Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)

8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)

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[dmjf 4.9? Cd{blcdj [l{dj Xdy{fxd{f} Pljvnf dck Ndol} Qljjv{dc{ Kbyied}hfy

mf{xffc =111 dck =115Pljvnf l` Xdy{fxd{f} %411 nbjjblc

{lcy" ILK Kbyied}hf %nbjjblc {lcy" CE9.C Kbyied}hfy %nbjjblc {l cy"

Rfd} [l{dj Bckvy{}bdj ]fybkfc{bdj [l{dj Bckvy{}bdj ]fybkfc{bdj [l{dj Bckvy{}bdj ]fybkfc{bdj

=111 ;46#= 42;#9 ==1#2 4;;6 81;#6 8;1#6 . . .

=114 ;99 =1=#8 =91#9 4;1;#5 018#6 828#9 4=6#= ;4#9 59#2



6

Pljvnf l` Xdy{fxd{f} %411 nbjjblc{lcy" ILK Kbyied}hf %nbjjblc {lcy" CE9.C Kbyied}hfy %nbjjblc {l cy"

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=11= ;92#6 =18#= =9=#9 4900#2 65;#1 85=#2 4=5#5 ;=#4 50#8

=119 ;01#1 =4=#; =;8#0 4999#0 644#2 5=4#8 4=2#8 ;1#; 52#9

=11; ;5=#; ==4#4 =04#9 4992#= 612#8 5=2#6 499#1 ;=#= 21#5

=116 6=;#6 =;9#4 =54#; 4;4;#= 66;#8 562#; 4;2#5 6=#6 28#9

=110 690#5 =;1#= =20#0 4;=5#= 6;=#9 556#2 4;4#9 ;=#6 25#5

=118 660#5 =;0#0 941#= 4954#5 644#1 581#5 49=#; 9;#4 25#9

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ILK kbyied}hfy `}ln bckvy{}bdj ylv}ify edpf fuebmb{fk d ybhcb`bidc{ }fkvi{blc

mfidvyf l` f``fi{bpf qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{# Elxfpf}* }fybkfc{bdj ILK kbyied}hfy

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dck }fybkfc{bdj ylv}ify d}f yelxc bc @bhv}f 4.6# Dy Iebcd gffqy vq {ef qdif l`

fcf}hr ilcyf}pd{blc dck qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ f``l}{ dck {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` v}mdc

yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ dibjb{bfy diifjf}d{fy kv}bch {ef 44{e @RQ* {ef ilc{}bmv{blc l` v}mdc

}fybkfc{bdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ bc {ef }fkvi{blc l` }fybkfc{bdj ILK xbjj h}lx# Mr =115*

{ef}f d}f 4*6=4 lqf}d{blcdj v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y l} dc bci}fdyf l` 84=

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ilvc{}r dy d xeljf# Nl}f {edc 4*911 {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y d}f bcy{djjfk xb{e {ef lcjbcf

nlcb{l}bch yry{fn#

ILK掝攳里

1

411

=11

911

;11

611011

811

511

211

4111

=111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110 =118 =115

幻仾

I L K 掝攳里 % 丈吥＂

左丟ILK 甜洷ILK

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qljjv{blc by mfbch }filhcbzfk#



0

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q}l{fi{blc mr bci}fdybch fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc bcpfy{nfc{y# Bc =118* {ef }fjfpdc{

dhfcibfy vckf} {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj fy{dmjbyefk yfpf}dj yqfibdj `vcky* yvie dy {ef

v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ bc`}dy{}vi{v}f yvqql}{bch yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g `vck* gfr

xd{f}yefky qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `vck* ifc{}dj yqfibdj `vck `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc

dck {ef yqfibdj `vck `l} dmd{fnfc{ l` ndol} qljjv{dc{y# Bc =115* {ef bcpfy{nfc{ lc

fcpb}lcnfc{dj qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dnlvc{fk {l ICR ;;#2 mbjjblc* diilvc{bch `l} 4#;2&l` {ef HKQ# L` {ef {l{dj bcpfy{nfc{* bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{

diilvc{fk `l} ICR 42#0 mbjjblc* l} 96#6& l` {ef {l{dj bcpfy{nfc{ l` ICR 66#= mbjjblc

lc bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# Yelxc bc [dmjf 4.6 d}f {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj qljjv{blc

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=111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110 =118 =115

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=0#11 99#0; 95#28 99#96 ;0#16 0;#14 80#8= 490#8; =4;#08

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8

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5

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2

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NFQ }ftvb}fy {ed{ dcr q}lqlyfk q}lofi{ xbjj cl{ mf dqq}lpfk b` b{ kbyied}hfy efdpr

nf{djy dck qf}yby{fc{ l}hdcbi qljjv{dc{y %QLQy" bc{l d gfr jdgf l} cb{}lhfc dck

qelyqel}vy bc{l d ijlyfk l} yfnb.ijlyfk xd{f} mlkr# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj

}ftvb}fnfc{y `l} b}lc dck y{ffj* b}lc djjlr* ilgbch* idjibvn id}mbkf* ilqqf} }f`bcf}r

dck dv{lnlmbjf bckvy{}bfy xbjj mf y{}fch{efcfk yvie {ed{ dcr q}lqlyfk q}lofi{ xbjj

mf }fofi{fk b` b{ klfy cl{ ilc`b}n {l {ef cd{blcdj bckvy{}bdj qljbir dck fcpb}lcnfc{djq}l{fi{blc }ftvb}fnfc{y# Ilckb{blcdj dqq}lpdj xbjj mf hbpfc {l d q}lqlyfk q}lofi{ b`

{ef }fhblc l} q}lqlybch fc{f}q}byf edy dcr l` {ef `ljjlxbch q}lmjfny? b" cl{ nff{bch

{ef q}fyi}bmfk kbyied}hf {d}hf{y7 bb" cl{ nff{bch fuiffkfk {ef {l{dj qljjv{dc{

kbyied}hfy ilc{}lj jbnb{y7 bbb" edpbch ydjbfc{ fcpb}lcnfc{dj pbljd{blcy7 bp" y{d{f.jfpfj

nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy pbljd{bch dnmbfc{ xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}ky7 p" cl{ ilnqjf{bch {ef

{d}hf{ l` fjbnbcd{bch q}lkvi{blc idqdib{bfy xb{e lv{kd{fk {fiecljlhbfy# Bc {ef

nfdc{bnf* cfxjr ilcy{}vi{fk q}lofi{y {ed{ kl cl{ ilnqjr xb{e ‚{e}ff

ybnvj{dcflvycfyyfy„ xbjj mf yev{ klxc# Y{}d{fhbi FBD by }ftvb}fk `l} qjdcy lc

filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{* v}mdc dck }v}dj kfpfjlqnfc{* }fylv}if kfpfjlqnfc{*

{lv}byn kfpfjlqnfc{* ivj{bpd{blc dck m}ffkbch* dck cdpbhd{blcdj kfpfjlqnfc{#

Y{}fch{efcbch Bckvy{}bdj Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj

Lcf l` {ef qljbir nfdyv}fy by {l fc`l}if xd{f} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky dck

{l{dj qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy ilc{}lj dck {l fuqdck {ef vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf

qf}nb{y# Ybcif =115* djj fc{f}q}byfy edpf mffc }ftvb}fk {l qlyyfyy d pdjbk qljjv{dc{

kbyied}hf qf}nb{# [elyf xb{elv{ d qf}nb{ xbjj cl{ mf djjlxfk {l lqf}d{f# L{ef}y

fuiffkbch {ef qf}nb{{fk kbyied}hfy xbjj mf l}kf} {l yvyqfck l} ifdyf lqf}d{blc# [ef



41

q}bl}b{r by {l y{}fch{efc yvqf}pbyblc l` {ef gfr fc{f}q}byfy* xel diilvc{ `l} 06& l`

{ef ILK l` {ef bckvy{}bdj yfi{l}* `l} nff{bch {ef kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky dck `l}

}fkvibch {efb} kbyied}hfy# Yndjj.yidjf qvjq dck qdqf}* m}fxf}r* iefnbidj* {fu{bjf

dck krbch di{l}bfy %cbigcdnfy ‚`bpf yndjj‒y„" edpf mffc qedyfk lv{ l} ijlyfk klxc#

Fc{f}q}byfy {ed{ idccl{ nff{ {ef kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky l` {ef q}fyi}bmfk gfr

qljjv{dc{y xb{ebc d yqfib`bfk qf}blk d}f l}kf}fk {l ifdyf lqf}d{blc `l} bnnfkbd{f}fi{b`bid{blc#

Fc{f}q}byfy d}f }ftvb}fk {l dklq{ nfdyv}fy {l ilcyf}pf* }firijf dck }fvyf xd{f}#

[e}fyeljky l` xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf pljvnfy `l} ebhe.xd{f}.ilcyvnbch fc{f}q}byfy

d}f }fjfdyfk# Qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ dck {fiecljlhbidj {}dcy`l}nd{blc by q}lnl{fk `l}

qvjq dck qdqf}* m}fxbch* iefnbidj* {fu{bjf dck krbch bckvy{}bfy# Xdy{fxd{f} }fvyf

dck }firijbch by fcilv}dhfk `l} b}lc dck y{ffj* qlxf}* iefnbidj dck ildj bckvy{}bfy#

Y{}bchfc{ nlcb{l}bch l` {ef tvdc{b{r dck tvdjb{r l` bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} {ed{ by

kbyied}hfk bc{l v}mdc xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y by id}}bfk lv{* bc l}kf} {l fcyv}f

{ed{ q}lqf} lqf}d{blc l` {ef v}mdc xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y# Bcyqfi{blcy d}f

ilckvi{fk l` iefnbidj fc{f}q}byfy jlid{fk djlch xd{f}xdry `l} kbyied}hfy l` {lubi

dck edzd}klvy xdy{fy# [ef nlcb{l}bch kd{d d}f qvmjbyefk lc d }fhvjd} mdyby* xb{e

{ef dbn {l yvqf}pbyf {ef lqf}d{blc l` {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy* q}fpfc{

qljjv{blc diibkfc{y dck bnq}lpf fnf}hfcir q}fqd}fkcfyy dck }fyqlcyf#

Yqffkbch Vq Ilcy{}vi{blc l` V}mdc Xdy{fxd{f} [}fd{nfc{ Qjdc{y

Diil}kbch {l d ndckd{l}r {d}hf{ l` {ef 44 {e @RQ `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc* djj

ib{bfy d}f }ftvb}fk {l edpf lqf}d{blcdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y mr =141 xb{e d

nbcbnvn }d{f l` 81& `l} ifc{}djbzfk yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{# Mr {efc* {ef {l{dj yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r `l} {ef ilvc{}r dy d xeljf xbjj }fdie 411 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr#

Yvqf}pbyblc l` v}mdc xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y edy mffc y{}fch{efcfk {l fcyv}f{ed{ {efb} kbyied}hfy xbjj nff{ {ef dqqjbidmjf y{dckd}ky# Yjvkhf `}ln yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y by }ftvb}fk {l mf q}lqf}jr kbyqlyfk bc ifc{}djjr qjdccfk `dibjb{bfy*

bcijvkbch {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` y{dmbjbzd{blc dck kf{lubid{blc nfdyv}fy# Xd{f}.yel}{

ib{bfy d}f l}kf}fk {l diebfpf d nbcbnvn l` =1& `l} xd{f} }fvyf dck }firijbch# Djj

ib{bfy xb{ebc d xd{f}yefk xbjj mfhbc {ef iljjfi{blc l` xdy{fxd{f} {d}b``y b` {efr edpf cl{

klcf yl#

Djj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y d}f }ftvb}fk {l edpf `dibjb{bfy {l }fnlpf cb{}lhfc dck

qelyqel}vy# Djj lqf}d{blcdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y bc {ef [db Jdgf mdybc xf}f

l}kf}fk {l }f{}l`b{ cb{}lhfc dck qelyqel}vy }fnlpdj mr {ef fck l` Ovcf =115# [ef

kfdkjbcf `l} yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y bc l{ef} xd{f}yefky by yf{ `l} {ef fck l` =141#

Ilc{}ljjbch ]v}dj Yfxdhf dck Clc.Qlbc{ Ylv}if Qljjv{blc

L}hdcbi dck h}ffc dh}bivj{v}f xbjj mf q}lnl{fk* djlch xb{e mdjdcifk `f}{bjbzf}

dqqjbid{blc dck bc{fh}d{fk qfy{ ndcdhfnfc{* {l }fkvif {ef vyf l` iefnbidj

`f}{bjbzf}y dck qfy{bibkfy# D}fdy d}f kfjbcfd{fk `l} mdccbch jbpfy{lig dck qlvj{}r

m}ffkbch# Jbpfy{lig dck qlvj{}r `d}ny {ed{ idccl{ nff{ {ef kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky



44

xb{ebc d yqfib`bfk {bnf`}dnf xbjj mf ijlyfk# Djj v}mdc ifc{f}y dck ilcifc{}d{fk }v}dj

yf{{jfnfc{y xf}f }ftvb}fk {l qv{ bc qjdif yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy mr {ef fck l`

Ovcf =115#

Fcyv}bch Yd`f{r l` K}bcgbch Xd{f}

[ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj ilckb{blcy l` {ef xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xbjj mf bcpfy{bhd{fk#K}bcgbch xd{f} yd`f{r qjdcy dck ndcdhfnfc{ hvbkfjbcfy dy xfjj dy fcpb}lcnfc{dj

q}l{fi{blc qjdcy l} k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xbjj mf q}fqd}fk# Ylbj f}lyblc*

xd{f} }fylv}if }fy{l}d{blc dck clc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc ilc{}lj xbjj mf

y{}fch{efcfk# Ilcy{}vi{blc l` fc{f}q}byfy idvybch efdpr xd{f} qljjv{blc* bcijvkbch

iefnbidj* qvjq dck qdqf} dck krbch* xbjj mf q}lebmb{fk bc k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr

ylv}if d}fdy# Xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf lv{jf{y bc{l k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if xb{e

ijdyy lcf q}l{fi{blc xbjj mf fjbnbcd{fk# D kfdkjbcf xbjj mf hbpfc {l {ef ijlyv}f l`

q}lofi{y cfxjr mvbj{ l} fuqdckfk xb{ebc k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xb{e ijdyy

{xl q}l{fi{blc ybcif =111# Cl ql}{y {ed{ jldk dck vcjldk {lubi dck edzd}klvy

yvmy{dcify xbjj mf djjlxfk xb{ebc k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xb{e ijdyy {xl

q}l{fi{blc# K}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr yd`fhvd}k dck fnf}hfcir }fyqlcyf yry{fn dck

bc{f}dhfcir ill}kbcd{blc nfiedcbyn xbjj mf fy{dmjbyefk* djlch xb{e bci}fdybch {ef

`}ftvfcir l` nlcb{l}bch# H}lvckxd{f} qljjv{blc yv}pfr xbjj mf id}}bfk lv{7

h}lvckxd{f} q}l{fi{blc qjdc b` vyfk dy k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if xbjj mf

`l}nvjd{fk# D{{fc{blc xbjj mf qdbk {l {ef }fyfd}ie dck q}fpfc{blc l` xd{f} qljjv{blc mr

qf}yby{fc{ l}hdcbi qljjv{dc{y %QLQy"#

M" Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj l} Gfr Xd{f}yefky

Kv}bch {ef 44{e @RQ* qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `l} gfr xd{f}yefky edy q}lh}fyyfk y{fdkbjr#

Xb{e {ef dqq}lpdj mr {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj* {ef 44{e

@RQy `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc `l} ‚{e}ff}bpf}y„* ‚{e}ff jdgfy„* Ylchevd* [e}ff Hl}hfy ]fyf}plb} lc {ef Rdch{zf dck b{y

vqqf} }fdiefy* dck Ubljdchkb ]fyf}plb} lc {ef Rfjjlx ]bpf} dck b{y vqqf} }fdiefy

d}f vckf} di{bpf bnqjfnfc{d{blc# Jdck ijfd}bch `l} {ef [e}ff Hl}hfy ]fyf}plb} d}fd

xdy ilnqjf{fk `l} ndbc{dbcbch {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef ndbcy{}fdn Rdch{zf bc {bnf

`l} }fdiebch {ef 460.n y{l}dhf jfpfj#

Bc Odcvd}r =115* {ef {efc Y{d{f Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Dknbcby{}d{blc %YFQD"

dck Cd{blcdj Kfpfjlqnfc{ dck ]f`l}n Ilnnbyyblc %CK]I" olbc{jr byyvfk {ef

‚Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj Qjdc `l} [e}ff Hl}hfy ]fyf}plb} dck B{y Vqqf} ]fdiefy„

%]fpbyfk"„# Bc Dq}bj =115* NFQ* CK]I* NX] dck NEV]K olbc{jr }fjfdyfk {ef

‚Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj Qjdc `l} Evdb* Edb* Jbdl* Iedl Jdgf* Kbdcieb Jdgf dck

Vqqf} dck Nbkkjf Rfjjlx %=110.=141"„# NFQ* {lhf{ef} xb{e CK]I* `l}nvjd{fk {ef

‚Ndy{f} Qjdc `l} Ilnq}fefcybpf ]fedmbjb{d{blc l` [db Jdgf Mdybc„* xebie xdy

dqq}lpfk mr {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj bc Ndr =115#

I" Yqfibdj Idnqdbhc `l} Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj



4=

Ybcif Ovjr =115* d cfx }lvck l` ‚fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc y{l}n„ xdy bcb{bd{fk# B{

edy bcpljpfk {ef olbc{ di{blc l` fbhe{ ifc{}dj dhfcibfy* bcijvkbch {ef NFQ* CK]I*

Nbcby{}r l` Yvqf}pbyblc* Nbcby{}r l` Ovy{bif* NEV]K* Y{d{f Dknbcby{}d{blc `l}

Bckvy{}r dck Ilnnf}if %YDBI"* Y{d{f Dknbcby{}d{blc l` Xl}g Yd`f{r %YDXY" dck

Y{d{f Fjfi{}bib{r ]fhvjd{l}r Mv}fdv %YF]M"#

[ef fbhe{ nbcby{}bfy byyvfk d olbc{ dcclvcifnfc{ lc ‚fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc

idnqdbhc {l kffqfc pbljd{bch fc{f}q}byfy dck q}l{fi{ qvmjbi efdj{e„# [ef q}bl}b{r by {l

}fi{b`r qljjv{blc {l {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}ify {l fcyv}f {ef

tvdjb{r l` djj k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}ify nff{bch dqqjbidmjf y{dckd}ky# Bcyqfi{blc

xdy id}}bfk lv{ `l} 449 gfr ib{bfy `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc# [ef jlch.{f}n

pbljd{bch qvjq dck qdqf} fc{f}q}byfy xbjj mf ijlyfk klxc qf}ndcfc{jr# Lv{kd{fk

{fiecljlhbfy dck ftvbqnfc{ xbjj mf qedyfk lv{ dck kfy{}lrfk {l q}fpfc{ qljjv{blc

nbh}d{blc# Dc v}mdc XX[Q {ed{ idccl{ }fdie 01& l` b{y kfybhc idqdib{r nl}f {edc

lcf rfd} d`{f} ilnqjf{blc xbjj mf hbpfc d q}lmd{blcd}r {l }fi{b`r# Kv}bch {ef

q}lmd{blcd}r qf}blk* dqq}lpdj l` FBDy xbjj mf yvyqfckfk `l} {ef q}lofi{ }fhblc#

4#9 Q}fyyv}fy dck [}fcky l` Iebcd‒y Xd{f} Fcpb}lcnfc{

4#9#4 Xd{f} Fcpb}lcnfc{ Y{bjj @dibch Ydjbfc{ Iedjjfchfy

D" H}lxbch Clc.Qlbc{.Ylv}if Qljjv{blc

[ef y{}vi{v}f l` xd{f} qljjv{blc jldkbchy bc Iebcd by iedchbch* xb{e bci}fdybch

qf}ifc{dhf yed}fy l` }fybkfc{bdj dck clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify# @l} ylnf xd{f} mlkbfy*

clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify edpf }fqjdifk qlbc{ ylv}ify {l mfilnf {ef ndol} {e}fd{ {l xd{f}

tvdjb{r# [ef q}fyfc{ xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy d}f {d}hf{fkq}bnd}bjr d{ qlbc{ ylv}ify# [ef hlpf}cnfc{ edy cl{ bcil}ql}d{fk clc.qlbc{.ylv}if

qljjv{blc bc{l b{y xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qjdc# [ef jdig l` jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy edy {l

d jd}hf fu{fc{ kbyilvc{fk {ef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj f``l}{y#

