, 136–137, 170, 243fracture, 169as primary data, 158, 168–172as secondary data, 182, 216, 234, 242–244,

275fragmentation, 125 , 127, 138–139, 141 –142, 154,

161 , 163 , 168, 169, 203 , 205 , 210, 242–243 ,275

gnawed, 122, 124, 130, 135–136, 170, 243gnawed by carnivore, 128, 137gnawed by human, 135gnawed by rodent, 137, 172groove and snap, 130, 169hack, 127–128, 129, 170, 172, 243illustrations of, 169impact, 127irregular break, 169, 169killing, 125–126mastication, 136–137oblique, irregular, 169, 169oblique, regular, 169predation, 122–123 , 123 , 126, 127preservation, 130–132puncture, 169, 169






topical index 521

recent, 170root-etching, 139, 142saw, 130, 170, 172, 243saw, metal, 130, 243saw, non-metal, 130sawtoothed, 169scrape, 128, 130, 170, 243skinning, 126–127, 242–243slaughter, 125–126slice, 128spiral fracture, 127, 136, 142, 169–170, 383 ,

384spiral, irregular, 169spiral, regular, 169splintered, 169, 169stepped, 169, 169trample, 124, 138–139, 141 , 143 , 170, 243transverse, 169transverse, irregular, 169transverse, regular, 169weathering, 142, 170, 384worked, 28, 133–134, 169, 285 , 300, 386see also food preparation; pathology; tools

moisture, 109, 140, 260mollusc valve

color, 32and environmental reconstruction, 320increments in, 176length, 186, 198and MNI, 207morphology, 40, 41, 45as raw material, 133seasonal growth, 74, 75–79shape, 164and site-formation processes, 141weight, 65 , 239see also increments

molt (ecdysis), 62Mongolia, 291–292Morlot, A. von, 2morphology, 17, 31 , 32, 297, see also anatomymortality rate, 101 –102mutualism, 103 , 306, 315

Nagaoka, L., 328nail, 41 , 61Native American Graves Protection and

Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 390

Native Americans, 311natural area, 13Near East, 291–292neoteny, 304Netherlands Antilles (West Indies), 3 , 300Netherlands, The, 17Neusius, S. W., 298New Britain (Melanesia), 3 , 300New England (USA), 78, 313New Guinea, 3 , 33 , 277, 296, 329New Ireland (Melanesia), 3 , 300Newsom, L. A., 328New Zealand, 49, 100, 328niche, 39, 318

breadth, 14, 24, 28, 182, 245–246definition, 89

NMI, 206Noddle, B. A., 73Noe-Nygaard, N., 125 , 127normal distribution, 113North America, 32, 90, 144, 145 , 275 , 320,

328–330, 331northwest Pacific Coast (North America), 3 ,

262, 267, 269, 271, 277notochord, 42nucleus, 81number of identified specimens (NISP)

and age, 195 , 197and estimates of dietary contribution, 233and MNI, 206, 208observed to expected ratios, 222, 223and niche breadth, 245and recovery methods, 149and relative frequency of taxa, 212–213and skeletal portions, 216–217, 230–232and specimen weight, 211and utility indices, 226, 227as primary data, 158, 167–168as secondary data, 202–205see also minimum number of individuals;

modifications; quantification; specimenweight

number of remains (NR), 167Nunamiut, 225nursery ground, 64, 323nutrients, 22, 106, 109

amino acid, 96, 349calories, 24, 95






522 topical index

nutrients (cont.)carbohydrate, 85 , 94, 95cellulose, 95cholesterol, 85energy, 94–95 , 280essential nutrients, 94, 96fat, 63 , 85 , 94, 95 , 254, 280fatty acid, 85 , 349fiber, 95lipid, 80, 85 , 95 , 274mineral, 94, 97, 254oil, 95phospholipid, 95protein, 39, 85 , 86, 94–96, 254, 257, 274starch, 95sterol, 95sugar, 81 , 95 , 274triglycerides, 95vitamin, 94, 95 , 96–97, 254, 274water, 94, 95 , 254see also calcium; kilocalorie; kilojoule;

mineralsnutrition

adequacy of, 253 , 255 , 299, 318and estimates of dietary contribution, 233 ,

238and growth, 72, 183 , 195and isotopes, 82and pathologies, 170requirements, 27, 97–98, 97, 256and seasonal growth, 76–78and skeletal frequencies, 213and subsistence strategies, 251 , 252,

254–257, 278, 349, 344and zooarchaeological research, 1 , 5 , 6, 24see also animal products; diet

obituaries, 11observed to expected ratio, 219–224, 229

anatomical relationship, 222, 223–224, 223 ,229

derived from NISP, 221, 222see also modifications; number of identified

specimens; skeletal frequencyOceania, 2, 296, 330O’Connor, T. P., 164Old Sacramento (California, USA), 3 , 131Olsen, S. L., 242

ontogenetic change, 63–64optimal foraging theory, 22–25 , 253 , 332

and niche breadth, 245and recovery technique, 150

oral tradition, 293order, 33–34, 35 , 36, 52ornament, 6, 7, 17, 130, 133–134, 169, 200, 204,

206, 215 , 242, 275–276, 295 , 296ossicle, 61 , 77osteoarchaeology, 4osteocytes, 70osteometry, 190Oswalt, W. H., 268otolin, 63otolith

constituents of, 41, 63and growth, 75–78, 176, 200and isotopes, 320and measurements, 166, 186, 197, 198, 200and MNI, 210see also increments; isotopes

out of the tropics model (OTT), 110–111oxygen, dissolved, 77–78, 261 , 322Ozette Village (Washington, USA), 3 , 143

Pacific Ocean, 109, 134, 310–311 , 325 , 328, 347Paine, R. T., 109Paiute, 267, 269Pakistan, 303–304paleoecology, 148paleoeconomic, 345paleoenvironment, 1 , 4, 29, 116, 345paleoethnobotany, 4paleoethnozoology, 4paleofeces, see coprolitePaleolithic, 15 , 196paleontology, 4, 20, 39, 265 , 300paleonutrition, 345Panama, 3 , 283paradigm lag, 29Paraguay, 3 , 145 , 329parasite, 149, 262, 320, 321 , 345 , 349Paris (France), 121Parmalee, P. W., 19patch choice, 24pathogen, 321 , 322, 330pathology

activity patterns, 170, 312






topical index 523

and age classes, 195 , 196arthritis, 307, 312and bone growth, 55 , 73congenital, 170, 312dental alteration, 312and domestication, 307, 311 –312enterotoxemia, 309fracture, 170, 311injury, 312intentional, 170, 312as modification, 124–125predation, 31 , 170, 309, 331as primary data, 158, 170–172as secondary data, 242–244stress-related, 69, 76, 170–171 , 253and zooarchaeological research, 17see also disease; modifications

Payne, S., 173 , 174, 196, 212Pee Dee belemnite (PDB), 83pellets, regurgitated, 136–139percentage similarity, 115 , 115 , 214percentage survival, 222, 224periodicity

and animal behavior, 76in isotopes, 83in subsistence strategies, 24, 349see also seasonality

periosteum, 56, 70–71periostricum, 61Perkins, D., Jr., 224, 226Peru, 3 , 19, 263 , 268, 310, 313 , 320, 329, 333 , 347Peters, J. L., 37photoperiod, 260photosynthesis, 109photosynthetic pathways, 83–86, 85phylogenetic relationship, 34–38, 82, 93 ,

288–289, 387phylogeography, 37–38, 288phylum, 34, 35 , 37, 39, 41phytolith, 93 , 318Pike-Tay, A., 196plants

and animals, 93 , 310, 314, 330–331 , 344, 345bark, 92building material, 344charcoal, 318condiments, 344cultivation, 287, 329–331

domestication, 272, 293 , 330–331DNA, 82and environmental change, 329–331fruit, 84, 92, 93 , 95 , 262fuel, 254genetics, 289grain, 84, 95 , 97, 330grass, 87, 92, 93 , 257, 321 , 329gum, 92hay, 321 –322herb, 92, 321legume, 83 , 84, 86, 95 , 97macrobotanical remains, 318nectar, 92, 93nonlegumes, 83 , 86nut, 84, 257, 262, 345and nutrition, 95–97root crop, 84seed, 29, 93 , 257, 262shrub, 87, 92and site-formation processes, 117–119, 139and subsistence strategies, 255 , 261 , 347, 349and trophic levels, 92–93 , 99tuber, 95 , 322, 329vegetable, 84, 95wood, 345and zooarchaeological research, 4, 10, 18,

345–346Pleistocene, 2, 81 , 82, 226, 294, 303 , 310, 317,

332, 347Pliocene, 82political institutions

and animal use, 252, 258, 267, 276, 280and environmental reconstruction, 319and zooarchaeological research, 27–28, 158

pollen, 318population ecology, 89–103

age structure and survivorship curves,100–103 , 263

aggregations of animals, 98energy and nutrients, 94–98, 318and environmental reconstruction, 318,