[ef diifjf}d{fk v}mdcbzd{blc edy }fyvj{fk bc d }dqbk bci}fdyf bc {ef kbyied}hfy dck

qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy l` v}mdc yfxdhf# @l} ylnf jd}hf.ybzf dck nfhd.ybzf ib{bfy*

yfxdhf edy mfilnf d ndol} iedjjfchf {l xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# [ef ilcy{}vi{blc

dck lqf}d{blc l` v}mdc yfxdhf iljjfi{blc dck {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy idccl{ gffq qdif

xb{e {ef }dqbk h}lx{e l` yfxdhf pljvnf# [eby edy idvyfk {ef kbyied}hf l` vc{}fd{fk

yfxdhf dck bci}fdybch ilc{}bmv{blc {l qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy# Bc dkkb{blc {l v}mdc

yfxdhf* }v}dj yfxdhf edy djyl mfilnf dcl{ef} h}lxbch ylv}if l` xd{f} qljjv{blc#

Kvf {l jdig l` ndcdhfnfc{ dck }fy{}bi{blcy* }v}dj yfxdhf dck hd}mdhf d}f kbyqlyfk

l` d{ xbjj* idvybch bci}fdybch kfh}dkd{blc l` xd{f} tvdjb{r l` y{}fdny* }bpf}y dck

h}lvckxd{f} bc }v}dj d}fdy dck qlybch d }byg l` fqbkfnbi kbyfdyfy# Bc hfcf}dj* {ef

yb{vd{blc by xl}yf bc ylv{ef}c {edc cl}{ef}c Q]I#

Dmlv{ 56& l` Iebcd‒y jdgfy yv``f} `}ln yf}blvy fv{}b`bid{blc# Clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify



49

diilvc{ `l} nl}f {edc 61& l` {ef qljjv{blc jldkbchy `l} jdgfy bc fdy{f}c Q]I# Dmlv{

01& l` {ef iefnbidj `f}{bjbzf}y dck qfy{bibkfy hl {l ylbjy dck xd{f} mlkbfy dy

qljjv{dc{y* mfidvyf l` lpf}vyf dck,l} nbyvyf* }fyvj{bch bc {ef diivnvjd{blc l`

cb{}lhfc dck qelyqel}vy bc xd{f} mlkbfy dck efcif fv{}l`bid{blc# Nl}flpf}*

xbkfyq}fdk vyf l` yv}`di{dc{.mdyfk kf{f}hfc{y edy djyl ilc{}bmv{fk {l {ef

fyidjd{blc l` {ef ilpf}dhf dck ndhcb{vkf l` clc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc# [eby {rqf l` qljjv{blc by fuqfi{fk {l xl}yfc bc {ef `l}fyffdmjf `v{v}f# Kvf {l jbnb{d{blcy l` {ef

q}fyfc{ fcpb}lcnfc{dj y{d{by{bidj yry{fn* dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{.ylv}if kbyied}hfy

edpf cl{ mffc bcijvkfk bc {ef cd{blcdj xd{f} qljjv{blc y{d{by{biy#

M" CE9.C* [C dck [Q Qljjv{blc

Dj{elvhe ILK by d ndol} bckbid{l} l} l}hdcbi qljjv{blc* {ef Ijdyy P. xd{f} tvdjb{r l}

ndcr l` {ef nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy by d{{}bmv{dmjf `d} nl}f l`{fc {l CE 9.C* [C dck

iljb`l}n {edc ILK# [eby qlbc{y {l {ef cffk `l} {fiecljlhbfy dck `bcdcibch {l ilc{}lj

l{ef} ndol} qljjv{dc{y# [C dck [Q d}f ndol} bckbid{l}y `l} cv{}bfc{.}fjd{fk qljjv{blc#

Bc =115* {ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blc l` [C l} xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy di}lyy

{ef ilvc{}r }fdiefk 9#;; nh,j xebie by 48=& l` {ef Ijdyy P y{dckd}k `l} jdgfy7 {ef

cvnmf} l` nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy xb{e Ijdyy P xd{f} tvdjb{r `l} jdgfy l} xl}yf

diilvc{fk `l} 66#=&# [ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blc l` [Q xdy 1#42 nh,j l} Ijdyy BBB

y{dckd}k `l} }bpf}y %ftvbpdjfc{ {l Ijdyy P jdgf xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}k"* xb{e {ef

cvnmf} l` nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy fuiffkbch Ijdyy P jdgf xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}k

diilvc{bch `l} =2&# CE9.C qljjv{blc by qd}{bivjd}jr q}lclvcifk `l} }bpf}y# [ef

dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blc l` CE9.C }fdiefk 4#2 nh,j xebie by ftvbpdjfc{ {l Ijdyy P#

[ef cvnmf} l` nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy xb{e Ijdyy P. xd{f} tvdjb{r diilvc{fk `l} 42#=&#

Bc dkkb{blc* efdpr nf{dj dck QLQ qljjv{blc by yf}blvy `l} ylnf xd{f}yefky dck}fhblcy# D}yfcbi %Dy"* nf}iv}r %Eh" dck idknbvn %Ik" qljjv{blc edy edk d jlch

fuby{fcif bc {ef Ubdchobdch ]bpf}# Id}ibclhfcbi* {f}d{lhfcbi dck nv{dhfcbi l}hdcbi

qljjv{dc{y edpf mffc kf{fi{fk bc {ef h}lvckxd{f} bc Mfbobch.[bdcobc d}fd* Rdch{zf

]bpf} kfj{d dck Qfd}j ]bpf} kfj{d# [ef kf{fi{blc }d{fy `l} qfy{bibkfy* edjl

erk}lid}mlcy dck nlclirijbi d}lnd{biy }dchfk `}ln 41& {l =1&* dck fpfc 91& {l

;1& `l} ylnf }fhblcy# @l} {ef ljk bckvy{}bdj mdyf l` cl}{e.fdy{f}c Iebcd* qljjv{blc

`}ln ‚`bpf {lubcy„ %pljd{bjf qelcfj* irdcbkf* d}yfcbi* nf}iv}r dck efudpdjfc{

ie}lnbvn" dck l}hdcbi qljjv{blc d}f ydjbfc{#

I" Q}lmjfny xb{e Xdy{fxd{f} [}fd{nfc{ Qjdc{y

[ef y{d{vy l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ pd}bfy xbkfjr dnlchy{ kb``f}fc{ }fhblcy dck

mf{xffc v}mdc dck }v}dj d}fdy# Ybcif {ef y{d}{ l` {ef 44 {e @RQ* hlpf}cnfc{y d{

pd}blvy jfpfjy edpf qdbk h}fd{ d{{fc{blc {l {ef }fkvi{blc l` ILK kbyied}hfy# Ndcr

yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y edpf mffc mvbj{# Diil}kbch {l {ef cd{blcdj 44{e @RQ `l}

fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc* {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f `l} djj ib{bfy yelvjk }fdie 81&

mr =141 %{ef ndckd{l}r {d}hf{ by 51& `l} q}lpbcibdj idqb{dj ib{bfy7 01& `l}



4;

q}f`fi{v}f.jfpfj ib{bfy dck 01& `l} ilvc{r.jfpfj ib{bfy"# [ef {d}hf{ `l} yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ `l} ilvc{r yfd{y by 91&# [ef {d}hf{ `l} {ef {l{dj idqdib{r `l} v}mdc yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ `l} d ilvc{}r dy d xeljf by 411 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# [ef lqf}d{bch idqdib{r `l}

dc v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{ by }ftvb}fk {l }fdie d{ jfdy{ 01& l` {ef kfybhc

idqdib{r xb{ebc {ef `b}y{ rfd} l` lqf}d{blc dck d{ jfdy{ 86& xb{ebc `b}y{ {e}ff rfd}y l`

lqf}d{blc#

Mr {ef b}y{ edj` l` =115* {ef}f xf}f 9=8 lqf}d{bch yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y l} {ef 94

q}lpbcibdj idqb{dj ib{bfy di}lyy {ef ilvc{}r xb{e d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 94#1 nbjjblc

{lcy,kdr dck {ef {l{dj lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r l` =;#4 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr 2 l} =2& l`

{ef 94 ib{bfy }fdiefk {ef q}fyi}bmfk {}fd{nfc{ }d{f l` 51&# [ef}f xf}f 09= yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y `l} 999 q}f`fi{v}f.jfpfj ib{bfy xb{e d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 96#9

nbjjblc {lcy,kdr dck d {l{dj di{vdj lqf}d{bch idqdib{r l` =;#9 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr

411 l} 91& l` {ef ib{bfy nf{ {ef {d}hf{ {}fd{nfc{ }d{f l` 01&# [ef 941 yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y `l} 902 ilvc{r.jfpfj ib{bfy edy d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 2#4 nbjjblc

{lcy,kdr dck {ef {l{dj di{vdj lqf}d{bch idqdib{r l` 0#; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr 4=4 l}

99& l` {ef ib{bfy diebfpfk {ef {d}hf{ }d{f l` 61&# [ef 989 yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y

`l} 4*096 ilvc{r.yfd{ {lxcy edk d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 0#= nbjjblc {lcy,kdr dck

{ef {l{dj di{vdj lqf}d{bch idqdib{r l` 9#8 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr jfyy {edc lcf tvd}{f}

l` {ef ilvc{r.yfd{ {lxcy edk lqf}d{blcdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y* dck dmlv{ 4*=01

l` {efn edk cl{ yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{r d{ djj# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc @bhv}f 4.5

dck @bhv}f 4.2# Bc =118* {ef v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f y{drfk d{ dmlpf 81& `l}

Mfbobch* [bdcobc* Yedchedb dck Yedcklch* xef}fdy jfyy {edc =1& `l} Hvdchub# Objbc*

Obdchub* Evcdc* Hvbzelv dck Tbchedb q}lpbcify edk {ef v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{

}d{f d{ mfjlx 91&# Dy idc mf yffc `}ln {ef dmlpf y{d{by{biy* {ef jlxf} {ef

dknbcby{}d{bpf jfpfj* {ef jlxf} {ef cvnmf} l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y* kfybhc

{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r dck lqf}d{bch idqdib{r# [ef}f`l}f {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxdhf{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y dck }fjd{fk yfxf}dhf cf{xl}gy dck bnq}lpbch {efb} di{vdj

lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r yelvjk mf diil}kfk q}bl}b{r `l} {ef cfu{ qedyf l` xd{f} qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj#



46

@bhv}f 4.0? Di{vdj Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ ]d{fy mr Q}lpbcif bc =118

@bhv}f 4.8? Cvnmf} l` V}mdc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Qjdc{y d{ Kb``f}fc{

Dknbcby{}d{bpf Jfpfjy mr @b}y{ Edj` l` =115



40

@bhv}f 4.2? Di{vdj V}mdc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ ]d{f d{ Kb``f}fc{ Dknbcby{}d{bpf

Jfpfjy mr @b}y{ Edj` l` =115

Dj{elvhe {ef {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r edy xb{cfyyfk }dqbk h}lx{e* {ef lqf}d{blcdj }d{f

edy cl{ yelxc nvie bnq}lpfnfc{# Mf{xffc 4225 dck {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115* {ef

cvnmf} l` v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y h}fx `}ln =00 {l 4*0;=7 {ef kfybhc

{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r bci}fdyfk mr nl}f {edc 8 `ljk `}ln 44#; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr {l 54#0

nbjjblc {lcy,kdr7 dck {ef di{vdj lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r djyl bci}fdyfk mr nl}f {edc 8

`ljk `}ln 5#1 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr {l 65#5 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr %[dmjf 4.8 dck @bhv}f 4.5"#Mf{xffc 4225 dck {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115* {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{

qjdc{y edy yjlxfk klxc* xb{e lcjr =;6 mfbch mvbj{# Mv{ mf{xffc =116 dck {ef `b}y{

edj` l` =115* {ef cvnmf} ovnqfk {l 4*116 l} dc dpf}dhf l` =55 qf} rfd}* ndgbch {ef

kfybhc idqdib{r {l bci}fdyf mr 24#5& `}ln ;=#0 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr {l 54#0 nbjjblc

{lcy,kdr xebie xdy 45#; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr yel}{ l` {ef 44 {e @RQ {d}hf{ l` 411 nbjjblc

{lcy,kdr# B` {eby yqffk xlvjk ilc{bcvf* cl q}lmjfn by dc{bibqd{fk {l diebfpf {ef {d}hf{

xb{ebc {ef }fndbcbch {xl rfd}y l` {ef 44{e @RQ# Bc }fifc{ rfd}y* {ef di{vdj lqf}d{blcdj

idqdib{r edy kbyqjdrfk dc vqxd}k {}fck {l 84#0& mr {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115 dj{elvhe

xb{e ylnf `jvi{vd{blcy %[dmjf 4.8"#

[dmjf 4.8? Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Idqdib{r mf{xffc 4225 dck @b}y{ Edj` l` =115

Rfd} Cl# l` Qjdc{yKfybhc Idqdib{r%41*111 {lcy ,kdr"

Di{vdj Lqf}d{blcdjIdqdib{r

%41*111 {lcy ,kdr"

]d{bl l` Lqf}d{blcdjlpf} KfybhcIdqdib{r %&"

4225 =00 4490 51= 81#01

4222 =59 4424 52; 86#10

=111 946 4062 4=14 8=#92

=114 942 =1== 4;1; 02#;4

=11= ;45 =6;; 489; 05#46

=119 644 9=94 =4=9 06#8=



48

=11; 098 ;=66 =882 06#9=

=116 80; 6==1 96=0 08#66

=110 292 0981 ;;02 81#40

=118 4485 8=;9 69=1 89#;6

4y{ Edj l =115 40;= 5409 65;5 84#09

@bhv}f 4.2? Iedchfy bc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Idqdib{bfy mf{xffc 4220 dck

=115

Dcl{ef} ml{{jfcfig by {ef bcdkftvdir l` yfxdhf iljjfi{blc qbqfjbcfy dck cf{xl}gy#

Kv}bch {ef b}y{ edj` l` =118* dmlv{ 8 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr xdy dkkfk {l {ef v}mdc yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r* l` xebie dqq}lubnd{fjr ; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr xdy ilvqjfk xb{e `vjjr

ilccfi{fk yfxf}dhf cf{xl}gy# [dgf Kbdcieb Jdgf dy dc fudnqjf* {ef 44 {e @RQ edy

yf{ {ef {d}hf{ d{ 01& %k}r yfdylc" `l} v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{* mv{ `bfjk pbyb{y edpf

}fpfdjfk d kb``f}fc{ yb{vd{blc# Bc `di{* {ef yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g `l} Gvcnbch ib{r edy cl{

rf{ mffc mvbj{ yvie {ed{ yfxdhf `jlxy bc{l cfd}mr }bpf}y kb}fi{jr l} pbd y{l}n yfxf}y#

[ef `lv} ilnqjf{fk yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y {}fd{ xd{f} `}ln {ef }bpf}y# [ef `bhv}f

l` 01& by kf}bpfk mr kbpbkbch {ef {l{dj pljvnf l` hfcf}d{fk yfxdhf mr {ef

lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r l` {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y# [dgbch bc{l {ef kbjv{blc mr

cd{v}dj }vcl``* {ef di{vdj dpf}dhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f ndr lcjr mf dmlv{ 41&# [ef ndbc

idvyf `l} {eby yb{vd{blc by {ef fnqedyby lc {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxf}dhf {}fd{nfc{

qjdc{y mv{ cfhjfi{y {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` nd{iebch yfxf}dhf iljjfi{blc cf{xl}gy# Mr

{ef fck l` {ef 41{e @RQ* {ef bcpfy{nfc{ bc {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{qjdc{y fuiffkfk ICR 4 mbjjblc xef}fdy {ef bcpfy{nfc{ bc {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l`

yfxf}dhf cf{xl}gy dnlvc{fk {l lcjr ICR 4#6 mbjjblc* ilnqd}fk {l {ef bc{f}cd{blcdj

dpf}dhf l` 4?9 s 4?6# Dc dkkb{blcdj ;5*200 gn l` yfxf}dhf qbqfjbcfy xf}f cfxjr

ilcy{}vi{fk mr =115 ybcif =1167 {efr diilvc{fk `l} lcjr 91#4& l` {ef 44 {e @RQ

{d}hf{ l` 401*111 gn#

[ef }fvyf l` v}mdc yfxdhf bc {ef Q]I by y{bjj bc b{y bc`dcir* dck {ef q}lh}fyy edy



45

mffc yjlx# Dy idc mf yffc `}ln @bhv}f 4.41* {ef pljvnf l` v}mdc yfxdhf }fvyf

yelxfk dc vqxd}k {}fck mf{xffc =119 dck =110# [ef}f xdy d cl{dmjf h}lx{e l`

=11 nbjjblc {lcy bc =110 ilnqd}fk {l =116# Elxfpf}* {ef h}lx{e bc v}mdc yfxdhf

}fvyf d{ 6& qf} dccvn bc {ef qdy{ ; rfd}y xdy nvie yjlx ilnqd}fk {l {ed{ `l} {ef

h}lx{e bc v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r `l} {ef ydnf qf}blk# B` cl f``fi{bpf

qljbibfy d}f bc{}lkvifk* xd{f} }fylv}ify xbjj `dif nlvc{bch q}fyyv}f dy ml{e {efv}mdc qlqvjd{blc dck qf}.idqb{d xd{f} vyf bci}fdyf#

@bhv}f 4.41? V}mdc Yfxdhf ]fvyf mf{xffc =119 dck =110

L` {ef 94 q}lpbcify* Rvccdc* Ubcobdch* Yedcub* Jbdlcbch dck Mfbobch }dcg }ln b}y{ {l{ef `b`{e bc v}mdc yfxdhf }fvyf* xb{e d }fyqfi{bpf }d{f l` 9;#8&* =4#0&* 42#=&*

46#6& dck 4;#5&# Ielchtbch* @vobdc* _efobdch* Hvdchklch dck [bmf{ edpf d }d{f

l` zf}l#

K" Cffk `l} Jlch.[f}n F``fi{bpf Nfiedcbyn

[ef}f by dc v}hfc{ cffk `l} y{}fch{efcbch yfxdhf {d}b`` iljjfi{blc dck {ef yvqql}{

`}ln `bcdcibch bcy{b{v{blcy* dck `l} y{}fch{efcbch {ef }ljf l` bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc

dmd{fnfc{ dck y{}vi{v}dj nfdyv}fy `l} kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc# V}mdc yfxdhf {d}b``y

pd}r xbkfjr mf{xffc }fhblcy# Mr {ef fck l` =115* nly{ ib{bfy edk bc{}lkvifk yfxdhf

{d}b`` iljjfi{blc yry{fn# Mv{ d ilnnlc q}lmjfn by jlx {d}b`` dck jlx iljjfi{blc }d{f# Bc

=118* d {l{dj l` ICR 44 mbjjblc xdy iljjfi{fk bc 96 jd}hf ib{bfy* xb{e dc dpf}dhf {d}b``

}d{f l` ICR 1#88,n9# Nly{ l` {ef v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y lqf}d{f xb{e d jlx

q}l`b{ nd}hbc l} xb{e yvmybkbfy }ln {ef hlpf}cnfc{# [ef}f`l}f* {ef efdj{er lqf}d{blc

l` v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y }ftvb}fy jlxf}bch {ef lqf}d{bch ily{y lc {ef lcf

edck dck }dbybch {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` lc {ef l{ef} edck#



42

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%光 ,吥 "

@bhv}f 4.44? V}mdc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Ily{ bc =110 %Xb{e {ef cd{blcdj dpf}dhf

mfbch ICR 1#857 [bmf{ by cl{ yelxc dy b{ edy cl yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{"

B{ edy q}lpfc kb``bivj{ `l} yndjj dck nfkbvn fc{f}q}byfy %YNFy" {l yfiv}f `bcdcibch

`l} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# [ef yvqql}{ }ln `bcdcibch bcy{b{v{blcy {l {ef dmd{fnfc{ l` xd{f}

qljjv{dc{y by xfdg# YNFy d}f d ndol} ylv}if l` qljjv{blc `l} {ef xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{#

[efr diilvc{ `l} dqq}lubnd{fjr 61& l` {ef bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc jldkbchy# Rf{ YNFy

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xbjjbch {l jfck {l bckvy{}bdj fc{f}q}byfy* fyqfibdjjr YNFy* `l} {ef qv}qlyf l` qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj# Yfilck* fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc bckvy{}bdj fc{f}q}byfy cfb{ef} edpf hllk

yvqql}{ `}ln {ef idqb{dj nd}gf{ cl} mr q}f`f}fc{bdj qljbibfy `l} jby{bch bc {ef y{lig

nd}gf{# Diil}kbch {l {ef qljjv{f}y‒ qdr q}bcibqjf* fc{f}q}byfy yelvjk yelvjkf} {ef

ily{ l` qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{# Mv{ bc }fdjb{r* jdig l` `bcdcibch by d ndol} ilcy{}dbc{ `l} {ef YNFy# [ef yel}{dhf l` `vcky ndgfy b{ kb``bivj{ `l} YNFy {l qv{ bc qjdif l}

q}lqf}jr lqf}d{f qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dibjb{bfy# Hbpfc {ed{ YNFy qjdr dc bnql}{dc{ }ljf bc

yliblfilclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{ dck bc fnqjlrnfc{ i}fd{blc* b{ by cl{ tvb{f `fdybmjf {l

ybnqjr yev{ {efn klxc `l} {ef ydgf l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc# [ef}f`l}f* b{ by

cfifyyd}r {l fuqjl}f `bcdcibch nfiedcbyny `l} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `l} YNFy#

[ef ql{fc{bdj l` bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ dck y{}vi{v}dj }fkvi{blc l` kbyied}hfy

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{}fd{nfc{ dck bckvy{}bdj dmd{fnfc{"* kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc {e}lvhe y{}vi{v}dj

dkovy{nfc{ dck kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc {e}lvhe y{}fch{efcfk yvqf}pbyblc d}f

ilcybkf}fk {e}ff ndol} bcy{}vnfc{y# D{ q}fyfc{* kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc {e}lvhe

yvqf}pbyblc by y{bjj tvb{f xfdg# [ef}f`l}f {ef l{ef} {xl bcy{}vnfc{y edpf mfilnf

q}bnd}r nfdcy {l ilc{}lj qljjv{blc# [ef ILK }fkvi{blcy `l} {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115

xf}f diebfpfk {e}lvhe yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{* bckvy{}bdj dmd{fnfc{ dck y{}vi{v}dj

dkovy{nfc{# L` {efyf* yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ diilvc{fk `l} 60#81& l` {ef {l{dj ILK

}fkvi{blcy* bckvy{}bdj dmd{fnfc{ =6#;1& dck y{}vi{v}dj dkovy{nfc{ 48#51&# [ef

ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y by {ef}f`l}f {ef q}bnd}r nfdcy l` diebfpbch



=1

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yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y cd}}lxy {ef yvqqjr dck kfndck hdq* y{}vi{v}dj dkovy{nfc{

dck yvqf}pbyblc xbjj mfilnf nl}f dck nl}f bnql}{dc{#

@bhv}f 4.4=? Ilc{}bmv{blcy l` Kb``f}fc{ Qljjv{blc ]fkvi{blc Bcy{}vnfc{y l}

@b}y{ Edj` l` =115

4#9#= @v{v}f Q}fyyv}fy lc Xd{f} Fcpb}lcnfc{

D" @dy{ Filclnbi H}lx{e dck Qlqvjd{blc Fuqdcyblc

[ef `dy{ filclnbi h}lx{e dck d jd}hf qlqvjd{blc mdyf* djlch xb{e bnq}lpfk

y{dckd}ky l` jbpbch dck fyidjd{bch ilcyvnq{blc jfpfj* d}f {ef ndol} k}bpbch `l}ify `l}

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4& bci}fdyf bc HKQ xbjj {}bhhf} dc bci}fdyf l` 1#=0& bc {ef pljvnf l` xdy{fxd{f}

kbyied}hf* dck {ed{ d 41& h}lx{e bc bckvy{}bdj lv{qv{ pdjvf xbjj jfdk {l dc bci}fdyf l`

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bcijvkf YL=* CLu* nf}iv}r dck LKY#

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mr 98&# [ef }fkvi{blc l` db} fnbyyblcy }fyvj{fk bc d kfijbcf l` yvjqed{f q}fibqb{d{blc

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{}dkbch* qlbc{ ylv}if dck clc.qlbc{.ylv}if {}dkbch dck clc.qlbc{ ylv}if dck

clc.qlbc{ ylv}if {}dkbch# [efyf idyfy d}f jlid{fk bc {ef ildy{dj dck H}fd{ Jdgf

d}fdy# Bc {ef fdy{f}c ildy{* xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch bcpljpfy dnnlcbd i}fkb{ {}dkbch%Ilccfi{biv{"* yfxdhf q}f.{}fd{nfc{ q}lh}dn l` {ef Qdyydbi Ilvc{r Mdybc

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mf `lvck bc Dqqfckbu =#

[efyf xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch idyfy edpf bcpljpfk 4= qd}dnf{f}y# [ef qlbc{ ylv}ify

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`l} ndcr l` {ef q}lh}dny by y{bjj jbnb{fk7 dck {ef nd}gf{ yidjf by yndjj# Nl}flpf}*



=8

nly{ l` {ef q}lh}dny edpf mffc bnqjfnfc{fk xb{e efdpr hlpf}cnfc{ q}lnl{blc*

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hlpf}cnfc{ bc diebfpbch fcpb}lcnfc{dj lmofi{bpfy#

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tvdjb{r {}dkbch#

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tvdjb{r {}dkbch qljbir xebie fcilv}dhfy {ef xbkf vyf l` xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch*

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kfpfjlqnfc{ dck bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch#

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bcb{bdj `vckbch `l} xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch#

%6" Ndcr l` {ef y{d{f fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dhfcibfy bc {ef VY d}f djyl pf}r

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q}lijdbnfk l} d}f ilc{fnqjd{bch xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch hvbkfjbcfy l} qljbibfy#

D }fhblcdj xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch hvbkfjbcf djyl fuby{y7 {ef hvbkfjbcf xdy vyfk



=5

bc {ef =114 {}dcy.y{d{f Iefydqfdgf Mdr Q}lh}dn# [efyf hvbkfjbcfy hvbkfk

{ef xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch dnlch {ef Iefydqfdgf Mdr y{d{fy %f#h#* Pb}hbcbd*

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VYFQD qljbir#

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=#=#4 Xd{f} Tvdjb{r [}dkbch bc L{ef} Ilvc{}bfy

D" Idcdkd

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91

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bc Iebcd[rqf l` Filclnbi

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Fcpb}lcnfc{djq}l{fi{blc

4282 Cd{blc.xbkf

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425; Cd{blc.xbkf

Qljjv{blc qf}nb{y{}dkbch


4258 ]fhblcy xef}f {l{djqljjv{dc{ dnlvc{ilc{}ljy d}fbnqjfnfc{fk

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Mdcgbch* fcpb}lcnfc{djq}l{fi{blc

4258 Kdjbdc* Yefcrdch

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V}mdc }fybkfc{bdj yljbkxdy{f

V}mdc ilcy{}vi{blc*fcpb}lcnfc{djq}l{fi{blc

=11= Cd{blc.xbkf

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Qjdccbch*fcpb}lcnfc{djq}l{fi{blc* `bcdcif

=11= Vcgclxc

Qbjl{ q}lh}dny lc xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y qdbk vyfdck {}dkbch


=11= [db Jdgf mdybc

Cfx qljjv{blc kbyied}hf`ffy


=119 Cd{blc.xbkf



;8

Qbjl{ q}lh}dny lcfiljlhbidj dckfcpb}lcnfc{djilnqfcyd{blc


=115 Obdchyv

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qljbir bcy{}vnfc{y livyfk lc qly{.qljjv{blc ndcdhfnfc{# D`{f} =111* nd}gf{.mdyfk

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hlpf}cnfc{.jfk xd{f} qljjv{dc{ {}dkbch" d{{}di{fk h}lxbch d{{fc{blc# [eby

kfnlcy{}d{fy {ed{ Iebcd‒y }f`l}n {lxd}k d nd}gf{ filclnr edy fuqdckfk bc{l

fcpb}lcnfc{ dck cd{v}dj }fylv}ify ndcdhfnfc{# Yfilck* {ef vyf l` filclnbi

bcy{}vnfc{y by y{bjj dk eli* vcyry{fnd{bi# Bc di{vdj q}di{bif* {ef fuby{bch qljbibfy

y{}fyy qly{.qljjv{blc ndcdhfnfc{* }d{ef} {edc fu.dc{f dmd{fnfc{ dck xd{f}

fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc# [eb}k* xefc qd}{bibqd{bch bc {ef `l}nvjd{blc l`

fcpb}lcnfc{dj.filclnbi qljbibfy* if}{dbc dhfcibfy edpf qdbk nl}f d{{fc{blc {l {efb} lxc yfj`.bc{f}fy{y mv{ cfhjfi{fk {ef jbcgdhfy mf{xffc {ef }ljf l` ndi}lfilclnbi

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dck }fkvifk {ef f``fi{bpfcfyy l` qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc#

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[ef hfcf}dj qvmjbi bc Iebcd `l}fyffy {ef h}lxbch bnql}{dcif l`

fcpb}lcnfc{dj.filclnbi qljbibfy# Bc {ef nfdc{bnf* {efr d}f yvqql}{bpf l` {ef vyf l`

nd}gf{.mdyfk bcy{}vnfc{y `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj* mv{ edpf }fyf}pd{blcy dmlv{

lqql}{vcf {bnbch* lqf}dmbjb{r dck jdig l` yvqql}{bpf qljbibfy# [ef tvfy{blccdb}f

yv}pfry vckf} {eby y{vkr edpf yelxc {ed{ {ef hfcf}dj qvmjbi ilcybkf} kbyied}hf

jfpbfy {l mf {ef nly{ f``fi{bpf nfdcy l` qljjv{blc ilc{}lj* xb{e d yvqql}{bch }d{f l`

;9&# Dy idc mf yffc `}ln @bhv}f 9.=* {ef cfx nd}gf{.mdyfk bcy{}vnfc{y `l} xd{f}

4251 4256 4221 4226 =111 =116 =141

Qljjv{blc ilnqfcyd{blc* bcfy %4282"

Kb}fi{ bcpfy{nfc{ %425;"

Qljjv{blc jbdmbjb{r bcyv}dcif %4224"

V}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ ffy %422;"

Qdbk vyf l xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf dibjb{bfy %4229"

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Filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc qbjl{y %=115"

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64

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{ef hfcf}dj q}bcibqjf `l} yf{{bch {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `ff by ‚ily{ }filpf}r xb{e

cd}}lx nd}hbc l` q}l`b{„# Mv{ {ef}f by cl ijfd} kf`bcb{blc l` xed{ fjfnfc{y {ef

xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{ ily{ yelvjk ilcy{b{v{f# Dy ml{e {ef cvnmf} dck idqdib{r l` yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y bci}fdyf* {ef pljvnf l` yjvkhf h}lxy k}dy{bidjjr# B{ by vcijfd}

xef{ef} l} cl{ yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj ily{y yelvjk djyl mf dkkfk {l {ef

xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b``# Bc }fifc{ rfd}y* dy {ef cffk l} qelyqel}vy dck cb{}lhfc

}fnlpdj d}byfy* ndcr mbljlhbidj {}fd{nfc{ {fiecljlhbfy edpf mffc kfpfjlqfk# Dy bc

}fhd}k {l yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj* {ef cl}ndj kfybhc vyfy kfxd{f}bch dck

}fvyf# [efyf b{fny d}f vyvdjjr cl{ bcijvkfk bc {ef bcpfy{nfc{ dck lqf}d{bch ily{y#

[eby ndr idvyf {ef cfhjfi{ l` yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj* jfdkbch {l yfilckd}r

qljjv{blc# D ybhcb`bidc{ md}}bf} {l {ef yd`f {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj l` yjvkhf by ebhe

ily{# Diil}kbch {l d }fql}{ bc {ef Iebcd Fcpb}lcnfc{ Cfxy* {ef yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dckkbyqlydj ily{ }dchfy `}ln d jlx l` ICR 411 {l ICR 611 qf} {lc# Dyyvnbch 6 {l 5

{lcy l` yjvkhf xbjj mf q}lkvifk `}ln {}fd{bch 41*111 {lcy l` yfxdhf* {ef dkkb{blcdj

ily{ l` yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj xbjj {}dcyjd{f bc{l ICR 1#4 {l ICR 1#6 `l} fdie

{lc l` {}fd{fk yfxdhf# [ef}f`l}f {ef cfu{ y{fq by {l bcil}ql}d{f {ef ily{ l` yjvkhf

{}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj bc{l {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `ff#

D{ q}fyfc{* ndcr ib{bfy yv``f} `}ln jlx yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `ff dck jlx }d{bl l`

iljjfi{blc# Diil}kbch {l kd{d q}lpbkfk mr CK]I‒y q}bibch kfqd}{nfc{* {ef dpf}dhf

}d{f l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `ff xdy ICR 1#6 qf} n9 bc Ndr =116 dck b{ h}dkvdjjr }lyf

{l ICR 1#88 qf} n9 bc =118# Mv{ {ef}f xdy y{bjj d ilcybkf}dmjf hdq mf{xffc {ef `ff

}d{f dck {ef ily{# [ef `ff }d{f by dqq}lubnd{fjr 08& l` {ef {}fd{nfc{ ily{# Ylnf

ib{bfy edpf cl{ fpfc y{d}{fk {l iljjfi{ {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `ff# [lkdr* lcjr yfpfc

ib{bfy ied}hf d `ff }d{f ebhef} {ed{ ICR 1#81 qf} n9* xb{e {ef ebhefy{ mfbch ICR 4#1

qf} n9# [ef}f d}f 41 ib{bfy {ed{ ied}hf d `ff ebhef} {edc ICR 4#1 qf} n9 `l}

bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{* bcijvkbch Edchzelv xef}f {ef }d{f by ICR 4#5 qf}

n9# Lpf}djj* {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `ff }d{fy* mf{xffc ICR 1#= dck ICR 4#1 qf} n9

`l} nly{ ib{bfy bc Iebcd* d}f jlx* dck idccl{ ilpf} {ef {}fd{nfc{ ily{* {evy d``fi{bch



6;

{ef q}lqf} lqf}d{blc l` {ef Y[Q# Xb{elv{ dkftvd{f `vcky {l lqf}d{f* }filpf} ily{

dck }fqdr {ef jldc* ndcr Y[Qy fck vq xb{e {ef yb{vd{blc l` ‚edpbch nlcfr {l mvbjk

mv{ cl `vcky {l lqf}d{f dck ndbc{dbc„#

Jdig l` Yfcyf l` Ilnqf{b{blc dck Lqf}d{blcdj Bcifc{bpf

@l} eby{l}bidj }fdylcy* nly{ l` {ef Y[Qy bc Iebcd* xef{ef} ilnqjf{fk l} vckf} ilcy{}vi{blc* d}f ‚qvmjbi fc{f}q}byfy„ {ed{ yv``f} `}ln {ef jdig l` ijfd} yfqd}d{blc l`

qvmjbi dck q}bpd{f yfi{l} ndckd{fy* lpf}y{d``bch dck jlx f``bibfcir# [efyf ilcy{}dbc

{ef h}lx{e l` {ef yfi{l}# Kbpf}yb`bid{blc l` bcpfy{nfc{ fc{b{bfy* q}bpd{bzd{blc l`

lqf}d{blcdj fc{b{bfy dck nd}gf{bzd{blc l` lqf}d{blc dck ndcdhfnfc{ edpf cl{ rf{

{dgfc qjdif# [ef q}lifyy l` ilnnf}ibdjbzd{blc edy mffc yjlx# Nl}flpf}* {ef

iljjfi{blc l` {}fd{nfc{ `ffy edy cl{ rf{ klcf diil}kbch {l nd}gf{ q}bcibqjfy# [ef

lqf}d{blcdj q}bcibqjf l` ‚ily{ }filpf}r xb{e cd}}lx nd}hbc l` q}l`b{„ }fckf}y Y[Qy {l

}fndbc kfqfckfc{ lc qvmjbi `bcdcif {l hvd}dc{ff {ef lqf}d{blc l` {ef Y[Qy# Y[Q

fc{f}q}byfy d}f dyyv}fk l` d `bufk q}l`b{ xb{elv{ lqf}d{blcdj }byg* {evy jdigbch {ef

bcifc{bpf {l bnq}lpf f``bibfcir#

Jdig l` @db}cfyy

[ef {}fd{nfc{ `ff by ied}hfk lc {ef mdyby l` tvdc{b{r }d{ef} {edc tvdjb{r# [eby d``fi{y

{ef q}bcibqjf l` db}cfyy# [ef kfybhc idqdib{r dck yfjfi{blc l` {}fd{nfc{ {fiecljlhbfy

l` d XX[Q d}f kf{f}nbcfk lc {ef mdyby l` {ef tvdc{b{r dck tvdjb{r l` {ef xdy{fxd{f}

{ef XX[Q }fifbpfy# Elxfpf}* {ef lqf}d{blcdj dck ndcdhfnfc{ ily{ l` d Y[Q klfy

cl{ lcjr kfqfck lc {ef tvdc{b{r l` {ef xdy{fxd{f} {ed{ {ef fc{f}q}byf kbyied}hfy mv{

djyl {ef tvdjb{r# [ef}f`l}f b{ by `db} {l kf{f}nbcf {ef `ff }d{f lc ml{e {ef pljvnf l`

{ef xdy{fxd{f} dck {ef dnlvc{y l` {ef qljjv{dc{y {ef xdy{fxd{f} ilc{dbcy# Q}fyfc{jr

bc Iebcd xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` by kf{f}nbcfk qv}fjr lc xdy{fxd{f} pljvnf7 cl

ilcybkf}d{blc by hbpfc {l qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy# [eby q}di{bif d``fi{y {ef `db}cfyy {l djjfc{f}q}byfy dck jlxf}y {ef bcb{bd{bpf l` {ef fc{f}q}byfy {l dmd{f qljjv{blc#

Bjjfhbnd{f Ied}hfy

[ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` by d yf}pbif.mdyfk ied}hf# [ef}f`l}f qljjv{f}y {ed{

d}f cl{ ilpf}fk mr d XX[Q %bcijvkbch {ef yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g" yelvjk cl{ mf

ied}hfk# Elxfpf}* {ef 4222 }fhvjd{blc lc y{}fch{efcbch xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b``

iljjfi{blc {l fcyv}f {ef q}lqf} ilcy{}vi{blc dck lqf}d{blc l` v}mdc XX[Qy }ftvb}fy

{ef {}fd{nfc{ ff {l mf iljjfi{fk vcbpf}ydjjr bc {ef l}n l` d ilnmbcfk xd{f} {d}b``# Dc

fc{f}q}byf* b` ilccfi{fk {l {ef v}mdc yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g* klfy cl{ qdr d qljjv{blc jfpr#

Dcl{ef} fc{f}q}byf* b` cl{ ilccfi{fk {l {ef v}mdc yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g* xbjj edpf {l

mfd} {ef ily{ l` xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ mv{ by djyl ied}hfk {ef qljjv{blc jfpr# Rf{* {ef

yfxf}dhf ilccfi{blc kfqfcky* {l d jd}hf fu{fc{* lc {ef q}lh}fyy l` v}mdc

bc`}dy{}vi{v}f kfpfjlqnfc{7 b{ by {ef }fyqlcybmbjb{r l` cfb{ef} {ef fc{f}q}byf cl} {ef

fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r#

Xfdg Fc`l}ifnfc{

Xfdg fc`l}ifnfc{ jfdky {l }fhvjd{l}r pbljd{blcy dck `dbjv}f {l diebfpf {ef



66

fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc lmofi{bpf# Diil}kbch {l ilvc{}r.xbkf bcyqfi{blcy mr

fcpb}lcnfc{dj yvqf}pbyblc dv{el}b{bfy* ylnf XX[Qy kbyied}hf f``jvfc{ bc pbljd{blc

l` y{dckd}ky dck kvnq yjvkhf d{ xbjj# Bnq}lqf}jr {}fd{fk dck kbyqlyfk yjvkhf

ilc{dbcy qd{elhfcy* efdpr nf{djy* {lubi yvmy{dcify dck lklv}.fnb{{bch yvmy{dcify

{ed{ idvyf yfilckd}r qljjv{blc#

9#=#9 Qljjv{blc ]bhe{y [}dkbch

D" Y{d{vy l` Dqqjbid{blc

Fuqf}bnfc{dj Qedyf %4250.=111"

[ef cd{blcdj fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc mv}fdv `b}y{ y{d}{fk {l fuqf}bnfc{ qljjv{blc

}bhe{y {}dkbch bc Yedchedb dck hl{ d `fx vyf`vj fuqf}bfcify# [ef cd{blcdj FQM dck

Yedchedb FQM kf{f}nbcfk {ef {l{dj kbyied}hf dnlvc{ mdyfk lc {ef dcdjryby dmlv{

vqqf} }fdiefy l` Evdchqv ]bpf} xd{f} idqdib{r# Bc 4250* {ef {l{dj bckbify xf}f

djjlid{fk {l ;1; ilnqdcbfy bc {ef {d}hf{ d}fd xb{e {ef byyvdcif l` }fjfpdc{ kbyied}hf

qf}nb{# Bc 4258* {ef `b}y{ idyf lc {}dcy`f} l` kbyied}hf bckfu xb{e ilnqfcyd{blc

edqqfcfk bc Nbcedch kby{}bi{# Lc Nd}ie =1{e* 4255* {ef cd{blcdj FQM bnqjfnfc{fk

{ef ―Bc{f}bn Nfdyv}fy lc Ndcdhfnfc{ l` Xd{f} Qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf Qf}nb{y‒ dck b{

ydry lc iedq{f} ; dck d}{bijf =4 {ed{ {ef ilc{}lj bckfu lc {l{dj dnlvc{ l` xd{f}

qljjv{blc kbyied}hf ilvjk mf {}dcy`f}}fk dnlch {ef }fhblcdj yfxdhf vcb{y# Bc 4220*