332food preferences, 91 –92habitat preferences, 89–91life history strategies, 89, 99–103social environment, 98–99territories and social hierarchies, 98–99, 297






524 topical index

population (cont.)and zooarchaeological research, 1 , 8, 14,

88–89see also community ecology; ecology; life

history; nutritionpopulation growth and regulation, 99–100,

331 , 332, 349logistic curve, 99pressure, 100

population structure, 263postdepositional processes, 119, 119, 151 –152

see also first-order changes; modifications;second-order changes; site formationprocesses

postmedieval, 219Post-Pleistocene, 2, 333precipitation, 106predator-prey relationship, 5 , 8, 99–100, 103 ,

199, 326–327presence/absence of indicator species, 318, 319,

323 , 326, 328prestige, 22, 215 , 254–255 , 280–281 , 348prey-choice model, 150, 245prey index, 213primary data, 336–341

anatomical feature of age and sex, 172–179and collection management, 377, 389–390,

393–395element representation, 161 –164measurements, 164, 179–180modifications, 168–170, 172number of identified specimens, 167–168pathologies, 170–171quantifying relative abundance, 157recording, 158–160and secondary data, 182–183 , 193 , 200, 203 ,

232, 335specimen weight, 180and subsistence strategies, 251 , 252, 274–275taxonomic identification, 164–167and zooarchaeological research, 153–154,

249, 341 –342, 344see also secondary data

primary refuse, 124primitive, 37, 43procurement strategies, 28, 144, 153 , 268productivity

and community ecology, 103 , 109, 110net annual primary productivity, 108and overexploitation, 327

profane, see secularpublication, 146, 153 , 154, 163 , 183 , 207, 227,

231 , 377, 390–393 , 389Puerto Real (Hispaniola, West Indies), 3 , 155 ,

331Puerto Rico, 3 , 155 , 301Pukapukan, 273Purdue, J. R., 230pursuit time, 24, 255

quantificationand recovery methods, 148–150and relative abundance of taxa, 156–157and sample independence, 151 , 156–157, 183 ,

203and sample size, 151and secondary data, 182and zooarchaeological research, 16, 27, 250see also minimum number of individuals;

number of identified specimensQuitmyer, I. R., 198, 327

race, 36raptor, 60rarefaction curve, 113–114, 114ratio diagram

to estimate body size, 187–189, 189, 190for skeletal portion, 223 , 223see also observed to expected ratio

raw materials, 133–134and domestic animals, 295–297, 300and primary data, 170and skeletal frequency, 215and subsistence strategies, 254–255 , 259,

267, 275–276and zooarchaeological research, 7, 22–23see also animal products; bone; horn; tooth

reburial, 154, 390recombination, 81 , 82, 289records

age classes, 194, 195archaeofaunal, 385 , 389–390, 393 , 394curation of, 342, 394data cards, 158–160, 159, 173 , 388






topical index 525

diagnostic zone, 163 , 165 , 217element portion represented, 161 , 216–217,

219–220, 220fusion worksheet, 173labels, 384–385 , 387, 388media, 389–390schematic drawing, 162, 163 , 173specimen distribution worksheet, 173 , 217,

402–404recovered assemblage, 183recovery constant, 204recovery methods, see excavation proceduresReed, C. A., 4, 6, 19, 237–238, 237, 249, 251 , 299reference collection, 378–383

and biological data, 65–67, 185–186, 234,378–379

cataloguing, 381 –382collection-management policies, 378,

393–394curation, 377, 381 –382, 393–395preparation, 379–382standard measurements, 186, 379, 380, 381,

382, 383and zooarchaeological research, 19, 37,

157–158, 160, 335 , 377reference literature, 161 , 166, 179, 182, 378reference specimen

and identification, 164as voucher, 378

regional analysis, 24, 254central-place model, 24gravity model, 24locational analysis, 24see also catchment area

relative frequencyinterpretation of, 212–213RF (relative frequency), 224, 225of taxa, 153 , 182, 202–213see also element representation;

identification; number of identifiedspecimens; observed to expected ratio;utility index