{ef y{d{f ilvcibj dqq}lpfk ‚cd{blcdj ndol} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf ilc{}lj q}lh}dn„#

@}ln clx lc* {ef kbyied}hf qf}nb{ yry{fn xdy bnqjfnfc{fk dnlch {ef xeljf

ilvc{}r# [ef qljjv{blc kbyied}hf dnlvc{ ilc{}lj dck qf}nb{ yry{fn edpf jdbk {ef

mdyby `l} bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch#

Qbjl{ Qedyf %=114.=110"Kv}bch {ef {fc{e `bpf.rfd} qjdc qf}blk* {ef `livy l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc xl}g bc

Iebcd edy {}dcy`f}}fk {l {ef ilc{}lj l` {l{dj dnlvc{ l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf# Bc l}kf} {l

yd{by`r {ef filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{* {ef `l}nf} cd{blcdj FQM fy{dmjbyefk qljjv{blc

{}dkbch qljbify {l bnq}lpf {ef {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj xl}gy# Bc {eby ilc{fu{* Iebcd edy

vckf}{dgfc d cvnmf} l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch fuqf}bnfc{y lc xd{f} qljjv{blc# @l}

fudnqjf* bc =114* Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ bc _efobdch Q}lpbcif byyvfk -Bc{f}bn nfdyv}fy lc

xd{f} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf ilc{}lj dck qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch- {l }fdjbzf {ef qdbk vyf

l` xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y# Bc Ovcf =11=* Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ mfhdc {l bnqjfnfc{ {ef qdbk

vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf }bhe{y dck qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn dnlch

ilnqdcbfy# Vc{bj {ef fck l` =116* {ef `ff l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch lc xd{f} qljjv{dc{bc Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ xdy nl}f {edc 8 nbjjblc ]NM# [ef qljjv{blc }bhe{ {}dkbch kv}bch

{eby qf}blk xdy y{bjj d}}dchfk mr hlpf}cnfc{# Elxfpf}* b{ edy mffc xfjj gclxc {ed{

qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn id}}bfy k}dnd{bi bnqjbid{blc lc fcf}hr.ydpbch dck

fnbyyblc }fkvi{blc#

Kfpfjlqnfc{ Qedyf %=118.Q}fyfc{"

Kv}bch {eby qf}blk* hlpf}cnfc{ edy qdbk nl}f d{{fc{blc lc {ef `vckdnfc{dj }ljf l`



60

nd}gf{ lc {ef djjlid{blc l` fcpb}lcnfc{ }fylv}ify dck {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l`

fcpb}lcnfc{dj filclnbi qljbibfy# [ef ied}di{f}by{biy l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc {eby

y{dhf bcijvkf kbpf}yf {}dkbch qd{{f}cy* m}ldk {}dkbch {d}hf{y* {ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` kb``f}fc{

jfpfj l` qljbibfy dck {ef dqqfd}dcif l` ilnqdcbfy yqfibdjbzbch bc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# Lc

Kfifnmf} 49* =118* {ef Nbcby{}r l` @bcdcif dck Cd{blcdj FQM dqq}lpfk {l fuqf}bnfc{ {ef

qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf }bhe{y dck {}dkbch bc [dbev Jdgf bc Obdchyv Q}lpbcif# Lc

Dvhvy{ 4;* =115* {ef Nbcby{}r l` @bcdcif* Cd{blcdj Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Mv}fdv dck

Obdchyv q}lpbcibdj hlpf}cnfc{ olbc{jr efjk {ef lqfcbch if}fnlcr bc Xvub lc {ef fuqf}bnfc{

dmlv{ qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf }bhe{ dck }bhe{y {}dkbch dnlch [dbev jdgf }fhblcy# Lc

{ed{ kdr* `bpf ilnqdcbfy ilnbch `}ln Yvzelv* Xvub* Iedchzelv* Cdcobch* dck _efcobdch

ybhcfk {ef qv}iedyf ilc{}di{ lc 548 {lcy l` ILK kbyied}hf {d}hf{y xb{e }fjfpdc{ nvcbibqdj

FQM#

‚Xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj }fhvjd{blcy lc [dbev Jdgf bc Obdchyv q}lpbcif„ y{bqvjd{fy

{ed{ b{ by cfifyyd}r {l q}lnl{f {ef xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch dck qdbk.vyf yry{fn#

Lc Dvhvy{ 49{e* =118* _evob hlpf}cnfc{ byyvfk -Bc{f}bn }fhvjd{blcy lc {l{dj dnlvc{

l` qljjv{dc{ fnbyyblcy {d}hf{y xb{e ilnqfcyd{blc„# Lc Dvhvy{ =2* =118* _evob

hlpf}cnfc{ bc{}lkvifk {ef yvqql}{bch }fhvjd{blcy# Bc =118* Obdubch hlpf}cnfc{

`l}nvjd{fk -Nfdyv}fy lc {ef ndbc qljjv{dc{ }bhe{y {}dkbch %{}bdj"„ dck yf{ vq d

}fyf}pf ifc{f} `l} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# Lc Odcvd}r 4* =115* -Nfdyv}fy lc

qdbk.vyf l` xd{f} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf bckbid{l}y bc [dbev Jdgf„ xdy qv{ bc{l f``fi{#

Dy `l} {ef mvybcfyy lqql}{vcb{bfy bc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch* {ef}f d}f nl}f dck nl}f

ilnnf}ibdj fc{f}q}byfy {dgbch qd}{ bc {eby `bfjk# Hlpf}cnfc{y bc jlidj d}fd djyl

di{bpfjr q}lpbkf yvqql}{y {l i}fd{f d {}dkbch qjd{`l}n# [ef {}dkbch yvmofi{ by pd}bfk*

fpfc bcijvkbch yvmofi{ xb{e fcpb}lcnfc{dj }bhe{ dck bc{f}fy{# Lc Nd}ie =115* Xvedc

Hvdchhv Q}lqf}{r Fuiedchf qjdcy {l fy{dmjbye qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch qjd{`l}n {l

bc{}lkvif b{ bc{l q}lqf}{r }bhe{y {}dkbch nd}gf{# Lc Dvhvy{ 6* =115* Mfbobch

Fcpb}lcnfc{ Fuiedchf dck Yedchedb Fcpb}lcnfc{ dck Fcf}hr Fuiedchf xf}f yf{

vq# [ef fuiedchf lmofi{y ilpf} xbkf }dchf# Lc Yfq{fnmf} =;* =115* [bdcobc

Qljjv{blc ]bhe{y [}dkbch Fuiedchf xdy yf{ vq# [ef fuiedchf yvmofi{y cl{ lcjr

bcijvkf YL=* ILK dck l{ef} {}dkb{blcdj qljjv{dc{y* mv{ djyl h}ffcelvyf hdy

fnbyyblc }bhe{* nfiedcbyn {fiecljlhr lc filclnbi q}lkvi{blc dck l{ef} {}dkbch

q}lkvi{y {ed{ idc mf y{dckd}kbzfk# Dj{elvhe {ef lqf}d{blcdj qjd{`l}n y{bjj cffky {l mf

{fy{fk* b{ xdy d k}dnd{bi q}lh}fyy l} qbjl{ l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# [ef ndbc fpfc{y

dck idyfy `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc Iebcd idc mf yffc bc [dmjf 9.=#

[dmjf 9.=# Ndbc Nbjfy{lcfy dck Idyfy `l} Xd{f} Qljjv{blc ]bhe{y [}dkbch bcIebcd

[bnf Di{bpb{bfy

@}ln 4258 {bjj clx Yedchedb nbcedch kby{}bi{ jdvciefy xd{f} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblc {}dkbch* {l{djjfk {l98 kfdjy# [ef {}dcyf} l ILK qljjv{blc.kbyied}hf }bhe{ }fdie4411 gh qf} kdr dck{ef diivnvjd{bpf {l{dj dnlvc{ }fdie {l 4*924 Rvdc

Nd}ie bc 4255 [ef y{d{f fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dknbcby{}d{blc byyvfk ‚{ef jbifcyf l xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf {fc{d{bpf dknbcby{}d{bpf q}lifkv}fy„

Ovcf bc 4255 [ef y{d{f fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dknbcby{}d{blc kf{f}nbcfk 45 qbjl{ ib{bfy {l



68

id}}r lv{ xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf jbifcyf* yvie dy yedchedb* Mfbobch* [bdcobc*Yefcrdch* Uvzelv dck Iedchzelv#

Ovjr bc 4252 D}{bijf 2 l ‚[ef xd{f} qljjv{blc q}fpfc{blc }fhvjd{blcy ‚? id}}r lv{ jbifcyfndcdhfnfc{ {l {ef fc{f}q}byfy kbyied}hf qljjv{dc{ {l {ef }bpf} d}fd#

4226 D}{bijf 42 l ‚evdbef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj ‚Q}lnvjhd{fk mr {ef y{d{f ilvcibj? {efilnqdcbfy id}}bfk {ef jbifcyf idc cl{ kbyied}hf nl}f qljjv{dc{ {edc l}nvjd{fkmr {ef jbifcyf#

Yfq# bc 4220 [ef Y{d{f ilvcibj q}lqlyfk {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj l ndbc qljjv{dc{ dy dcfcpb}lcnfc{dj qljbir bc Iebcd* bc {ef qjdc l {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj bc {ef cbc{ebpf.rfd} qjdc qf}blk# B{ q}lpbkfk {ef lvckd{blc l} {ef fnbyyblc {}dkbch yry{fn#

4228 ‚[fc{d{bpf Nfdyv}fy lc {ef xd{f} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblc ilc{}lj dck qdbk.vyf l {efkbyied}hf }bhe{ ‚olbc{jr byyvf mr fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc kfqd}{nfc{y* q}bifilc{}lj dv{el}b{bfy dck {ef bcdcibdj yfi{l} bc rvfubv kby{}bi{* obdubch ib{r# [efy{d{f.lxcfk dyyf{y ndcdhfnfc{ ilnqdcr . ubvzelv kby{}bi{ yfxdhf kbyqlydjjbnb{fk jbdmbjb{r ilnqdcr vckf}{dgfy {ef }bhe{ l iljjfi{bch qljjv{blc.kbyied}hfffy# [ef ffy d}f vyfk {l mvbjk Yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{#

Nd}#=111 d}{bijf 41 l }fpbyfk ‚[ef xd{f} qljjv{blc q}fpfc{blc }fhvjd{blcy ‚? {ef jlidjfcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc kfqd}{nfc{ byyvfk xd{f} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblc qf}nb{ydiil}kbch {l {ef {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj yiefnf

Ovc*=11= ubvzelv kby{}bi{ bc obdubch ib{r jfdk qbjl{ qljjv{blc.kbyied}hf }bhe{ {}dkf# Djjfc{f}q}byfy nvy{ mvr -l}bhbcdj- qljjv{blc.kbyied}hf }bhe{ {efc {efr idc mf {}dkfkd{f}xd}k#

Li{#=11= 44 ilnqdcbfy }ln elchef {lxc dck xdchkbdc {lxc bc {ef ubvzelv kby{}bi{ ndbcjrilcifc{}d{fk bc xlljjfc yxfd{f} krfbch d{{fckfk {ef Y{d}{ if}fnlcr l qdbk.vyfl {ef kbyied}hf }bhe{y# [ef ilc{}di{ dnlvc{ }fdiefk 4;9#62 Rvdc#

Kfi#=116 ‚Kfibyblcy lc y{}fch{efc fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc mdyfk lc yibfc{b bi kfpfjlqnfc{ilcifq{blc„ q}lqlyfk {ed{ b{ by cfifyyd}r {l bnqjfnfc{ qljjv{blc ilc{}lj yry{fndck qljjv{blc kbyied}hf qf}nb{ yry{fn dck mfhdc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch qbjl{#

Ovj#4y{*=118 Nbcby{}r l @bcdcif dck YFQD kfibkfk {l ilckvi{ qbjl{ fnbyyblcy {}dkbch lcfjfi{}bib{r bckvy{}r dck {ef [dbev Jdgf

Dvh#49{e*=118 _evob ib{r bc{}lkvifk {ef -Bc{f}bn }fhvjd{blcy lc {ef qdbk.vyf l qljjv{blckbyied}hf {d}hf{y -

Dvh#=2*=118 _evob Ib{r byyvfk - Bc{f}bn ]vjfy l} qdbk vyf l qljjv{dc{ fnbyyblc {d}hf{y -Yfq#=118 Y{dckbch ilnnb{{ff l Obdchyv q}lpbcif byyvfk ‚L}kbcdcif lc [dbev jdgf xd{f}

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj bc Obdchyv q}lpbcif %Dnfcknfc{"„# B{ ydry {ed{ hlpf}cnfc{ xbjjbnqjfnfc{ {ef b}y{ kby{}bmv{blc dck {}dkbch yry{fn lc xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf{d}hf{y#

Yfq#=8{e*=118 Obdubch Nvcbibqdj Hlpf}cnfc{ byyvfk - ]vjfy lc ndol} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblcy{}dkbch dqq}ldie %[}bdj"-

Kfi#41{e*=118 Obdubch Ib{r fy{dmjbyefk {ef b}y{ klnfy{bi fnbyyblcy {}dkbch bcy{b{v{blcy ’ {ef}fyf}pf {}dkbch ifc{f} l fnbyyblc {d}hf{y

Kfi#49*=118 Nbcby{}r l @bcdcif* Y{d{f Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Dknbcby{}d{blc dqq}lpfkqdbk.vyf dck {}dkbch l qljjv{blc }bhe{y bc [dbev Jdgf bc Obdchyv Q}lpbcif#

Ovd#4y{*=115 -Nfdyv}fy lc qdbk.vyf l ndol} xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf {d}hf{y bc [dbev Jdgf bcObdchyv Q}lpbcif„ xfc{ bc{l f fi{#

Dq}bj*=115 Xvedc Hvdchhv Q}lqf}{r Fuiedchf qjdcy {l fy{dmjbye qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbchqjd{l}n {l bc{}lkvif }bhe{y {}dkbch bc{l q}lqf}{r }bhe{y {}dkbch nd}gf{

Ndr#=115 [bdcobc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch fuiedchf ifc{f} xdy fy{dmjbyefk mr [bdcobcQ}lqf}{r ]bhe{y Fuiedchf Ifc{f}* ICQI Dyyf{y Ndcdhfnfc{ Il#* J{k#* dckIIU#

Dvh#6{e*=115 [ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l Mfbobch Fcpb}lcnfc{ Fuiedchf

Dvh#6{e*=115 [ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l Yedchedb Fcpb}lcnfc{ dck Fcf}hr Fuiedchf

Dvh#4;{e*=115 Nbcby{}r l @bcdcif* Kfqd}{nfc{ l Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc dck Obdchyvq}lpbcibdj hlpf}cnfc{ olbc{jr efjk jdvcie lc qdbk.vyf dck {}dkbch l ndol}



65

qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y bc [dbev Jdgf bc Xvub Ib{r#

Yfq#41{ef*=115 [ef YL= {}dkbch qjd{ l}n xdy yf{ vq bc Efbjlchobdch q}lpbcif#

Yfq*=;{e*=115 [ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch Fuiedchf xdy fy{dmjbyefk bc [bdcobc dck {}dkfk YL=bckbid{l}y#

D" Fuby{bch Q}lmjfny

Dj{elvhe qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch by d hllk nd}gf{ filclnbi qljbir dck Iebcd edy hl{

jl{y l` fuqf}bfcify lc elx {l fy{dmjbye {}dkbch ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn dck b{y

lqf}d{blcdj nfiedcbyn* xf y{bjj dif q}lmjfny ilnbch }ln dknbcby{}d{blc* ilnqdcr

dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj ilcyiblvycfyy dck l{ef} dyqfi{y # [efyf byyvfy bcijvkf {ef

`ljjlxbch `bpf dyqfi{y?

Bcdkftvd{f Jdxy* ]fhvjd{blcy dck Lqf}d{blcdj Hvbkfjbcfy

[elvhe {ef iv}}fc{ ‚Db} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx„ dck ‚Xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx„

ilc{dbcy q}lpbyblcy lc qljjv{blc kbyied}hf ilc{}lj dck kbyied}hf qf}nb{y yry{fn*{ef}f d}f y{bjj cl jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy lc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch xb{e cd{blcdj jfpfj bc

Iebcd# Q}lmjfny yvie dy {ef kf`bcb{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y* }vjfy lc elx {l {}dkf

qljjv{blc }bhe{y* bc{f}fy{ l` {}dkbch qd}{bfy* elx {l yf{{jf {ef {}dcydi{blc kbyqv{fy*

bcifc{bpf nfdyv}fy* kfq}fibd{blc dck iljjd{f}dj l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y dck jdx jbdmbjb{r

dck yl lc d}f cl{ mffc }fyljpfk rf{# D{ q}fyfc{* {ef }fhvjd{blcy dqq}lpbch {ef

fuqjl}d{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn bcijvkf ‚Yibfc{b`bi ilcifq{ l`

kfpfjlqnfc{ lc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` kfibyblcy {l y{}fch{efc fcpb}lcnfc{dj

q}l{fi{blc„ byyvfk mr y{d{f ilvcibj bc Kfifnmf} =116* ‚D ilnq}fefcybpf q}lh}dn l`

fcf}hr ilcyf}pd{blc dck fnbyyblc }fkvi{blc„ byyvfk mr y{d{f ilvcibj bc =118 dck

‚Fjfpfc{e @bpf.Rfd} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc qjdccbch„ bc =118#

Mdyfk lc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc fuqf}bfcify bc kb``f}fc{ q}lpbcify* xf ilnf {l

ilcijvyblc {ed{ {ef jfhdj mdyby l} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc _efobdch dck Yedchedb by

xfdg* fyqfibdjjr `l} {ef qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y# Bc kf{dbjy* Obdchyv q}lpbcif edy

{ef nly{ dkftvd{f jfhdj mdyby `l} qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {l ylnf fu{fc{

%‚Obdchyv [dbev Jdgf xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj l}kbcdcif %Dnfcknfc{"„"# Ubvzelv

kby{}bi{ bc Obdubch Ib{r l` _efobdch q}lpbcif }fhvjd{fy b{y qdbk vyf l` yfxdhf }bhe{y mr

‚[ef qbjl{ yiefnf lc xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf ilc{}lj dck qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc

}bhe{y„# [ef xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc Yedchedb by mdyfk lc ‚Yedchedb

Evdchqv ]bpf} xd{f} }fylv}ify q}l{fi{blc l}kbcdcif„#

M" Xfdg Kbyied}hf Nfdyv}fnfc{* Nlcb{l}bch dck Yvqf}pbyblc

Diiv}d{f nfdyv}fnfc{ dck y{}bi{ nlcb{l}bch l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf xb{e y{}lch

yvqf}pbyblc yry{fn d}f dc bnql}{dc{ hvd}dc{ff `l} lm{dbcbch {ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y xb{e

ilnqfcyd{blc# D{ q}fyfc{* {ef iv}}fc{ jfpfj l` qljjv{blc ylv}ify nlcb{l}bch bc Iebcd

by }fjd{bpfjr mdigxd}k# Mfidvyf l` jdig l` fclvhe dv{lnd{bi nlcb{l}bch ftvbqnfc{ bc

}fjfpdc{ ilnqdcbfy* b{ by kb``bivj{ `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj kfqd}{nfc{y {l h}dyq }fdj yfxdhf



62

kbyied}hf kd{d xed{ ilvjk kb}fi{jr d``fi{ {ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch

nd}gf{ dck f``fi{bpfjr bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljbibfy#

Dy `l} Obdchyv q}lpbcif* {ef {xl qbjl{ idyfy d}f gfr fc{f}q}byfy xb{e lc.jbcf

dv{lnd{bi nlcb{l}bch ftvbqnfc{# Elxfpf}* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{ kfqd}{nfc{ kbk cl{ `vjjr

{}dig dck pf}b`r {ef {}dkbch {}dcydi{blc }fil}ky# Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ bc _efobdch q}lpbcifbyyvfk ‚Bc{f}bn }fhvjd{blcy lc Ubvzelv xd{f} qljjv{dc{ fnbyyblc ilc{}lj dck qdbk vyf

l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y„ xebie nfc{blcy {ed{ ‚Ubvzelv qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf jbifcyf

ndcdhfnfc{ dqq}ldie„ xbjj }fhvjd{f {ef kbyied}hf mr krcdnbi ndcdhfnfc{#

Elxfpf}* b{ edy cl{ rf{ mffc bnqjfnfc{fk# Mfybkfy* ‚}fhvjd{blc„ l` Evdchqv }bpf}

q}l{fi{blc d}fd bc Yedchedb klfy cl{ nfc{blc {ef yvqf}pbyblc nfdyv}fy lc

qljjv{dc{y `}ln {}dkbch ilnqdcbfy# [ef hlpf}cnfc{ yelvjk `livy lc elx {l vyf {ef

qljjv{blc xb{e ilnqfcyd{blc* {ef yfxdhf qf}nb{ byyvdcif dck {bnfjr {}digbch dck

yvqf}pbyblc {ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch#

I" Jdig l` Qljjv{blc ]bhe{y [}dkbch Nd}gf{

Vc{bj clx* djj qljjv{blc {}dkbch xdy klcf vckf} {ef ill}kbcd{blc l` jlidj

fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc mv}fdv# Fcpb}lcnfc{dj yfi{l} by {ef }vjf.ndgf} dck

bc{f}nfkbd}r kv}bch {ef {}dkbch q}lifyy# [ef }fdj qf}`fi{ {}dkbch nd}gf{ edy cl{ rf{

`l}nfk# Yl* nly{ l` {ef idyfy ovy{ edqqfcfk bc q}bnd}r nd}gf{#

[ef gfr qd}{ {l fy{dmjbye qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch nd}gf{ dck ndbc{dbc b{y

kfpfjlqnfc{ by {l ndgf yv}f qljbibfy ilvjk bcyqb}f d yv``bibfc{ `jlx l` }fndbcbch

qljjv{blc bckbid{l}# L{ef}xbyf* {ef}f xbjj mf ‚zf}l yvqqjr„ kbqjlnd bc {ef {}dkbch

nd}gf{# D{ q}fyfc{* {ef ‚}fjvi{dc{ yfjjf}y„ d}f nly{ qlqvjd} bc Iebcfyf {}dkbch nd}gf{#

Fc{f}q}byfy xdc{ {l yf{ dybkf `l} {efb} `v{v}f kfpfjlqnfc{ d`{f} hf{{bch qljjv{blcqf}nb{y# ]fdylcy `l} xer {ef}f by cl yfjjf} bc {}dkbch nd}gf{ d}f dy `ljjlxbchy? d"

Hlpf}cnfc{ bnqjfnfc{y y{}bi{ fnbyyblc }fkvi{blc qljbibfy dnlch {ef xeljf ilvc{}r#

[ef}f`l}f* nly{ l` fc{f}q}byfy `dif }fkvi{blc nbyyblc* b{ by ed}k `l} {efn {l ndgf

`jfubmjf nd}gf{ yfjfi{blc7 m" xb{e {ef }dqbk h}lx{e l` fcf}hr kfndck* {ef nfkbvn*

dck jlch.{f}n fcf}hr }fkvi{blc {d}hf{y d}f cl{ ijfd}# Ilcyftvfc{jr* ilnqdcbfy d}f

}fjvi{dc{ {l yfjj {ef qljjv{blc kbyied}hf bckbid{l}* mv{ jfdpf b{ {l {ef `v{v}f7 i" [ef}f by

yf}blvy yfhnfc{d{blc dnlch }fhblcdj nd}gf{# @l} fudnqjf* {ef}f xbjj mf kb``bivj{ `l}

bckbpbkvdj ib{r dck q}lpbcif {l fy{dmjbye {}dkbch qjd{`l}n `l} i}lyy.}fhblcdj {}dkbch

bckbid{l}y yvie dy yvjqev} kblubkf#

K" Xfdg [fiecbtvfy

Dj{elvhe xf hl{ ndcr fuqf}bfcify lc tvl{d djjlid{blc l` fc{f}q}byf kbyied}hf* {ef}f

d}f y{bjj ylnf q}lmjfny lc djjlid{blc* yvie dy vcijfd} diifyy {l kbyied}hf tvl{d lc

cfx fcf}hr dck bcdkftvd{f diifyy i}b{f}bd dck l{ef} byyvfy# Djj {efyf q}lmjfny xbjj

ebckf} {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch#



01

Fnbyyblcy {}dkbch d}f djyl jdig l` yibfc{b`bi q}bibch nfiedcbyn l} {ef bcb{bdj fnbyyblc

}bhe{y# [ef {xl fnbyyblc {}dkbch {}dcydi{blcy bc Obdchyv Q}lpbcif ilnqjf{fk

mfidvyf {ef q}bif xdy yf{ mr {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc kfqd}{nfc{# Xed{ {ef

{xl ybkfy l` {ef {}di{blcy edpf {l kl by {l dqq}lpf {ef q}bif* xb{e d y{}lch

dknbcby{}d{bpf bc{f}pfc{blc -hvbkdcif q}bif- iljl}#

[ef q}bif l` {ef xdy{f xd{f} kbyied}hf }bhe{ bc Rvfubv l` _efobdch dck {ef q}bif l`

qljjv{dc{y kbyied}hf {l Evdchqv ]bpf} bc yedchedb d}f idjivjd{fk `}ln d `bufk

`l}nvjd }fjfdyfk mr {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc kfqd}{nfc{# [efyf q}bibch

nfiedcbyny d}f yibfc{b`bi ylnfxed{* mv{ q}bify d}f cl{ jbcgfk xb{e {ef nd}gf{

nfiedcbyn# [ef}f by cl -ebhefy{ mbkkf}- nfiedcbyn dck idccl{ }f`jfi{ {ef mdjdcif

mf{xffc nd}gf{ yvqqjr dck kfndck* ndgbch b{ kb``bivj{ {l }f`jfi{ {ef yid}ib{r l`

}fylv}ify dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj idqdib{r# [ef}f d}f djyl ndcr ilc{}lpf}ybfy bc elx {l

kf{f}nbcf ilnqfcyd{blc `l} {ef vyf l` fnbyyblc }bhe{y* {ef bcb{bdj q}bify l` }fylv}ify

dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj }fylv}ify# B{ idccl{ }f`jfi{ {ef yid}ib{r l` }fylv}ify bc q}di{bif# B`

{ef bcb{bdj q}bif by {ll jlx* b{ idccl{ ilcy{}dbc {ef mfedpblv}y l` fnbyyblcy vcb{y# B` {ef

bcb{bdj q}bif by {ll ebhe* b{ xbjj m}bch {ll nvie mv}kfc {l {ef fc{f}q}byfy bc {ef qbjl{

d}fdy xb{e d ebhe qlyybmbjb{r {l m}bch hlpf}cnfc{ }fc{.yffgbch mfedpblv}#

F" Xfdg Qljbir Ill}kbcd{blc

[ef}f d}f ndcr fcpb}lcnfc{ qljbibfy `l} qljjv{blc ylv}ify ndcdhfnfc{ yvie dy

yfxdhf ied}hfy* fcpb}lcnfc{ bnqdi{ dyyfyynfc{* kbyied}hf pljvnf ilc{}lj dck

kbyied}hf qf}nb{y dck yl lc# [l bc{}lkvif {ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch qljbibfy bc{l

iv}}fc{ fcpb}lcnfc{ qljbibfy yry{fn* b{ by cfifyyd}r {l ijd}b`r {ef }fjd{blcyebq dnlch

kb``f}fc{ qljbibfy# Vc{bj clx* hlpf}cnfc{ edy cl{ fpdjvd{fk {ef y{d{vy dck vci{blc l`

{}dkbch qljbibfy `}ln {ef qf}yqfi{bpf l` fcpb}lcnfc{ qljbir yry{fn# [ef}f`l}f* b{ bybnql}{dc{ {l ijd}b`r {ef }fjd{blcyebq mf{xffc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch dck iv}}fc{

fcpb}lcnfc{ ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn }ln {ef {efl}f{bidj dck lqf}d{blcdj jfpfj#

9#=#; QQQ dck Nd}gf{bzd{blc

D" Y{d{vy l` Dqqjbid{blc

QQQ %Qvmjbi.Q}bpd{f.Qd}{cf}yebq" by d illqf}d{blc nlkfj mf{xffc qvmjbi yfi{l} dck

q}bpd{f fc{f}q}byf# B{ by d nlkf}c `bcdcibch nlkfj mdyfk lc ‚xbc.xbc„ bkfd dck

kfpfjlqfk `}ln qvmjbi bc`}dy{}vi{v}f ilcy{}vi{blc# [ef {rqbidj y{}vi{v}f l` {eby nlkfjby {ed{ hlpf}cnfc{ ybhcy ilc{}di{ xb{e xbccbch vcb{y {e}lvhe hlpf}cnfc{

q}liv}fnfc{ nlkfj# [ef xbccbch vcb{y d}f l}hdcbzfk bc{l d ilnqdcr xb{e yqfibdj

qv}qlyf# [eby ilnqdcr xbjj {dgf }fyqlcybmbjb{r `l} `bcdcibch* ilcy{}vi{blc dck

lqf}d{blc# Bc QQQ nlkfj* {ef q}bpd{f qd}{cf}y xbjj lqf}d{f dck ndbc{dbc qvmjbi

bc`}dy{}vi{v}fy xed{ by mfcf`bibdj `l} bnq}lpfnfc{ l` yf}pbif tvdjb{r dck f``bibfcir#

Nl}flpf}* {ef }ljf l` hlpf}cnfc{ idc {}dcy`f} `}ln qvmjbi yf}pbif q}lpbkf} bc{l

yvqf}pbyl}r mr QQQ nlkfj dck {ef}f xbjj mf jfyy q}fyyv}f lc mvkhf{# Mfybkfy* b{ xbjj



04

mf mfcf`b{ `l} q}bpd{f ilnqdcbfy {l bc{}lkvif dkpdcifk {fiecljlhr dck

ndcdhfnfc{ fuqf}bfcify `}ln {ef mfhbccbch# D{ {ef ydnf {bnf* {ef}f xbjj jfyy

bcpfy{nfc{ }byg `l} q}bpd{f fc{f}q}byfy mr hlpf}cnfc{ bc{f}pfc{blc# [ef QQQ nlkfj

bcijvkfy ML[* [L[ dck Q@B dck yl lc#

Diil}kbch {l iedchfy l` ndbc bcpfy{l}y bc v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{ l} kfidkfy*{ef Y[Q ilcy{}vi{blc bc Iebcd idc mf kbpbkfk bc{l {e}ff y{dhfy? d" [ef `b}y{ y{dhf

%fd}jr 4221y {l 4228"? kv}bch {eby qf}blk* nly{ l` `vckbch `l} Y[Q ilcy{}vi{blc

ilnfy }ln l}fbhc hlpf}cnfc{ l} bc{f}cd{blcdj bcdcibdj bcy{b{v{blcy# Ndcr q}lh}dny

}fhd}k {ef qv}iedyf l` `l}fbhc ftvbqnfc{ dck bc{f}cd{blcdj {fckf} dy dkkb{blcdj

ilckb{blcy7 m" {ef yfilck y{dhf %`}ln 4228 {l =114"? Ybcif {ef lv{m}fdg l` `bcdcibdj

i}byby* fuql}{y bc Iebcd edy mffc yf}blvyjr eb{# [ef}f`l}f* {ef ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{

fcjd}hfk bcpfy{nfc{ {l y{bnvjd{f klnfy{bi kfndck# Kv}bch {eby qf}blk* {ef Y[Q

ilcy{}vi{blcy nly{jr xf}f `bcdcifk mr cd{blcdj kfm{7 i" D`{f} {ef {fc{e `bpf.rfd}

qf}blk* {ef Y[Q ilcy{}vi{blc mdyfk lc ML[ nlkfj by qlqvjd} bc {ef xeljf ylibf{r

mfidvyf l` jfyy cd{blcdj kfm{ bcpfy{nfc{* {ef nd}gf{.l}bfc{fk }f`l}n bc y{d{f.lxcfk

kfqd}{nfc{ dck }ftvb}fnfc{ l` y{d{f ilvcibj# Bc dkkb{blc* {ef jd}hf yidjf l` Y[Q

ilcy{}vi{blc mfhdc `}ln clx lc# Diil}kbch {l y{d{by{biy* mr {ef fck l` Ndr =115* {ef

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lc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{# Xb{e {ef byyvdcif l` cd{blcdj qljbibfy dmlv{ yfxdhf ied}hfy*

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ndkf bnql}{dc{ q}lh}fyy lc {ef Y[Q ilcy{}vi{blc dck lqf}d{blc#

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lqf}d{blc#

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0=

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Cd{blcdj QjdccbchIlnnbyyblc

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Cd{blcdj QjdccbchIlnnbyyblc

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q}bif -

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=11; -Kfibyblcy lc ]fl}n l Bcpfy{nfc{ Yry{fn- Y{d{f ilvcibj

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@}ln {ef dmlpf qljbibfy* xf idc yff Iebcfyf hlpf}cnfc{‒y kf{f}nbcd{blc lc



09

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M" Dkpdc{dhfy l` QQQ

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06

Y[Q dy mv}kfcy dck xdc{ {l }fnlpf mv}kfcy mr QQQ# Ylnf l{ef} qjdify {}fd{ Y[Q

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00

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08

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05

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02

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81

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q}lmjfny lc xd{f} q}l{fi{blc#



51

V}mdc Xd{f} Ndcdhfnfc{ Yry{fn? Xd{f} ndcdhfnfc{ by d cfx ndcdhfnfc{

yry{fn {ed{ idc mf vyfk {l q}fpfc{ dck {}fd{ xd{f} qljjv{blc `}ln {ef qlbc{ l` xd{f}

}fylv}ify vcb`bfk v{bjbzd{blc* kfqjlrnfc{ dck ndcdhfnfc{# Dqqjrbch bc{fh}d{fk

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lc xd{f} ndcdhfnfc{# Cd{blcdj Xd{f} Dv{el}b{r edy mffc fy{dmjbyefk l}

bnqjfnfc{fk {ef vcb`bfk ndcdhfnfc{ l` }fhblcdj xd{f} dmlpf {ef ilvc{r jfpfj d

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{ef {l{dj dknbcby{}d{bpf# Dnlch {efn* {ef q}lpbcibdj Xd{f} ]fylv}ify Mv}fdvy d}f

{e}ff* yvm.q}lpbcibdj Xd{f} ]fylv}ify Mv}fdvy d}f ybu* h}lvck.jfpfj xd{f}

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l` xebie yv}`dif xd{f} yvqqjr idqdib{r by 02*898*111 ivmbi nf{f}y , kdr*

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{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y xb{e yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r l` 91#968 nbjjblc {lcy , kdr#

Elxfpf}* ylnf kfqd}{nfc{y edpf kb``f}fc{ pbfxy lc xd{f} ndcdhfnfc{ xebie by

vyf`vj `l} {ef bnq}lpfnfc{ l` xd{f} ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn# Xd{f} yvqqjbfy

kfqd}{nfc{ edy mffc yf{ vq bc Nbcby{}r l` Ilcy{}vi{blc bc =11= xebie by }fyqlcybmjf

`l} xd{f} ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn }f`l}n# Lmpblvyjr* {ef}f d}f ylnf ilc{}dkbi{blcy

mf{xffc b{ dck {ef cd{blcdj jfpfj }f`l}n dqq}lpfk mr ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{# Bc =115*{ef Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Kfqd}{nfc{ dck ]v}dj* v}mdc ilcy{}vi{blc Nbcby{}r dck

Xd{f} ]fylv}ify Kfqd}{nfc{ dcclvcifk {efb} -Ydckbch- q}lh}dny# [ef xd{f}

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dck efjq`vj {l yljpf lpf}jdqqbch vci{blcy dnlch kfqd}{nfc{y#

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54

Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj bc ]v}dj D}fdy

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{ef ilvc{r jfpfj dck l{ef} kfqd}{nfc{ yedjj {dgf nfdyv}fy {l hvbkf {ef }d{blcdj

vydhf l` iefnbidj `f}{bjbzf}y dck qfy{bibkfy {l q}fpfc{ xd{f} qljjv{blc#

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djyl fuf}{y mdk bc`jvfcif lc `jllk q}fpfc{blc dck v}mdc xd{f} yvqqjr# [ef }fjfpdc{

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dck ]v}dj Ilcy{}vi{blc dck Xd{f} ]fylv}ify Kfqd}{nfc{ edpf hbpfc {efb}

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md}}bf}y dnlch }fhblcy dck yfi{l}y# @l} fudnqjf* {ef v}mdc k}dbcdhf ilnqdcr

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M" Filclnbi Qljbir Ndcdhfnfc{ Kfqd}{nfc{

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fcpb}lcnfc{ ndcdhfnfc{ dck bc ied}hf l` yvqf}pbyblc# Mv{ xd{f} kfqd}{nfc{ lcjr

{dgfy }fyqlcybmbjb{r `l} xd{f} }fylv}ify bc{fh}d{fk ndcdhfnfc{# Elxfpf}* xd{f}

fcpb}lcnfc{ dck xd{f} }fylv}ify }fjd{fk xb{e fdie l{ef}# [ef}f`l}f* `vci{blcy l`

{xl dmlpf kfqd}{nfc{ d}f cl{ ijfd}# Bc `di{* {ef}f d}f kb``f}fc{ kf`bcb{blcy lc

‚yvqf}pbyblc ndcdhfnfc{„ dck ‚bc{fh}d{fk ndcdhfnfc{„# ‚Yvqf}pbyblc

ndcdhfnfc{„ nfdcy yvqf}pbyblc lc lqf}d{blc l` cd{blcdj jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy lc

xd{f}# ‚Bc{fh}d{fk ndcdhfnfc{„ nfdcy vyf {ef bc{fh}d{fk nf{elk lc xd{f}

}fylv}if lqf}d{bch xebie by d nf{elk l` }fylv}if bckvy{}r ndcdhfnfc{# B` {ef

‚bc{fh}d{fk ndcdhfnfc{„ xdy }fqjdifk mr ‚yvqf}pbyblc ndcdhfnfc{„* {efqefclnfclc l` ‚ml{e qjdrf} dck }f`f}ff„ xbjj dqqfd}#

[ef lpf}jdqqbch `vci{blcy mf{xffc FQM dck xd{f} kfqd}{nfc{ djyl bcijvkf? {ef

}fjd{blcyebq mf{xffc xd{f}yefk ndcdhfnfc{ kfqd}{nfc{ dck FQM by vcijfd}7 {ef

}fjd{blcyebq mf{xffc xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc qjdccbch kfqd}{nfc{* xd{f}

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj kfqd}{nfc{ dck xd{f} }fylv}if q}l{fi{blc qjdccbch kfqd}{nfc{ by

vcijfd}# Diil}kbch {l cfx ‚xd{f} jdx„* xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc yffny {l mf

qd}{ l` xd{f} }fylv}if q}l{fi{blc qjdc# Mv{ mdyfk lc ‚xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx„*

FQM yelvjk {dgf }fyqlcybmbjb{r `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qjdccbch# {ef }fjd{blcyebq

mf{xffc xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ `vci{blcdj kbpbyblc bc FQM dck xd{f} `vci{blcdj kbpbyblcbc xd{f} kfqd}{nfc{ by vcijfd}# {ef}f d}f ylnf lpf}jdqqbch xl}gy lc xd{f}

fcpb}lcnfc{ tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch %cl lpf}jdqqbch mf{xffc erk}ljlhbidj y{d{blc dck

fcpb}lcnfc{ nlcb{l}bch y{d{blc"# Mfybkfy* {ef}f by djyl lpf}jdqqbch bc`l}nd{blc

}fjfdyf lc xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch#

[ef lpf}jdqqbch `vci{blcy mf{xffc FQM dck nd}bcf ndcdhfnfc{ kfqd}{nfc{ djyl

bcijvkf? b" {ef}f d}f {xl kb``f}fc{ FQM bc ied}hf l` fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc lc jdck



59

dck lifdc7 bb" }fjd{blcyebq mf{xffc nd}bcf fcpb}lcnfc{ `vci{blcdj kbpbyblc bc FQM

dck nd}bcf klnfy{bi kbpbyblc bc nd}bcf kfqd}{nfc{ by vcijfd}7 dck bbb" {ef}f d}f {xl

kb``f}fc{ pf}yblcy l` nd}bcf fcpb}lcnfc{ tvdjb{r }fql}{ `}ln dmlpf {xl kfqd}{nfc{y#

[ef}f d}f lpf}jdqqbch `vci{blcy l` FQM dck ilcy{}vi{blc kfqd}{nfc{ lc Y[Q

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}fyqlcybmbjb{r by cl{ ijfd} fclvhe#

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nbcbch kfqd}{nfc{ dck l{ef} dhfcibfy lcjr yvqql}{ {ef }ljf l` FQM# Jdigbch l` bc{f}.kfqd}{nfc{ ilnnvcbid{blc* b{ by ed}n `l} {ef bc{fh}d{fk ndcdhfnfc{ l` xeljf

xd{f}yefk#

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fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc qjdccbch* lqf}d{bch* yvqf}pbyblc dck nlcb{l}bch dmbjb{bfy# [ef