Renfrew, C., 80replication, 144, 343–344reproduction, 76–77, 192, 260, 318, 319rescue archaeology, 20, 347residential pattern, see settlement pattern

resource depression, 326resource management

current, 29, 318, 320, 331 –334, 349, 377in the past, 329–330, 332, 334, 344

richnessand community heterogeneity, 110–113 , 112definition, 110, 245and latitude, 111and overexploitation, 260and sample size, 151and status, 280and zooarchaeological research, 16see also diversity; equitability; evenness

risk, 255of failure, 254management of, 22–24, 257personal, 254, 266

ritual, 279–285 , 285calendar, 258, 281 , 307and cultural transformation processes, 125divination, 297and ethnoarchaeology, 145and excavation procedures, 147, 149, 264,fasting, 283–284feasting, 242, 254, 277, 283–285and food, 277and isotopes, 83mortuary, 121 , 262object, 124, 160offering, 121 , 132, 147, 242, 294potlatch, 277, 284public and private, 279, 281rite of passage, 160, 264, 282, 284sacred or divine, 279, 282–284sacrifice, 6, 7, 216, 282, 297, 306secular or profane, 279, 282–284and skeletal frequency, 213 , 215structure and function, 279and technology, 267use of animals, 290, 294, 296–297and zooarchaeological research, 5 , 9,

25–26, 27–28, 332Roman deposits, 126, 131 , 133–134, 321Roman Empire, 316r strategy, 99, 101Russia, 3 , 325Rutimeyer, L., 2, 16






526 topical index

sacred, see ritualsagitta, 63St. Augustine (Florida, USA), 3 , 154, 155 , 185 ,

186, 192, 198, 200, 213 , 214, 220, 237, 350salinity, 77, 84, 106, 322, 323Salisbury Plain (England), 3 , 321Salmon Ruin (New Mexico, USA), 321salt, 275salt fish, 6sample, archaeological

assemblage, 119, 124, 183 , 240definition, 9number, 385and second-order changes, 146–151see also curation

sample size, 113–114and age class, 195 , 197and diversity, 151 , 245–246and domestication, 297, 311and environmental reconstruction, 317, 322and primary data, 157, 180and richness, 114, 114, 151and secondary data, 184, 188, 200, 208, 243as second-order change, 146, 151and subsistence strategies, 264, 265and zooarchaeological research, 22, 250,

343 , 346sampling protocol

protocol, 113 , 347as second-order change, 146, 150–151 , 316,

346skimming, 150–151 , 156see also excavation procedures; first-order

changes; modifications; second-orderchanges; site-formation processes

sanitation, 259, 345Sargasso Sea, 90–91Saudi Arabia, 270Scandinavia, 296scan site, 232schedules

and environmental reconstruction, 320and subsistence strategies, 254–255 ,

261 –263 , 265 , 271and zooarchaeological research, 24

Schiffer, M. B., 123–124schlepp effect, 215Schmid, E., 133

scientificliterature, 36–38, 87, 182, 266, 326method, 27, 154, 333

sclerochronology, 77screen size, see excavation proceduresseabird, 267seafood, 252sea level, 319, 323–324search time, 24, 254, 257seasonality

and animal aggregations, 98and capture strategies, 261 , 263of death, 75 , 77, 78–79, 196, 263–264, 278and environmental reconstruction, 320and first-order changes, 137indicators, 62–63 , 166, 266physiological event, 76–77, 172, 192, 263 ,

266, 297–298and second-order changes, 147and social markers, 279and subsistence strategies, 259, 260–266and zooarchaeological research, 24, 26, 349see also growth; increments; periodicity;

schedules; subsistence strategiessecondary data, 336–341

and collection management, 377, 389–390,393–395

construction of age class, 192–199estimate of body dimension, 183–191estimate of dietary contribution, 233–242modifications, 242–244niche breadth, 245–246pathologies, 243–244and primary data, 153–154, 157, 168, 181 , 249,

251relative frequency of taxa, 202–213sex, 199–202skeletal frequency, 213–233and subsistence strategies, 251 , 252and zooarchaeological research, 335 , 341 –342

secondary refuse, 124second-order changes, 146–151

and collection management, 377, 384–386and environmental reconstruction, 317, 319,

323excavation location, 146–147and food preparation, 274and primary data, 153 , 161 , 169






topical index 527

and secondary data, 208skimming, 150–151and zooarchaeological research, 26, 27, 117,

118, 343 , 346, 347, 377see also excavation procedures; first-order

changes; modifications; sample size;site-formation processes

secular, 147, 279security, 254sedentism, 24, 172, 255 , 257–260, see also

catchment area; seasonality; settlementpatterns

Semliki Valley (Zaire), 3 , 347serial number, 158Serjeantson, D., 267settlement patterns, 258, 259

environmental impact of, 318and exchange systems, 276–277and isotopes, 83and overexploitation, 326and ritual animal use, 285spatial dimensions of, 257–260and subsistence strategies, 252–255and technology, 267temporal dimensions of, 260–266and zooarchaeological research, 5 , 22, 24see also catchment area; mobility; sedentism

sex, 199–202and age, 65 , 69–71 , 172, 178, 194, 202, 263display, 54and domestication, 302, 303–304, 306–310,

312and environmental reconstruction, 322,

323 , 324and exchange systems, 278and MNI, 206morphological features of, 54, 62–63 ,

79–80, 81, 158, 164, 172–179, 199–200and nutrition, 255ratio, 153 , 172, 182secondary characteristic, 172, 200and size, 65 , 69–70, 79–80, 172, 180, 183 ,

201, 202, 234, 238and subsistence strategies, 267variation in behavior, 297see also age; estimate of body dimension

sexual dimorphism, 35 , 63–65 , 79–80, 179,190, 200–201 , 303–304, 305

Seychelles (Indian Ocean), 3 , 299Shanks, O. C., 275Sharpey’s fiber, 44shellfish, 95 , 138, 253 , 257shelter, 254Shipman, P., 128Shotwell, J. A., 205 , 322shoulder height, 65–66, 186Silver, I. A., 193similarity measure, 114–115 , 115 , 213Sinai Desert, 270site-formation processes

and diet, 256and genetic studies, 81 –82and modifications, 168and screen size, 148and seasonality, 75and secondary data, 184, 193 , 195 , 203 , 206,

240, 242and subsistence strategies, 265and zooarchaeological research, 4, 8, 20, 22,

335 , 346see also butchery; first-order changes;

modifications; pathologies;postdepositional changes; second-orderchanges; soil

site function, see archaeological contextsite visit, 158, 386Sitzkrieg, 329size

and age, 65 , 69–74, 172, 183–184, 186, 197,199–202, 199, 264

anatomical variation and, 63–64, 172in animals with indeterminate growth, 197biology of, 64–69and domestication, 184, 199–202, 297,

302–305and environmental reconstruction, 260,

319, 323 , 324, 325 , 327–328, 331 , 345 , 350and estimate of body dimension,

, 183–190and nutrition, 255linear fit, 63–64response to stress, 318and sex, 65 , 79–80, 172, 183–184, 199–202and storage potential, 275and taxonomy, 32trends in, 189, 198, 303 , 319, 334






528 topical index

size (cont.)see also age; allometry; growth; sex;

variationskeletal frequency, 213–232

anatomical regions, 216–217, 217–219,223–224

estimates of dietary contribution, 233and modifications, 242–244and NISP, 204ratio, 219–224, 221, 222, 223and skeletal completeness, 138, 214–216summary, 230–232and utility indices, 225–230and zooarchaeological research, 182see also behavioral strategies; modifications;

observed to expected ratio; utility indexslaughter pattern, 103Smith, B. D., 29social institutions

and animals as social markers, 279, 280,348, 349

and desires, 254and domestic animals, 294and environmental reconstruction, 317, 318and exchange systems, 285and identity, 5 , 7, 10, 25–26, 29and isotopes, 82–83and MNI, 208and needs, 253and obligations, 348and relative frequency of taxa, 213and subsistence strategies, 252, 258, 261 , 276and technology, 169, 267, 276and zooarchaeological research, 5 , 28, 252,

347, 348see also ethnicity; ritual; status

soilchemistry, 137, 262as an environmental parameter, 106and environmental reconstruction, 318, 319and isotopes, 86–87pH, 86, 140–141and recovery methods, 149, 321and site-formation processes, 117, 140–141and trampling, 139and zooarchaeological research, 12, 30, 345 ,

386see also first-order changes

Somerset Levels (England), 3 , 143South Africa, 3 , 49South America, 3 , 38, 158, 291–292, 300–301 ,

310–311South Carolina (USA), 83Spanish Florida, 155 , 155 , 158, 166specialized knowledge, 22species, 33–36, 35

composition, 323 , 328definition, 34of domestic animals, 290list, 13 , 347see also taxonomy

specimen, archaeological, 9, 161specimen weight, 158, 180, 202, 210–212, 211,

213 , 234, 245see also identification; number of identified

specimens; primary data; secondary dataSpencer, L. M., 227standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 78Star Carr (England), 394status, 28, 126, 213 , 215 , 242, 245 , 254, 267,