}fjfpdc{ kfqd}{nfc{y yelvjk bnq}lpf {ef yvqf}pbyblc dmbjb{r lc xd{f}yefk

fcpb}lcnfc{* yvie dy bcy{djjd{blc l` lcjbcf nlcb{l}bch ftvbqnfc{y* fnf}hfcir



5;

}fyqlcyf idqdmbjb{r* }fyfd}ie jfpfj dck q}l`fyyblcdj tvdjb{bfy#

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y{dckd}k lc xd{f} tvdjb{r by kb``f}fc{ bc FQM dck xd{f} }fylv}if kfqd}{nfc{#

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fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc mv}fdv dck xd{f} }fylv}if kfqd}{nfc{ d}f }fyqlcybmjf `l}

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q}l{fi{blc mv}fdv dck cd{blcdj fcpb}lcnfc{ nlcb{l}bch y{d{blc {dgf }fyqlcybmbjb{r `l}

xd{f} nlcb{l}bch lc kbyqv{fk d}fdy dck bc{f}.ib{r xd{f} yfi{blcy#

K" ]filnnfckd{blcy

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yfqd}d{fk„* xf yvhhfy{ {l ijd}b`r kfqd}{nfc{ `vci{blcy l` FQM* xd{f} kfqd}{nfc{*

v}mdc ilcy{}vi{blc kfqd}{nfc{ dck nd}bcf mv}fdv#

FQM yelvjk `v}{ef} y{}fch{efc b{y yvqf}pbyblc dck jdx fc`l}ifnfc{ `vci{blc# Xd{f}

kfqd}{nfc{ yelvjk l}hdcbzf {ef xd{f} }fylv}if q}l{fi{blc diil}kbch {l ‚xd{f} jdx„

dck ‚xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx„ dck qd}{bibqd{f bc xd{f} qljjv{blc qjdccbch# Mfybkfy*

xd{f} kfqd}{nfc{ yelvjk djyl y{}fch{efc b{y ndcdhfnfc{ dmbjb{r lc xd{f} }fylv}ify

dck xd{f} q}lofi{y# Ilcy{}vi{blc nbcby{}r by }fyqlcybmjf `l} Y[Q ilcy{}vi{blc dck

qjdccbch# Mv{ {ef qjdccbch yelvjk ilnnvcbid{f xb{e FQM dck Y[Q ilcy{}vi{blc

yelvjk mf vckf} {ef yvqf}pbyblc l` FQM# [ef dh}bivj{v}f yfi{l} {dgfy }fyqlcybmbjb{r

`l} clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify {}fd{nfc{ xl}gy dck by bc ied}hf l` }v}dj k}bcgbch xd{f} tvdjb{rq}l{fi{blc# Nd}bc ndcdhfnfc{ kfqd}{nfc{ yelvjk {}dcy`f} b{y nd}bcf fcpb}lcnfc{

q}l{fi{blc `vci{blc bc{l FQM#

Y{}fch{efc bc{f}.kfqd}{nfc{dj ill}kbcd{blc dck ilnnvcbid{blc nfiedcbyn# Dy {ef

xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj bcpljpfy ndcr kfqd}{nfc{y* b{ by cfifyyd}r `l}

bc{f}.kfqd}{nfc{dj ill}kbcd{blc mdyfk lc ijd}b`rbch }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy l` pd}blvy

kfqd}{nfc{y lc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj %bcijvkbch xd{f} tvdjb{r ndcdhfnfc{ dck

nlcb{l}bch* xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{dj `vci{blc zlcbch* xd{f} `vci{blc zlcbch* nd}bcf

`vci{blc zlcbch* nd}bcf fcpb}lcnfc{ `vci{blc zlcbch* f{i#"

Y{}fch{efc idqdib{r mvbjkbch dck ndcdhfnfc{ l` xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch# FQM

yelvjk {dgf }fyqlcybmbjb{r `l} qjdccbch dck ndgbch ydnf y{dckd}k `l} xd{f} tvdjb{r

nlcb{l}bch q}lofi{# B{ yelvjk ndgf `vjj vyf l` fuby{bch nlcb{l}bch ftvbqnfc{ dck

qf}ylccfj# Ilnmbcfk xb{e xd{f} }fylv}if ndcdhfnfc{ bc`l}nd{blc yry{fn* b{ by

cfifyyd}r {l fy{dmjbye xd{f} bc`l}nd{blc ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn mdyfk lc }fhblc dck

xd{f}yefk {l q}lpbkf kd{d yvqql}{ `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck ndcdhfnfc{#



56

Bnq}lpbch Xd{f} Fcpb}lcnfc{ Ndcdhfnfc{ Yry{fn

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cfx „xd{f} jdx„ y{bqvjd{fy }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy l` xd{f}yefk ndcdhfnfc{ kfqd}{nfc{

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dck ilc{}lj7 fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` xd{f}yefk q}l{fi{blc }fhvjd{blcy dck y{dckd}ky7

l}hdcbzbch xd{f} }fylv}if q}l{fi{blc qjdccbch dck yvqf}pbybch bnqjfnfc{d{blc7}fyqlcybmjf `l} yvqf}pbyblc dck }fpbfx lc xd{f} }fylv}ify q}lofi{7 q}fqd}bch {ef

xd{f} `vci{blc zlcbch xb{e FQM dck }fpbfxbch {ef fcpb}lcnfc{ idqdib{r7 {dgbch

}fyqlcybmbjb{r `l} kfdjbch xb{e qljjv{blc kbyqv{fy dck xd{f} nlcb{l}bch lc

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jfdkbch h}lvqy lc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj d}f }fyqlcybmjf `l} kfibyblcy lc xd{f}yefk

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj#

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q}l{fi{blc mv}fdv dck jlidj FQM fuifq{ `l} hlpf}cl}y# [ef ilc`f}fcif l``bif by

yvhhfy{fk {l fy{dmjbye bc FQM kb}fi{jr# [ef ndbc {dyg l` ilc`f}fcif by {l ill}kbcd{f

xl}gy lc xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ ilnq}fefcybpf ndcdhfnfc{7 nlcb{l} {}fd{nfc{

q}lh}dny dck }fjd{fk yqfibdj q}lh}dny7 kf{dbj kbpbyblc l` `vci{blcy* kfilnqlyf

{dygy dck qljbir nfdyv}fy7 dyyfyy bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` hlpf}cdcif q}lh}dny lc d

}fhvjd} mdyby7 ill}kbcd{f dck yljpf ndol} byyvfy dck bc{f}.q}lpbcibdj kbyqv{fy7

q}lnl{f ndcdhfnfc{ dmbjb{r dck fy{dmjbye d jlch.{f}n nfiedcbyn# [ef ndol}

q}lmjfny {ed{ idccl{ mf ill}kbcd{fk yelvjk }fql}{ {l yd{f ilvcibj# [ef ilc`f}fcif

yelvjk ndgf {efb} }fhvjd{blcy dck yf{ vq olbc{ dkpbyl}r ilnnb{{ff {l q}lpbkf

yibfc{b`bi mdyf# [ef ndbc }fyqlcybmbjb{r by {l dyyfyy {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {}fd{nfc{

q}lh}dny dck }fjd{fk yqfibdj qjdc7 yvmnb{ dccvdj fpdjvd{blc }fql}{7 ilckvi{}fyfd}ie dck ilcyvj{d{blc dck q}lpbkf yqfibdj dkpbyl}r }fql}{7 iljjfi{ dck }fql}{

qvmjbi pbfxy dck yvhhfy{blcy lc [dbev fcpb}lcnfc{ {}fd{nfc{#

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}fyqlcybmbjb{r l} xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch* yvie dy vcb`bfk qjdccbch dck ndgbch ydnf

y{dckd}ky# B{ by cfifyyd}r {l ndgf `vjj vyf l` fuby{bch nlcb{l}bch {fdn dck

ftvbqnfc{ bc FQM dck xd{f} kfqd}{nfc{# [ef ]bpf} Xd{f} Ilcyf}pd{blc Mv}fdv dck

Iebcd Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Nlcb{l}bch Hfcf}dj Y{d{blc d}f }fyqlcybmjf `l} nlcb{l}bch lc

xd{f} qljjv{blc xb{e kbyqv{fy dck xd{f} tvdjb{r lc bc{f}.q}lpbcibdj yfi{blc# [ef xd{f}

tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch }fql}{ idc mf ndkf mr FQM dck Xd{f} Kfqd}{nfc{#

9#9#9 Filclnbi Nfdyv}fy dck [fiecljlhbidj Qljbir

D" Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj [fiecljlhbfy

[ef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj {fiecljlhr ndbcjr bcijvkfy fck {}fd{nfc{* ijfdcf}

q}lkvi{blc* }firijbch filclnr* qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc dck filjlhbidj }fy{l}d{blc#



50

Fck l` Qbqf [fiecljlhr

Fck {}fd{nfc{ {fiecljlhr }f`f}y {l nf{elky {l kfdj xb{e qljjv{blcy xb{e qerybidj*

iefnbidj l} mbljlhbidj xdry# Mdyfk lc kb``f}fc{ nfiedcbyn* {ef fck {}fd{nfc{

{fiecljlhr idc mf kbpbkfk bc{l {e}ff nf{elky bcijvkbch qerybidj* iefnbidj dck

mbljlhbidj {}fd{nfc{# [ef qerybidj {}fd{nfc{ nfdcy {l yfqd}d{f yvyqfckfk yljbkqljjv{dc{y bc xdy{fxd{f}# [ef {}fd{nfc{ nfdyv}fy bcijvkf ybfpf bc{f}ifq{blc* h}dpb{r

yfqd}d{blc* `jl{d{blc dck l{ef}y# [ef iefnbidj {}fd{nfc{ nfdcy {l yfqd}d{f dck

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mbljlhbidj {}fd{nfc{ nfdcy {l iedchf {ef kbyyljpfk dck iljjlbkdj l}hdcbi qljjv{dc{y

bc{l y{dmbjb{r dck ed}njfyy yvmy{dcify# [ef {}fd{nfc{ nfdyv}fy idc mf kbpbkfk bc{l

{xl id{fhl}bfy‛df}lmbi dck dcdf}lmbi lubkd{blc.}fkvi{blc#

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fnbyyblc y{dckd}k# [ef {}fd{nfc{ nf{elky kfqfck lc xd{f} tvdjb{r* tvdc{b{r l`

xd{f}* {ef qlyybmbjb{r `l} }firijbch dck if}{dbc ilckb{blcy lc xd{f} mlkbfy#

]ljf dck Dqqjbid{blc I}b{f}bd? [ef fck {}fd{nfc{ {fiecljlhr by {ef ndbc hvbkfjbcf bc

Iebcd {l kfdj xb{e bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc# @l} {ef qdy{ =1 rfd}y* fck {}fd{nfc{

{fiecljlhr edy yviifyy`vjjr efjq {l }fkvif {ef qljjv{blc fu{fc{ bc Iebcd# Diil}kbch

{l fcpb}lcnfc{ y{d{by{bidj rfd}mllg =118* {ef}f d}f 01582 Y[Qy bc yfpfc

xd{f}yefky bcijvkbch Jbdlef }bpf}* Edbef }bpf}* Evdbef }bpf}* Rdch{zf }bpf}* Rfjjlx

}bpf}* Ylchevd }bpf} dck Qfd}j }bpf}# [ef {l{dj dccvdj }vccbch ily{ by 99#0= mbjjblc

Rvdc dck {efr edpf }fnlpfk ILK xb{e 2#5;4 nbjjblc {lcy* 92= {elvydck {lcy l`

dnnlcbd* =9=*111 {lcy l` lbj dck 86 {elvydck {lcy l` pljd{bjf qefclj# [ef {l{djpljvnf l` bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ by ;1#60 mbjjblc {lcy dck {ef ilnqjbdcif

}d{f l` xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf by 2=#8&#

[ef fck {}fd{nfc{ {fiecljlhr by cl{ lcjr vyfk bc bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{*

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vc{bj =115* {ef}f d}f 46=4 v}mdc Y[QY bc Iebcd xb{e yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r l`

21#2= nbjjblc {,k dck 00& yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f#

Fcpb}lcnfc{dj dck Ylibdj Bnqdi{ dck Filclnbi Dcdjryby? [ef fck {}fd{nfc{

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mr qljjv{blc# [ef qfy{bibkf xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ by d hllk fudnqjf# D{ q}fyfc{*

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1#46 mbjjblc {lcy l` qfy{bibkf qf} rfd}# [ef vc{}fd{fk qfy{bibkf xdy{fxd{f} xbjj fuf}{



58

mdk bc`jvfcify lc ylbj dck xd{f} mlkbfy dy xfjj dy filjlhbidj mdjdcif# [ef}f`l}f* b{

by cfifyyd}r {l vyf dkpdcifk xdy{f bcibcf}d{blc {fiecljlhr# [ef mv}cbch kfpbif edy

mffc jby{fk dy fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc `dibjb{r#

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dck {ef filclnbi f``bibfcir by jlx# Diil}kbch {l V#Y# FQD* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{ nfkbdqljjv{blc ilc{}lj lc db}* xd{f} dck ylbj ily{y dmlv{ 4=1 mbjjblc kljjd}y bc 4252# Dcl{ef}

fudnqjf by KvQlc{ ilnqdcr xelyf ily{ lc xdy{f {}fd{nfc{ bci}fdyfk mr =1.91&

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dck fcf}hr xbjj cl{ mf `vjjr vyfk#

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nfkbd# [ef {}dcy`f} djxdry jfdky {l pbiblvy ib}ijf#

Ijfdcf} Q}lkvi{blc [fiecljlhr

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bcb{bd{bpf# B{ bc{fcky {l nbcbnbzf xdy{f dck fnbyyblcy dck ndubnbzf q}lkvi{ lv{qv{#

[ef ndbc q}lkvi{blc lq{blcy bcijvkfy q}lkvi{ kfybhc* nd{f}bdjy iellybch* q}lkvif

{fiecljlhr bcclpd{blc* }fvyf l` }fylv}ify dck fpdjvd{blc l` jb`f ib}ijf# Mr dcdjrzbch

{ef `jlx l` nd{f}bdjy dck fcf}hr bc d ilnqdcr* lcf {}bfy {l bkfc{b`r lq{blcy {l

nbcbnbzf xdy{f dck fnbyyblcy lv{ l` bckvy{}bdj q}lifyyfy {e}lvhe ylv}if }fkvi{blc

y{}d{fhbfy# Bnq}lpfnfc{y l` l}hdcbzd{blc dck {fiecljlhr efjq {l }fkvif l} yvhhfy{

mf{{f} ielbify bc vyf l` nd{f}bdjy dck fcf}hr* dck {l dplbk xdy{f* xdy{f xd{f}

hfcf}d{blc* dck hdyflvy fnbyyblcy* dck djyl xdy{f efd{ dck clbyf#

Ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc by d cfx q}fpfc{blc y{}d{fhr {l lpf}ilnf {ef yel}{ilnbchy l` fck {}fd{nfc{ {fiecljlhr# Bc }fifc{ rfd}y* {ef filjlhbidj fcpb}lcnfc{ bc Iebcd

gffqy kf{f}bl}d{bch dck qljjv{blc {}fd{nfc{ ily{ ilc{bcvfy {l bci}fdyf# [ef mdybi

}fdylc `l} kf{f}bl}d{bch filjlhr bc Iebcd by b{y fu{fcybpf nlkfj l` filclnbi h}lx{e

dck vc}fdylcdmjf filclnbi y{}vi{v}f# [efyf yry{fnbi q}lmjfny jfdk {l ebhe

ilcyvnq{blc l` fcf}hr dck jlx fcf}hr vyf f``bibfcir# [l }fyljpf {efyf q}lmjfny*

xf yelvjk pbhl}lvyjr q}lnl{f dck bnqjfnfc{ ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc* bnq}lpf }fylv}if

v{bjbzd{blc dck q}fpfc{ qljjv{blc kbyied}hf#

]ljf dck Dqqjbid{blc I}b{f}bd? Ybcif 4252 xefc {ef ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc ilcifq{blc

xdy `b}y{ q}lpbkfk bc VCFQ* Dnf}bid* Kfcnd}g* Cf{ef}jdck* M}b{dbc* Idcdkd *Dvy{}djbd dck l{ef} ilvc{}bfy edpf pbhl}lvyjr q}lnl{fk ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc

{fiecljlhr# [ef Cf{ef}jdcky id}}bfk lv{ Q]BYND bc {ef `bfjk l` `llk q}lifyybch*

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[ef }fyvj{y yelxfk {ed{ {ef xdy{f idc mf }fkvifk mr =6.91& lcjr {e}lvhe

y{}fch{efcbch bc{f}cdj ndcdhfnfc{# [ef }fkvi{blc fu{fc{ ilvjk mf 91.51& mr

bnq}lpbch {fiecljlhr# Bc Qljdck mf{xffc 422= dck 4229* {ef yljbk xdy{f*

xdy{fxd{f}* xdy{f hdy dck `}fye xd{f} ilcyvnq{blc edpf kfi}fdyfk mr ==&* 45＆*



55

=;& dck ==& }fyqfi{bpfjr d`{f} {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc

{fiecljlhr#

Ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc nlkfj by xbkfjr vyfk bc bckvy{}r q}lkvi{blc q}lifyy* fyqfibdjjr {

elfy ebhe fcf}hr ilcyvnq{blc dck qljjv{fk fc{f}q}byfy* yvie dy ildj* qlxf}*

nf{djjv}hr * iefnbidjy* ndiebcf}r* {fu{bjfy* qdqf} dck l{ef}y# Yf{ {ef `f}{bjbzf} bckvy{}r `l} fudnqjf* bc =110* cd{blcdj FQM byyvfk ‚cb{}lhfc `f}{bjbzf} q}lkvi{blc

y{dckd}k„％EO,[455.=110# D`{f} {ed{* cb{}lhfclvy `f}{bjbzf} bckvy{}r {dgfy dc di{bpfjr

qd}{ bc ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc# Qd}{y l` ilnqdcbfy edpf diebfpfk zf}l f``jvfc{

kbyied}hf#

Fcpb}lcnfc{dj dck Ylibdj Bnqdi{ dck Filclnbi Dcdjryby? Ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc

{fiecljlhr idc cl{ lcjr ilc{}lj qljjv{blc dck bnq}lpf fcpb}lcnfc{* mv{ djyl idc hf{

xfjj filclnbi mfcf`b{# Bc {eby nlkfj* b{ by }ftvb}fk {l ndgf `vjj vyf l` }fylv}ify dck

fjbnbcd{f qljjv{blc kv}bch {ef q}lkvi{blc q}lifyy# [ef}f`l}f* b{ by efjq`vj {l bnq}lpf

fcpb}lcnfc{ dck }fkvif q}lkvi{blc ily{y#

Cd{blcdj kfpfjlqnfc{ dck }f`l}n ilnnbyyblc* `l}nf} cd{blcdj FQM dck y{d{f

fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dknbcby{}d{blc olbc{jr byyvfk dc fpdjvd{blc bckfu yry{fn lc

ib}ivjd} filclnr bcijvkbch =; ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc bckfu yry{fny lc {ef} ndj qlxf}*

qelyqed{f* jfdk* zbci* {b}fy* dck qdigdhbch dck =6 ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc y{dckd}ky#

]fyfd}iefy lc ib}ivjd} filclnr kfpfjlqnfc{ nlkfj edpf mffc l}hdcbzfk bc [bdcobc*

Yvzelv dck Nfchub dnlch `bfjky l` b}lc dck y{ffj* clc`f}}lvy nf{djy* ildj*

iejl}dj.djgdjb dck ifnfc{# Dkpdcifk {fiecljlhr lc xdy{f efd{ qlxf} hfcf}d{blc*

k}r nf{elk {l q}lkvif ifnfc{ id}mbkf* mjdy{ `v}cdif }l{d}r kbyqlydj l` hd}mdhf

edpf mffc xbkfjr vyfk bc Iebcd# [ef h}ffc }fndkf {fiecljlhr bcpfc{fk mr Iebcdedy }fdiefk bc{f}cd{blcdj dkpdcif jfpfj {ed{ by xbkfjr vyfk bc dv{lnl{bpf qd}{

}fndcv`di{v}bch# Jlidj hlpf}cnfc{y y{}fch{efc {efb} yvqf}pbyblc lc ijfdcf}

q}lkvi{blc lc gfr fc{f}q}byfy diil}kbch {l ‚Bc{f}bn nfdyv}fy `l} ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc

yvqf}pbyblc„ byyvfk mr FQM dck K]I# Bc =118* {ef}f d}f lpf} 4*642 fc{f}q}byfy {ed{

y{d}{fk ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc }fpbfx# [efr q}lpbkfk nl}f {edc 61*111 ijfdcf}

q}lkvi{blc q}lh}dny dck bcpfy{fk cfd}jr 4; mbjjblc Rvdc {l }fkvif 26*111 {lcy l`

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{lcy* 9#8 mbjjblc kfh}ffy qlxf}* ildj 8#1; nbjjblc {lcy#