276, 277, 279, 280–281 , 283 , 347, 348see also social institutions

Steadman, D. W., 202, 325Steenstrup, J., 2Steward, J. H., 13 , 18Stiner, M. C., 228–229stomach contents, 136–137, 256, 321 , 344storage

and domestication, 299and exchange systems, 276losses during, 275 , 298and MNI, 208and primary data, 172and site-formation processes, 145and subsistence strategies, 261 , 265and technology, 266and zooarchaeological research, 9see also food preparation

stratigraphy, 15 , 265 , see also excavationprocedures

structure used in feeding and locomotion,46–50, 54–56

studied assemblage, 152, 319subclass, 35subfamily, 35suborder, 35






topical index 529

subphylum, 35 , 39, 42, 45subsistence strategies

agriculture, 2, 28, 82, 252, 254, 270, 277,298, 314, 325 , 329–331

collector, 22, 252–253cost of, 254, 344definition, 252diffuse, 245and domestic animals, 297environmental impact of, 317, 325–329,

349–350and environmental reconstruction, 320,

323 , 326, 332–333and excavation procedures, 146–149farming, 252, 257–258, 298, 330–331 , 348fishing, 98, 137, 252, 253 , 264focal, 245foraging, 22, 232, 249, 252–253 , 257–258, 330generalist, 245herding, 83 , 102, 102, 103 , 252, 263 , 290,

295–296, 303 , 312, 314, 330horticulture, 252, 298hunter-gatherer, 252–253 , 254hunting, 2, 98, 125–126, 125 , 253 , 254, 263 ,

265 , 298, 325industrial (urban), 254logistic, 252–253 , 257–258and nutrients, 96pastoralist, 102, 102, 103 , 252, 254, 257–258,

303selectivity of, 333 , 349spatial dimension, 257–260, 267, 298, 320,

323specialist, 245temporal dimension, 260–266, 267, 298,

320, 323trapping, 252, 298and zooarchaeological research, 1 , 6, 13 , 19,

20, 22, 26, 27–28, 251 –252, 344–349see also animal husbandry; migration;

seasonality; settlement patterns;technology; tools

subspecies, 36, 37, 165 , 289, 291sumptuary law, 278superclass, 35survival potential, 203survivorship curve, 100–101 , 101, 103 , 113 , 195 ,

196, 309

sustainability, 328, 332Swedish lake sediment, 316Swiss lake site (Switzerland), 3 , 16, 143symbiotic relationship, 93–94, 103 , 137–138, 325symbol, 7, 28, 279–285 , 305–306, 344, 347, see

also ritualSymmons, R., 232synonymy, 35 , 37–38, 290Syria, 270Systema Naturae, 33 , 290systematic nomenclature, 32–36, 35 , 290, see

also taxonomysystems

model, 109theory, 14

tabby, 275taboo, 145 , 255 , 265 , 281 , 296, 319, 348tame animals, 73 , 299–301Tanaina, 273Tanala, 269, 271, 273taphonomy

defined, 117and dietary contribution, 242and element representation, 166, 168–169,

213as a first-order change, 122–123magnitude of disturbance, 134–135 , 151 –152model, 118–120, 119post-depositional disturbance, 134–143research, 143–145and zooarchaeological research, 8, 18, 22see also first-order changes; modifications;

site-formation processestaxon (taxa), definition, 31taxonomy, 32–38, 35

abbreviation, 36and animals as social markers, 281conventions, 34, 36definition, 32of domestic animal, 9–10, 36, 290, 291–292folk taxonomy, 32–33 , 38, 281systematics, 33–36, 35of taxa in text, 353–362and zooarchaeological research, 7, 9, 31 –32

Taylor, W. W., 18, 19, 20technology, 266–276

and environmental reconstruction, 318, 319






530 topical index

and excavation procedures, 147, 148as indirect evidence of animal use, 137, 213and subsistence strategies, 254, 257, 265 ,

266, 285and zooarchaeological research, 13 , 14, 16,

22, 28, 251 –253see also animal products; domestic animal;

raw materials; toolsTelarmachay (Peru), 310temperature, 77–79, 83 , 84, 106, 109, 140, 255 ,

260, 320, 322, 324Teotihuacan (Mexico), 3 , 320tephra, 120ternary (3-pole) graph, 195 , 196terpen, 17territory, 98–99, 349Texas (USA), 3 , 259textile, 348thanatic, 123Thomas, D. H., 231thymine, 81time

as a cost, 254, 266, 280, 343–344averaging, 265

Tlingit, 271tools, 169, 266–276, 269, 271, 273

arrow, 268awl, 133bait, 92, 272, 344basket, 329bird dart, 269blind, 270blowgun, 268bola, 268boomerang, 268bow, 268canal, 330carrying device, 7, 267, 272, 313 , 314clothing, 7, 344complex, 267, 269container, 295 , 344cordage, 7, 272, 349corral, 268, 299, 309–310, 312, 313 , 330crabbing stick, 268and cultural transformation processes, 124deadfall, 270, 271digging stick, 269dip net, 270, 271