]fjd{blcyebq mf{xffc Fck l` Qbqf [}fd{nfc{ dck Ijfdcf} Q}lkvi{blc? Ml{e l` {efn

d}f {ef bnql}{dc{ nf{elky {l ilc{}lj qljjv{blc# Fck {}fd{nfc{ by mdyfk lc q}bcibqjf l`

‚qljjv{blc `b}y{* {}fd{nfc{ jd{f}* xebjf ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc qv{y fnqedyby lc elx {l

q}fpfc{ qljjv{blc#„ Ml{e l` {efyf {xl nf{elky d}f cffkfk kv}bch qljjv{blc {}fd{nfc{

q}lifyy# Lcjr xb{e h}fd{ f``l}{ lc bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc dck qljjv{blc

{}fd{nfc{ idc xf diebfpf fcpb}lcnfc{dj hldjy#

Ib}ivjd} Filclnr



21

bnql}{dc{ }fylv}ify yvie dy b}lc l}f* clc`f}}lvy nf{djy i}fdyf mr =6&7 bc {ef

-}fvyf-* {ef }firijbch vyf l` y{ffj dck l{ef} ndol} }fcfxdmjf }fylv}if h}lx mr 06&*

{ef q}lql}{blc l` }firijfk clc.`f}}lvy nf{djy vq {l 91&7 bc {ef -}fylv}ify * -xf

cffk ilnq}fefcybpf v{bjbzd{blc l` nbcf}dj }fylv}ify bci}fdyfk mr 6 qf}ifc{dhf

qlbc{y* ilnq}fefcybpf v{bjbzd{blc l` bckvy{}bdj yljbk xdy{f {l 01&7 bc {ef- ed}njfyy -*

{ef {l{dj kbyied}hf l` ndol} qljjv{dc{y mr 41&# Kfpfjlqnfc{ l` ib}ivjd} filclnr edyh}fd{ bnql}{dcif {l {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef -Fjfpfc{e @bpf.Rfd}- qjdc* {ef

ilnqjf{blc l` fcf}hr ydpbch dck qljjv{blc }fkvi{blc dck {l diebfpf ylvck dck }dqbk

filclnbi dck ylibdj kfpfjlqnfc{#

Clc.Qlbc{ Ylv}if Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj dck Filjlhbidj ]fy{l}d{blc Y{}d{fhr

Fck {}fd{nfc{* ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc dck }firijbch l` filclnbi qljbir d}f ndbcjr

dbnfk d{ bckvy{}bdj dck v}mdc klnfy{bi qljjv{blc ilc{}lj nf{elky* {efb} ijbfc{y d}f

ndbcjr qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{dc{y# Bc dkkb{blc {l qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc* {ef clc.qlbc{

ylv}if qljjv{blc bc Iebcd by djyl pf}r yf}blvy* fyqfibdjjr bc dh}bivj{v}dj qljjv{blc#

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dnlvc{ l` qljjv{blc# [dgf {ef [dbev Jdgf Mdybc dy dc fudnqjf* iv}}fc{jr bc [dbev

Jdgf‒y {l{dj fu{f}cdj qljjv{blc* dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc edy diilvc{fk

{l 61& l` {ef {l{dj qljjv{blc dck {ef qf}ifc{dhf by y{bjj }bybch# Dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{

ylv}if qljjv{blc edy mffc d yf}blvy {e}fd{ {l Iebcd(y jdgfy* }bpf}y* {ef lpf}djj xd{f}

fcpb}lcnfc{* dck djyl edpf yf}blvyjr }fy{}bi{fk dh}bivj{v}f filclnr dck bnqfkf {ef

yvy{dbcdmjf kfpfjlqnfc{ l` }v}dj {ef filclnr#

Dy {ef ylibdjby{ -cfx }v}dj ilnnvcb{bfy ilcy{}vi{blc*- {ef ilc{}lj dh}bivj{v}dj

clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc edy mfilnf dc bnql}{dc{ filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{ xl}g*

dck mfilnf {ef `livy l` d{{fc{blc# Dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc idvyfk mr

ndcr }fdylcy* bcijvkbch? {ll nvie `f}{bjbzf}* qfy{bibkf vyfk* {ef jlx f``bibfcir l` b}}bhd{blc xd{f} vyf* jlx f``bibfcir bc q}lifyybch dck v{bjbzd{blc l` `d}nbch l}hdcbi

xdy{f* jdig l` dh}bivj{v}dj fu{fcyblc yf}pbify dck qvmjbi fcpb}lcnfc{dj dxd}fcfyy

dck yl lc# Mfidvyf {ef kb``f}fcif bc dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc dck

filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{ jfpfjy* fy{dmjbyebch dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc

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nfdyv}fy dck y{}d{fhbfy diil}kbch {l kb``f}fc{ dh}bivj{v}dj ijbnd{f* `d}nbch yry{fny

dck `d}nf}y bcilnf jfpfjy*

Bc hfcf}dj* clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc ilc{}lj y{}d{fhr bcijvkfy? H}ffc Dh}bivj{v}dj

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iefnbidj `f}{bjbzf}y dck qfy{bibkfy dqqjbfk* {ef jlyy l` dh}bivj{v}dj cb{}lhfc dck

qelyqel}vy* dck qfy{bibkf dj{f}cd{bpfy yvie dy fil.mjlig7 {ef yqfib`bi nfdyv}fy l`

Jbpfy{lig Xdy{f [}fd{nfc{ dck V{bjbzd{blc Q}lofi{ l` bcijvkf? bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef

y{}fdnbch xf{ dck k}r ndcv}f* {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` y{}dx* ndcv}f * hd}mdhf dck

l{ef} yljbk xdy{f `f}nfc{d{blc {dcg* mblhdy dck l}hdcbi `f}{bjbzf} q}lkvi{blc* f{i#7

ilci}f{f bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` `bye ijfdc dtvdivj{v}f q}lofi{y bcijvkf? {ef q}lnl{blc l`



24

dtvdivj{v}f qlck xd{f} ib}ivjd{blc {fiecljlhr* {l mvbjk -{ef qlck . xf{jdck- yry{fny*

{l q}lnl{f filjlhbidj d}nbch#

Bc dkkb{blc {l clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc ilc{}lj y{}d{fhbfy* `l} }bpf} mdybc xd{f}

qljjv{blc* b{ by djyl cfifyyd}r {l kfpfjlq d il}}fyqlckbch y{}d{fhr `l} filjlhbidj

}fy{l}d{blc dck ilcy{}vi{blc* bcijvkbch? xf{jdck ilcyf}pd{blc dck }fy{l}d{blc*filjlhbidj `l}fy{ ilcy{}vi{blc* dtvd{bi filyry{fn }fy{l}d{blc* jdgf k}fkhbch dck

bnq}lpbch {ef xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ idqdib{r# Filjlhbidj `l}fy{ ilcy{}vi{blc nfdcy {ef

ilcy{}vi{blc l` }bpf} @l}fy{* Jdgf @l}fy{* `d}njdck* xd{f} ilcyf}pd{blc `l}fy{ dck

l{ef} filjlhbidj mv``f} zlcf7 dtvd{bi filyry{fn }fy{l}d{blc by kf`bcfk dy xd{f}

ilckb{blcy* {ef yfjfi{bpf kfjbpf}r ef}mbpl}lvy `dvcd* qjdc{bch `jld{bch* fnf}hfc{ dck

yvmnf}hfk qjdc{y bnq}lpf {ef xd{f} filyry{fny7 jdgf k}fkhbch by {l k}fkhf bc {ef

qjdify xef}f {ef jdgfy d}f yf}blvy ybj{fk vq dck jdig l` dtvd{bi mblkbpf}yb{r mdyfk

lc yibfc{b`bi pf}b`bid{blcy dck qbjl{ q}lofi{# [l bci}fdyf xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ idqdib{r*

xf yelvjk id}}r lv{ bc{f}.mdybc xd{f} kbpf}yblc# B{ idc bci}fdyf {ef mdybc(y xd{f}

yvqqjr* diifjf}d{f {ef xd{f} irijf* dck bnq}lpf xd{f} qljjv{dc{ id}}rbch idqdib{r#

]ljf dck Dqqjbid{blc I}b{f}bd? [ef }fyfd}ie l` dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc

mfhdc bc {ef fd}jr 01y l` {ef =1{e ifc{v}r* {ef Vcb{fk Y{d{fy* Odqdc* M}b{dbc dck

ylnf l{ef} kfpfjlqfk ilvc{}bfy* id}}bfk lv{ {ef }fyfd}iefy l` {ef ijdyyb`bid{blcy l`

clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc* {ef nbh}d{blc dck {}dcy`l}nd{blc l` -}dbc`djj . }vcl``-

qljjv{dc{y* dck {ef nlkfjy l` clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc kbyqf}yblc# Iebcd mfhdc {ef

}fyfd}ie bc 4251y# D`{f} {ed{* ylnf bcpfy{bhd{blc dck }fyfd}iefy dmlv{ dh}bivj{v}dj

clc.qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc bc {ef Qfd}j ]bpf}* Jbdlef ]bpf}* [dbev Jdgf* Kbdcieb Jdgf

Mdybc dck l{ef} d}fdy edpf mffc id}}bfk lv{#

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bcpfy{nfc{ by 6*111 nbjjblc7 {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljjv{blc ilc{}lj }dchf by =1

ytvd}f gbjlnf{}fy# [ef y{}d{fhbfy l` qljjv{blc ilc{}lj bcijvkbch ? }v}dj yfxdhf

{}fd{nfc{* {ef ilc{}lj l` cb{}lhfc qelyqel}vy vyf bc dh}bivj{v}f* {l y{}fch{efc xd{f}

qv}b`bid{blc dck xd{f} mlkr }fy{l}d{blc bc }bpf} cf{xl}gy* qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck

filjlhbidj }fy{l}d{blc bc fy{vd}r d}fd dck yl lc# [ef}f d}f yfpfc nfdyv}fy bc djj#

Lc {ef l{ef} edck* bc l}kf} {l ilc{}lj {ef fv{}lqebid{blc l` [dbev Jdgf* yqfibdj jdgf

bcjf{ hd{f xdy mvbj{7 b{ edy f``fi{bpfjr ilc{}lj {ef cb{}lhfc dck qelyqel}vy ilc{fc{ l`

{ef }bpf} bc{l {ef jdgf# D{ {ef ydnf {bnf* {ef yqfibdjby{y hvbkf {ef `d}nf}y elx {l

ndcv}f yibfc{b`bidjjr# [efr djyl vcb`bfk vybch qfy{bibkfy {l }fkvif {ef cb{}lhfc`f}{bjbzf}# [ef dnlvc{ l` cb{}lhfc `f}{bjbzf} vyfk qf} efi{d}f l` `d}njdck kfi}fdyfk

`}ln {ef qdy{ =81.911 gh {l =11 gh# D`{f} 9 rfd}y l` vc}fnb{{bch f``l}{y* qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj dck filjlhbidj q}l{fi{blc bc }v}dj d}fdy l` Kbchyev {lxc edy diebfpfk

qlyb{bpf }fyvj{y* iedchbch {ef jlidj fcpb}lcnfc{ l` }v}dj jb`f k}dnd{bidjjr#

[ef qlbc{ qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck filjlhbidj }fy{l}d{blc d}f xbkfjr vyfk bc }v}dj d}fd#

Mfidvyf l` {efb} ilnqjbid{fk ndcdhfnfc{ nfiedcbyn* xf yelvjk ilc{bcvf {l



2=

fcedcif {ef qvmjbi fcpb}lcnfc{ dxd}fcfyy bc l}kf} {l ill}kbcd{f {ef qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj# Bc Ndr =118* Nfbjbdch Jdgf dck Hlch Jdgf xf}f eb{ mr d jd}hf yidjf l`

djhdf xebie fuf}{y mdk f``fi{y lc }fybkfc{y‒ kdbjr jb`f# [ef ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{ edy

d{{diefk h}fd{ bnql}{dcif lc {eby yb{vd{blc dck l}hdcbzfk }fjfpdc{ kfqd}{nfc{ {l

q}fqd}f ‚Ilnq}fefcybpf ndcdhfnfc{ l` lpf}djj fcpb}lcnfc{ bc [dbev Jdgf„# [ef

q}lh}dn y{bqvjd{fy qljjv{blc ilc{}lj hldjy bc [dbev Jdgf* ilc{}lj nfdyv}fy dckillqf}d{blc nfiedcbyny lc xd{f} }fylv}if q}l{fi{blc* xd{f} nlcb{l}bch dck yl lc#

Bc Ndr =115* {ef q}lh}dn xdy l``bibdjjr dqq}lpfk mr Y{d{f Ilvcibj#

Fcpb}lcnfc{dj dck Ylibdj Bnqdi{ dck Filclnbi Dcdjryby? Bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qlbc{

ylv}if qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck filjlhbidj }fy{l}d{blc d}f bnql}{dc{ y{}d{fhbfy `l}

yvy{dbcdmjf kfpfjlqnfc{ l` }v}dj fcpb}lcnfc{# Fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc id}}bfy d

k}dnd{bi bnqjbid{blc `l} }v}dj kfpfjlqnfc{# D{ q}fyfc{* {ef qlbc{ ylv}if qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj edy cl{ `l}nfk y{dckd}ky {ef}f dck {ef}f by y{bjj d jlch xdr `l} {ef

kfpfjlqnfc{ l` filjlhbidj }fy{l}d{blc#

M" Q}lmjfny xb{e Filclnbi Qljbibfy

Bcdkftvd{f Yvqql}{ {l [fiecljlhbidj Kfpfjlqnfc{

] K bcpfy{nfc{ by jlx7 {ef f``bibfcir bc {ef vyf l` `vcky yelvjk {l mf bnq}lpfk#

Ilnqd}fk {l `l}fbhc hlpf}cnfc{y‒ ] K bcqv{* {ef q}lql}{blc l` hlpf}cnfc{‒y ]

K bcqv{ bc {ef {l{dj ] K bcqv{ bc iebcd xdy }fnd}gdmjf jlxf} `l} tvb{f d jlch {bnf#

[ef ydnf edqqfcfk bc {ef q}lql}{blc l` ] K `bcdcif fuqfckb{v}f bc {ef {l{dj

mvkhf{# [ef y{d{f djyl kbk cl{ edpf fclvhe yvqql}{ {l {ef qvmjbi }fyfd}ie

bcy{b{v{blcy# [ef }fyvj{ by iebcd edy d jlch xdr {l hl bc {ef bckfu l` idqb{dj bcpfy{nfc{*

evndc }fylv}ify* {fiecbidj ftvbqnfc{* q}lkvi{blc dck l{ef} bckbid{l}y ilnqd}fk

xb{e {ef `l}fbhc ilvc{}bfy#

Xfdg [fiecljlhbidj Bcclpd{blc

Iebcd(y xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj }fyfd}ie idqdib{r by }fjd{bpfjr xfdg* }fyfd}ie

bcy{b{v{fy d}f hfcf}djjr yndjj* q}l`fyyblcdj dkpdc{dhf by cl{ lmpblvy* dck fuqf}{y

xb{e q}l`fyyblcdj gclxjfkhf d}f }d}f# Djj {efyf jfdkbch {l xfdg idqdib{r l`

bckfqfckfc{ bcclpd{blc bc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj {fiecljlhr bc Iebcd# Iebcd(y ndol}

xd{f} qljjv{blc {fiecljlhr l` {fiecljlhbidj q}lh}fyy by diebfpfk nly{jr `}ln {ef

bc{}lkvi{blc l` `l}fbhc dkpdcifk {fiecljlhr dck ndcdhfnfc{ fuqf}bfcif hdbcfk#

[ef bc{}lkvi{blc l` {fiecljlhr dck ftvbqnfc{ edy qjdrfk dc bnql}{dc{ }ljf bc

q}lnl{bch xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj bc Iebcd* mv{ {ef kbhfy{bch dck dmyl}mbch{fiecljlhr dck bcclpd{blcy d}f bcf``fi{bpf# [efc }fqfd{fk bc{}lkvi{blc l` {ef

{fiecljlhr by cl{ vckdnfc{djjr }fyljpfk# Bc qd}{bivjd}* {ef bc{}lkvi{blc l` {fiecljlhr

klfy cl{ bnq}lpf xb{e yfj`.bcclpd{blc dck bckvy{}bdj ilnqf{b{bpfcfyy {lhf{ef}#

I" Vyf l` Filclnbi Qljbir {l Q}lnl{f [fiecljlhbidj Q}lh}fyy

Bc Xfy{f}c ilvc{}bfy* `byidj qljbir {l yvqql}{ {ef q}lh}fyy l` {ef Xd{f} Qljjv{blc



29

Ilc{}lj by diebfpfk mr q}lofi{y# [ef hlpf}cnfc{y vyf `bcdcibdj bcpfy{nfc{ dck

`bcdcibch qljbir* {l hvbkf pfc{v}f idqb{djy* fy{dmjbyebch d }fyfd}ie `vck* {du

ilcifyyblcy dck l{ef} `byidj dck {dud{blc qljbibfy {l yvqql}{ {ef {fiecbidj q}lh}fyy#

Bci}fdyf Hlpf}cnfc{ Bcpfy{nfc{ bc ]K

Ilnqd}fk {l `l}fbhc hlpf}cnfc{y‒ ] K bcqv{* {ef q}lql}{blc l` hlpf}cnfc{‒y ] K bcqv{ bc {ef {l{dj ] K bcqv{ bc iebcd xdy }fnd}gdmjf jlxf} #[ef ydnf edqqfcfk

bc {ef q}lql}{blc l` ] K `bcdcif fuqfckb{v}f bc {ef {l{dj mvkhf{# Yl b{ by cfifyyd}r

{l bcpfy{ nl}f bc {fiecljlhbidj q}lh}fyy* {ef q}lql}{blc l` Hlpf}cnfc{ ] K

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26

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20

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28

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25

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22

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414

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41=



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41;

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418

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415

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412

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4=9

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ijlyfjr nlcb{l}fk dck yvqf}pbyfk# Kb``f}fc{ kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky ndr mf vyfk `l}

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4=;

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;#9 Bnqjfnfc{d{blc Y{}d{fhr

;#9#4 Mdybi Dqq}ldie

[ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc y{}d{fhr by dc bnql}{dc{ dyyv}dcif `l} nd}gf{.mdyfk xd{f}

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qljbibfy {l diebfpf {ef kfyb}fk lmofi{bpfy# [ef kfybhc l` {ef y{}d{fhr

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q}lpbkf l} dc bnqjfnfc{d{blc }ldkndq#

;#9#= Lpf}djj Lmofi{bpfy

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f``fi{bpf nd}gf{.mdyfk xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc qljbibfy

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D" Bnqjfnfc{d{blc Q}bcibqjfy



4=6

b" Qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc yelvjk cl{ lcjr qdr d{{fc{blc {l ndubnbzbch {ef }ljf l`

nd}gf{ nfiedcbyny* mv{ djyl {ef }ljf l` {ef hlpf}cnfc{* dy xfjj dy }d{blcdjjr dck

ijfd}jr kbpbkf {ef yilqf l` dqqjbid{blc l` {ef hlpf}cnfc{ dck {ef nd}gf{ bc xd{f}

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj#

bb" Qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc yelvjk mf dkdq{bpf yvie {ed{ yviifyyfy dck jfyylcy

jfd}cfk idc mf vyfk {l }fpbyf {ef qljbibfy dck dkovy{ qljbir l}bfc{d{blc xb{e d pbfx {lbnq}lpf {ef lqf}dmbjb{r dck f``fi{bpfcfyy#

bbb" Qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc yelvjk cl{ lcjr fnqedybzf {ef fc{b}f{r* mv{ djyl q}liffk

y{fq mr y{fq* bc l}kf} l` q}bl}b{r dck diil}kbch {l {ef fuby{bch qljbir fcpb}lcnfc{#

bp" Qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc yelvjk qdr d{{fc{blc {l {ef ilnmbcd{blc l` qljbir

ilcy{}dbc{y dck bcifc{bpfy* xb{e ill}kbcd{fk vyf l` }fxd}ky dck qfcdj{bfy#

p" Qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc yelvjk qdr d{{fc{blc {l `db}cfyy {l djj qljbir {d}hf{y* dy xfjj

dy {ef qljbir mfcf`b{y dck {ef mdjdcifk ilcybkf}d{blc l` {ef {xl#

M" Bnqjfnfc{d{blc Yiefkvjf

[ef kfybhc l` bnqjfnfc{d{blc yiefkvjf `l} nd}gf{.mdyfk xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj

qljbibfy yelvjk mf hvbkfk mr lpf}djj qljbir lmofi{bpfy* }fyfd}ie dck qbjl{bch

fuqf}bfcify* mdyfk lc {ef qedyfk dqq}ldie dy xfjj dy {ef kfndck l`

yliblfilclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{ dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc# D {bnf `}dnf l` 41 rfd}y

by }filnnfckfk {l mvbjk d ilnq}fefcybpf nd}gf{.mdyfk qljbir yry{fn# [ef lpf}djj

bnqjfnfc{d{blc }ldkndq by dy `ljjlxy?