disguise, 270and domestic animals, 295drag anchor, 268drive, 270, 325enclosure, 330facility, 268, 270–272, 271fence, 270fire, 268fish scoop, 271gaff, 268game piece, 7, 215gorge, 270, 271, 272gourd, 272grinding implement, 344harpoon, 268harpoon dart, 269herring rake, 268, 269hook, 16, 270, 271, 272, 344instrument, 268, 269and isotopes, 82kite, 270knife, 268lance, 268lasso, 270leister, 269line, 268, 272lure, 270manufacture of, 16, 130, 169, 266–267metal, 130and modifications, 242needle, 133nesting box, 301net, 137, 150, 268, 270, 272, 273 , 347net gauge, 267, 272, 344net sinker, 134, 267, 344ownership of, 267pen, 301pit trap, 270poison, 268, 270–272punch, 133and raw materials, 133–134residue on, 82, 274–275 , 344restraint, 312, 313road, 313rope, 313 , 314roundup, 325–326scoop, 272and secondary data, 185 , 200, 204, 215






topical index 531

seed beater, 269seine, 270shelter, 7, 330simple, 267, 269sling, 268, 314snare, 271 , 273and social distinctions, 281spear, 268spinning, 313 , 344stick, 268stone, 130, 268, 274and subsistence strategies, 278tended facility, 270–271 , 271terrace, 313 , 330throwing board, 269throwing stick, 268toggle, 268torch, 270trap, 7, 252, 268, 270–272, 273untended facility, 271 –272, 273utensil, 15 , 133–134wall, 313water, 268watercraft, 7weapon, 15 , 268, 269, 270, 271weaving, 295 , 313 , 344weir, 270, 271 , 271wheeled vehicle, 311and zooarchaeological research, 6, 7, 344see also animal husbandry; animal

products; modifications; raw materials;technology

tooth, 48acrodont, 43 , 44and anatomy, 40, 43 , 44bunodont, 52–53 , 93canine, 43 , 47, 48, 48, 49, 52, 54, 80, 93–94,

135 , 176, 178, 305caniniform, 48carnassial, 53 , 135 , 305cheek tooth, 48, 49, 52, 52, 176closed root, 48, 73composition of, 39, 47crown, 47, 174crown height, 69, 72–74, 176deciduous, 44, 174, 176, 180diphyodont, 44and domestication, 303 , 305

fang, 53function, 50–54heterodont, 47hypsodont, 52, 93incisiform, 48, 49, 52incisor, 44, 47, 47, 48, 49, 52, 52, 135 , 176and increments, 75–77and isotopes, 84–85 , 87lophodont, 52molar, 44, 47, 47, 48, 49, 93 , 170, 176molariform, 47, 49, 52monophyodont, 44open root, 48–49and pathologies, 170permanent, 44, 174, 176pleurodont, 40, 44, 44polyphyodont, 44premolar, 44, 47, 48, 93 , 176, 305pulp, 47, 174radular, 45as raw material, 133 , 268, 276root, 47, 174selenodont, 52as structures used in feeding, 46–50, 47, 49,

52, 53 , 61thecodont, 40, 43 , 44tusk, 47–48, 64worked, 133 , 296and zooarchaeological research, 7see also element types; feeding behavior

tooth wear, 41 , 49–51 , 72–74, 172, 174–176,193 , 196, 309, see also age

tooth wear stages (TWS)Grant method, 174, 175 , 196Payne method, 174, 176, 177, 196

topography, 106, 318total number of fragments (TNF), 167totem, 282, see also ritualtoy, 133 , 275–276trait list, 13 , 17–18transportation, 22, 126, 200, 203 , 208, 214, 225 ,

257, 265trinomial, 36trivial name, 34–35 , see also species; taxonomyTroldebjerg (Denmark), 3 , 201trophic level, 92–94

consumer, 92, 107, 109decomposer, 109






532 topical index

trophic level (cont.)and domestication, 301 –302mean trophic level, 328and overexploitation, 326–327, 328and populations, 99predator, 99, 107, 260, 318, 325 , 326–327prey, 325 , 326–327primary consumer, 92, 93primary producer, 92, 106, 107, 109producer, 92, 93 , 107–108, 109and productivity, 109pyramid, 107secondary consumer, 92, 93and stable isotopes, 83–87, 85tertiary consumer, 92, 93–94see also community ecology; ecosystem;

feeding behavior; productivitytrophy, 242, 344turbidity, 322Turkey, 293turtle shell, see element typeTwana, 267, 269, 271twitching, 29type locality, 35 , 37type specimen, 35

Uaxactun (Guatemala), 3 , 17Uerpmann, H.-P., 4, 212Uerpmann, M., 213uniformitarianism, 143United States, 37, 259, 390

southeastern, 3 , 33 , 78, 133 , 148, 149, 154,329, 331

southwestern, 3 , 134, 138, 258, 267, 269, 301 ,321

western, 166, 311urbanization, 5 , 25 , 28, 277, 321 –322usable meat, 233–234utility index, 225–230, 232, 274

food utility index (FUI), 228, 230, 230, 231general utility index (GUI), 226meat utility index (MUI), 230modified general utility index (MGUI), 23 ,

226–227, 230see also behavioral strategies

utility (value), of meat, 215 , 219, 226

van Giffen, A. E., 17

variationenvironmental, 63–64genetic, 63–64, 255 , 297, 302geographical, 36, 164, 172, 183 , 201 –202,

238, 318individual, 35 , 63–64, 164, 172, 183 , 196,

201 –202, 237, 238, 255 , 318in life cycles, 100population, 26, 63–64, 99–100, 318and reference collection, 378seasonal, 237, 238, 318in size and age, 69–70, 72, 183see also age; anatomy; estimate of body

dimension; sex; sizevariety, 33 , 36, 254, 280–281 , see also taxonomyvaterite, 61Venezuela, 3 , 300, 329vernacular name,–10 9vertebra, 56–57, 60

amphicoelous, 40, 42, 42amphiplatyan, 40, 42, 42and anatomy, 40, 42–44, 42, 43centrum, 40, 42–43 , 55 , 77, 186cervical, 57, 365haemal arch, 43heterocoelous, 40, 42and hyperostoses, 74and increments, 75lateral spine, 43 , 56and locomotion, 56–57, 60and MNI, 207, 209neural arch, 43and NISP, 204, 205opisthocoelous, 40, 42, 42–43procoelous, 40, 42, 42and screen size, 148, 149urostyle, 40see also element types

Virgin Islands (West Indies), 3 , 300, 328volume density (VD), 41 , 228, 231 –232, 233von Bertalanffy growth curve, 327

Walters, I., 134–135warfare, 9, 255Warrau, 329waterfowl, 90Watson, J. P. N., 166wealth, 9, 348






topical index 533

Weigelt, J., 18Western Hemisphere, 294, 330West Indies, 114, 300, 312West Stow (England), 242Wheeler, A., 136White, T. E., 20, 21, 206, 207, 224, 227,

235–238, 235WIF, 211Wing, E. S., 328Wing, S. R., 328Winn, H. E., 35withers height, see also shoulder heightWrangel Island (Russia), 3 , 325written record, 9, 145 , 252, 279, 343Wyman, J., 2, 17

yield, 255 , 266York (England), 3 , 321 –322Young, D. B., 16

Zagros Mountains, 293Zeder, M. A., 176Ziegler, A. C., 236, 237–238zooarchaeologıa, 3zooarchaeological collection, 153 , 160, 377

collection-management policies, 393–394conservation of, 388–389defined, 9in the field and archaeological laboratory,

384–386long-term curation, 393–395as voucher, 393–394

zooarchaeology, 3–5in the zooarchaeology laboratory, 377,

386–390advances, 335 , 346–350analysis, 8–9, 146, 153 , 157, 251 , 332, 333 ,

343–345

and anthropology, 2, 12–14, 27–28, 341anthropological research, 27–28, 332applied zooarchaeology, 26, 331 –334,

393and archaeology, 2, 5 , 14–20, 29–30and biology, 1 , 5 , 28–29, 31 , 38, 54, 74–79,

87, 115–116, 266, 341biological research, 28–29, 332challenges, 341 –342and classics, 2concepts, 336–341definition, 1disseminating results, 146, 209, 377, 378,

390–394, 391, 395and ecology, 2, 20–21 , 29, 332future directions, 349, 350–351goals, 1 , 6, 11 , 182, 341 –342, 346and history, 2, 14–20interdisciplinary, 1 , 20, 252, 341 , 345–346,

350methodological research, 18, 22, 26, 27,

346–347organizations, 4parts of a study, 153 , 387, 389practitioners, 2procedures, 342–346protocol, 168, 389and the public, 392, 393research objective, 11 , 30, 147, 154, 157, 166,

182, 212, 220, 232, 249, 335 , 336, 342–343 ,386, 391

research themes, 2, 20–26, 332, 393sources of theories and methods,

11 , 87verification, 244

zooarcheologie, 3zoogeography, see biogeographyzoologico-archaeologist, 2






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