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`}dnfxl}g* yfjfi{ dck bnqjfnfc{ }fq}fyfc{d{bpf }fhblcy dck yfi{l}y `l} qbjl{y lc

q}bl}b{r qljbir d}fdy xb{e }fhd}k {l kbyied}hf {}dkbch* ilcpf}{bch kbyied}hf `ffy bc{l

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l` {ef q}bl}b{r qljbir d}fdy#

Bc {ef nfkbvn.{f}n %=144.=146"* diifjf}d{f {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljbir qbjl{

q}lh}dny lc {ef ilcpf}yblc l` `ffy bc{l {dufy* filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc dck xd{f}

fcpb}lcnfc{ `bcdcibch* yvnnd}bzf {ef qbjl{ fuqf}bfcify* ilc{bcvf xb{e {ef qbjl{

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Bc {ef jlch.{f}n %=140.=1=1"* kffqfc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef qbjl{ q}lh}dny*

ilc{bcvf {l vqh}dkf {ef nd}gf{.mdyfk xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qljbir `}dnfxl}g7 gfrqljbir bcy{}vnfc{y* bcijvkbch kbyied}hf {}dkbch dck filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc*

mfilnf {ef ifc{f} l` xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qljbir `}dnfxl}g7 d jlch.{f}n* f``fi{bpf

qljbir yry{fn `l} xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc xbjj mf kfpfjlqfk#

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bc [dmjf ;.=#



4=0

[dmjf ;.=? Bnqjfnfc{d{blc Yiefkvjf dck L}kf} l` Q}bl}b{r `l} Nd}gf{.Mdyfk

Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj Qljbibfy

Qljbir Q}bl}b{rCfd}.[f}n%=112.=141"

Nfkbvn.[f}n%=141.=146"

Jlch.[f}n%=146.=1=1"

Qljjv{dc{kbyied}hf ffy

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Kbyied}hf{}dkbch

Bc ilnmbcd{blc xb{e {efcd{blcdj qljbibfy lc{l{dj qljjv{dc{kbyied}hfy ilc{}lj dcklc kbyied}hf qf}nb{y*diifjf}d{f {efq}fqd}d{blc l` {fiecbidjhvbkdcif dckedckmllg lc kbyied}hf{}dkbch7 bnqjfnfc{qbjl{y bc {rqbidjxd{f}yefky* yvie dy

[db jdgf* Ubdchobdch}bpf} dck Jbdlef }bpf}*lc ILK {}dkbch7 y{d}{qbjl{y bc yfjfi{fk}fhblcy lc kbyied}hf{}dkbch `l} [Q dck [C*dck {}dkbch mf{xffcqlbc{ dck clc.qlbc{ylv}ify

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Xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b``

Kffqfc }fyfd}ie lcxdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{{d}b`` kf{f}nbcd{blc dckiljjfi{blc y{dckd}ky

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Bc ilnmbcd{blc xb{exd{f} }fylv}if `ff}f`l}n dck kbyied}hf`ff }f`l}n* yqfk vq

kfpfjlqnfc{ l` }fhvjd{blcy lcxdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{{d}b``7 ilc{bcvf xb{ebnq}lpfnfc{ {lyvqql}{bpf nfdyv}fy7{ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` qljbiryry{fn xbjj mfkfpfjlqfk



4=8

lv{}fdie lcxdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{{d}b`` {l bci}fdyf ylibdjdiifq{dmbjb{r dck {d}b`` iljjfi{blc }d{f

Qvmjbi `bcdcif Bci}fdyf bcpfy{nfc{ bc

xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj7ilckvi{ y{vkbfy l` }f`l}n dck bcclpd{bpfnfdyv}fy lcbcpfy{nfc{ dck`bcdcibch nfiedcbyny7qjdc `l} {effy{dmjbyenfc{ l` xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}ljyvqf}`vck

Ilc{bcvf {l bci}fdyf

bcpfy{nfc{ bc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj7y{}fch{efc {ef }ljf l` i}fkb{ dck `bcdcibdjbcy{b{v{blcy bc xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{q}l{fi{blc7 yqffk vq{ef kfpfjlqnfc{ l` }fjfpdc{ bcpfy{nfc{dck `bcdcibch qljbibfy7yf{ vq {ef cd{blcdjxd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}ljyvqf}`vck

Nfiedcbyn `l} qd}djjfj

h}lx{e mf{xffc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}ljbcpfy{nfc{ dck qvmjbi`bcdcif7 kfpfjlq dq}fjbnbcd}r filclnbicd{blcdj qljbir`}dnfxl}g lcbcpfy{nfc{ dck`bcdcibch nd}gf{ `l} xd{f} fcpb}lcnfc{q}l{fi{blc

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QQQ dcknd}gf{.l}bfc{fk}f`l}n

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4=5

yvqf}pbyl}r yry{fn `l} QQQ bnqjfnfc{d{blc

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;#; Yvhhfy{blcy l} Bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` Gfr Qljbibfy

;#;#4 Qljjv{dc{ Kbyied}hf ff

D" Yf{{bch {ef Lmofi{bpfy

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y{}vi{v}f yelvjk mf fy{dmjbyefk xb{e d pbfx {l bnq}lpf {ef qf}`l}ndcif l` kbyied}hf

`ff dck {du qljbibfy#

M" Bnqjfnfc{d{blc ]filnnfckd{blcy

Ilcpf}yblc l` Kbyied}hf @ffy bc{l [dufy

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b}}fhvjd} ied}hfy#

[ef}f`l}f* `ff.{l.{du ilcpf}yblc bc Iebcd yelvjk q}liffk yjlxjr# D `vjj.`jfkhfk

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4=2

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q}lijdbnfk#

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`ljjlxbch ilcybkf}d{blcy?

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mv}fdv#

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{ef {du mv}fdv dck pf}b`bid{blc mr {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc mv}fdv7 dck bb"

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qljjv{bch mfedpblv}# [evy* q}f`f}fc{bdj {du }d{f yelvjk mf q}lpbkfk {l

qljjv{blc.}fkvibch mfedpblv}#

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bnqjfnfc{d{blc* kbyied}hf `ffy qlyyfyy {ef `fd{v}fy l` {dud{blc* bcijvkbch ilf}iblc

dck mfbch `bufk# Jlx `ff }d{f dck jlx iljjfi{blc }d{f d}f {xl bnql}{dc{ `di{l}y {ed{

d``fi{ {ef nl{bpd{blcdj f``fi{# [ef ydnf q}lmjfn xbjj liiv} d`{f} {ef ilcpf}yblc#

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xbjj cl jlchf} iljjfi{ kbyied}hf `ffy* dck dy yvie b{y }ljf bc yvqf}pbybch {ef qljjv{bch

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d``fi{fk# [ef}f`l}f* `ff.{l.{du ilcpf}yblc yelvjk mf diilnqdcbfk mr {ef

y{}fch{efcbch l` {ef nlcb{l}bch dck yvqf}pbyl}r idqdib{r l` {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj



491

q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r {l fcyv}f {ed{ {ef fc{f}q}byf xbjj ilnqjr xb{e {ef jdx dck qdr

{dufy#

@b}y{* yvqql}{bpf yry{fny yelvjk mf kfpfjlqfk# Xfdg di{blc l} bcdi{blc bc qvcbyebch

jdx.pbljd{bch mfedpblv} yvie dy clc.lqf}d{blc l` qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `dibjb{r* bjjfhdj

kbyied}hf dck `}dvk xbjj }fyvj{ bc kby{l}{blc dck jdig l` `db}cfyy bc bnqjfnfc{bchkbyied}hf `ff iljjfi{blc qljbibfy dck d``fi{ {ef nd}gf{ ilnqf{b{bpfcfyy l` {ef

fc{f}q}byf# B{ by }filnnfckfk {l y{}fch{efc {}dbcbch* }dbybch {ef tvdjb{r l` jdx

fc`l}ifnfc{ qf}ylccfj dck vqh}dkf {ef ftvbqnfc{ l` {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj yvqf}pbyblc

dv{el}b{r yl dy {l }fkvif {ef iedcify l` }fhvjd{l}r pbljd{blc# [ef dnlvc{ l` qfcdj{r

`l} pbljd{blc yelvjk mf }dbyfk mr bci}fdybch {ef `bcfy `l} bjjfhdj dck diibkfc{dj

kbyied}hfy#

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ndcdhfnfc{ hvbkfjbcf lc {ef iljjfi{blc dck vyf l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf `ffy edy

y{bqvjd{fk {ed{ {ef pf}b`bid{blc l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf tvdc{b{bfy yelvjk mf mdyfk

ndbcjr lc nlcb{l}bch kd{d# Bc {ef `v{v}f* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj nlcb{l}bch dhfcibfy bc

{ef pd}blvy jfpfjy yelvjk illqf}d{f ijlyfjr xb{e {ef yvqf}pbyl}r dhfcibfy# [ef

lcjbcf nlcb{l}bch q}lh}dn yelvjk mf fuqdckfk#

[eb}k* y{}fch{efc {ef ndcdhfnfc{ l` kbyied}hf }fql}{bch# Diil}kbch {l {ef

ndcdhfnfc{ hvbkfjbcf* kbyied}hf }fql}{bch jdry {ef `lvckd{blc `l} kbyied}hf `ff

iljjfi{blc# D{ q}fyfc{* kbyied}hf }fql}{bch by vyfk {l gclx {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy bc

{ef {f}}b{l}r# [ef }fql}{fk kd{d yf}pfy dy {ef mdyby `l} idjivjd{blc dck pf}b`bid{blc l`

kbyied}hf `ffy# Elxfpf}* {ef q}fyfc{ }fql}{bch }ftvb}fnfc{y `livy lc gfr qljjv{blcylv}ify# ]fql}{bch lc }fhvjd} qljjv{blc ylv}ify* {f}{bd}r bckvy{}r dck bckbpbkvdj

mvybcfyyfy by xfdg# [ef}f by d cffk `l} bnq}lpbch }fql}{bch tvdjb{r* dck }fkvibch

`djyf }fql}{bch dck vckf} }fql}{bch#

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l` ylibf{r yl ylibdj yvqql}{ dck qd}{bibqd{blc by cfifyyd}r# Djj `l}ny dck `l}nd{y

yelvjk mf vyfk {l }dbyf qvmjbi dxd}fcfyy dck fcilv}dhf qvmjbi qd}{bibqd{blc# Lcf

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ndyy nfkbd `l} qvmjbi fkvid{blc {l bci}fdyf ylibdj gclxjfkhf dmlv{ kbyied}hf `ff

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ilv}yfy lc d }fhvjd} mdyby* {l q}lpbkf {ef qljjv{f}y xb{e }fjd{fk gclxjfkhf dmlv{

kbyied}hf `ff iljjfi{blc* ilckvi{ {fiecbidj {}dbcbch lc qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck bci}fdyf

{ef hlpf}cnfc{y‒ yfcyf l` qvmjbi yf}pbif#



494

I" ]ldk Ndq

Bc {ef cfd}.{f}n %=112.=141"* bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` Evmfb qbjl{ yelvjk mf diifjf}d{fk#

[ef cffky l} yvqql}{bpf qljbibfy l} kbyied}hf ff.{l.{du yelvjk mf dyyfyyfk* djlch

xb{e {ef ily{ l` qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc# [ef d{{b{vkf* pbfxy dck lqbcblcy l` ilcif}cfk

y{dgfeljkf}y yelvjk mf hd{ef}fk dck dcdjrzfk# Nfdcxebjf* bcpfy{bhd{blc yelvjk mfndkf bc{l {ef `fdybmbjb{r l` kbyied}hf `ff.{l.{du ilcpf}yblc bc l{ef} q}lpbcify# [ef

{fiecbidj yvqql}{ }ftvb}fnfc{y xb{e }fhd}k {l `ff.{l.{du ilcpf}yblc* bcijvkbch

iljjfi{blc nf{elky dck y{dckd}ky dck {ef kbpbyblc l` dknbcby{}d{bpf }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy

l` {ef iljjfi{blc dhfcibfy* yelvjk mf y{vkbfk#

Bc {ef nfkbvn.{f}n %=144.=146"* {ef yilqf l` qbjl{bch yelvjk mf fuqdckfk {l

bcijvkf qbjl{ q}lh}dny bc fdy{f}c* ifc{}dj dck xfy{f}c q}lpbcify# Mdyfk lc qdy{

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yfjfi{bch cfx qbjl{y# Xb{e }fyqfi{ {l qljbir kfybhc* {ef vqqf} {e}fyeljk l` `ff

iljjfi{blc yelvjk mf kf`bcfk# Lc {ef l{ef} edck* {ef d``l}kdmbjb{r {l {ef fc{f}q}byfy bc

{ef qbjl{ q}lpbcify yelvjk mf bcpfy{bhd{fk {l kf{f}nbcf {ef jlxf} jbnb{# [ef `ff }d{f

yelvjk mf kf{f}nbcfk bc ilcybkf}d{blc l` djj `di{l}y# Nl}flpf}* }fjd{fk qljbibfy lc

kbyied}hf `ff }f`l}n yelvjk mf `l}nvjd{fk# B` `ff.{l.{du by {l mf bnqjfnfc{fk* {ef

iljjfi{blc l` xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf {dufy yelvjk mf ill}kbcd{fk xb{e l{ef}

fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc {dufy# [ef {dud{blc jdx yelvjk mf dnfckfk {l bcijvkf {ef

`ff.{l.{du }f`l}n#

@l} {ef jlch.{f}n %=140.=1=1"* d q}fjbnbcd}r qljbir `}dnfxl}g* yvb{dmjf {l Iebcfyf

ilckb{blcy* lc qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf `ffy l} {dufy {ed{ {d}hf{ xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf

mfedpblv} xbjj mf ilnqjf{fk#

;#;#= Xdy{fxd{f} [}fd{nfc{ [d}b``

D" Yf{{bch Lmofi{bpfy

Cfd}.{f}n? fcjd}hf {ef hflh}dqebidj ilpf}dhf dck bci}fdyf {ef `ff }d{f* `l} {ef

ilpf}dhf {l mf fuqdckfk {l bcijvkf }v}dj d}fdy dck `l} {ef }d{f {l }fdie ily{

}filpf}r xb{e d cd}}lx nd}hbc l` q}l`b{#

Jlch.{f}n? }dbyf {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` {l mf ftvbpdjfc{ {l {ef nd}hbcdj ily{

l` xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{* yl dy {l q}lnl{f dck diebfpf nd}gf{.mdyfk lqf}d{blc l`

xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{#


Bc {ef q}lifyy l` nd}gf{.mdyfk }f`l}n `l} {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ yfi{l}* {ef }ljfy

dck }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy l` {ef hlpf}cnfc{ yelvjk mf ijfd}jr kf`bcfk# [efr yelvjk cl{ mf

{ll {bhe{ l} {ll jllyf# [ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ by d qvmjbi yf}pbif# Dy yvie* b{ by



49=

cfifyyd}r {l mvbjk d `ff iljjfi{blc qljbir `}dnfxl}g {ed{ {dgfy bc{l ilcybkf}d{blc {ef

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efdj{er kfpfjlqnfc{ l` {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ yfi{l} mr djjfpbd{bch {ef `bcdcibdj

mv}kfc {ed{ {ef nd}gf{.l}bfc{fk }f`l}n xbjj m}bch {l {ef jlidj }fybkfc{y dck d{ {ef

ydnf {bnf mr `ly{f}bch ilnqf{b{blc#

[d}b`` ]f`l}n

Xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` }f`l}n yelvjk dkk {ef LN ily{ l` ml{e {ef XX[Q dck

{ef yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g {l {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ `ff# [ef kf{f}nbcd{blc l` {ef `ff

}d{f yelvjk mf yibfcif.mdyfk dck q}di{bidj* {l fcyv}f {ed{ {ef XX[Q idc hfcf}d{f

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{ed{ di{bpfjr qd}{bibqd{f bc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck dklq{ ijfdcf} q}lkvi{blc# @l}

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fc{bif fc{f}q}byfy dck bckbpbkvdjy {l bci}fdyf bcpfy{nfc{y bc fcpb}lcnfc{dj

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d{nlyqef}f xef}fmr {ef fc{f}q}byfy* l}hdcbzd{blcy dck bckbpbkvdjy ilcyiblvyjr

qd}{bibqd{f bc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck fcyv}f {ef yviifyy`vj bnqjfnfc{d{blc l`

`byidj qljbibfy lc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj#

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l` d qvmjbi `bcdcif qljbir `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj#

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ndcdhfnfc{* ed}nlcbzf {ef y{dckd}ky l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj fuqfckb{v}fy dck {ef

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dck filjlhbidj vci{blc zlcfy* bcil}ql}d{f ilcybkf}d{blcy xb{e }fhd}k {l filyry{fny

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filjlhbidj `vci{blc zlcf.mdyfk dck xd{f}yefk.mdyfk filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc

q}lh}dny* dck bc{}lkvif }fjfpdc{ qljbibfy#

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qvmjbi `bcdcif qljbibfy `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# D{{fc{blc yelvjk mf qdbk {l

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ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{ mvkhf{ yelvjk bci}fdyf bcpfy{nfc{ bc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj#

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ilpf}y {ef y{}lch ill}kbcd{blc mf{xffc {ef cd{blcdj lpf}djj qvmjbi bcdcif }dnfxl}g

dck {ef cd{blcdj fcpb}lcnfc{dj qvmjbi bcdcif }dnfxl}g#

;#;#6 Xd{f}yefk.Mdyfk* Xd{f} Tvdjb{r.[d}hf{{fk Filjlhbidj Ilnqfcyd{blc


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fuqf}bfcify xb{e xd{f}yefk.mydfk xd{f} tvdjb{r filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc qbjl{

q}lh}dny* y{}fch{efc hvbkdcif dck ill}kbcd{blc d{ {ef cd{blcdj jfpfj* dck

diifjf}d{f {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc qbjl{y xb{ebc {ef q}lpbcif*

xb{e d `bcdj lv{ilnf l` fy{dmjbyebch d cd{blcdj qljbir `}dnfxl}g `l} filjlhbidj

ilnqfcyd{blc#

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xd{f}yefky di}lyy {ef ilvc{}r* }f`l}n dck bnq}lpf {ef ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn*

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f``fi{bpf filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc qljbir }dnfxl}g#



4;9


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d}f hdbcfk dck {ef }fhvjd{l}r dck {fiecbidj yvqql}{bch yry{fny d}f mvbj{#

Q}di{bidj dck Fdyr {l Lqf}d{f

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kby{}bmv{blc l` mdybi qvmjbi hllky dck yf}pbify* yed}bch l` filjlhbidj mfcf`b{y*

yed}bch l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy dck {ef }d{blcdj djjlid{blc dck

v{bjbzd{blc l` xd{f} }fylv}ify xb{ebc {ef xd{f}yefk# [ef kf{f}nbcd{blc l`

ilnqfcyd{blc y{dckd}ky cffky {l mf yibfcif.mdyfk7 nl}f bnql}{dc{jr fdyr {l

lqf}d{f# B{ yelvjk mf jbcgfk {l {ef qf}`l}ndcif dyyfyynfc{ l` {ef jlidj hlpf}cnfc{y

bc }fhd}k {l ml}kf}jbcf xd{f} tvdjb{r#

Diifjf}d{bch ]fhvjd{l}r Kfpfjlqnfc{

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bnqjfnfc{bch jlidj qbjl{ q}lh}dny# [ef }fyvj{y l` {ef qbjl{ q}lh}dny idc mf vyfk {l

bnq}lpf {ef }fjfpdc{ jdxy* }fhvjd{blcy* qljbibfy dck {fiecbidj kfybhc#

Qvmjbi Fkvid{blc dck [}dbcbch

Pd}blvy jfpfjy l` hlpf}cnfc{y yelvjk mf ndkf dxd}f l` {ef bnql}{dcif l`

filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc {l bnq}lpbch {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r bc {ef }bpf} mdybc# [efr

yelvjk mf q}lpbkfk xb{e {ef vckf}y{dckbch {ed{ {ef dklq{blc l` filjlhbidj

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dyybnbjd{bpf idqdib{r dck `db} djjlid{blc l` {ef }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj

q}l{fi{blc bc {ef mdybc* mr l``f}bch ilnqfcyd{blc {l {ef vqy{}fdn ilnnvcb{bfy `l}

yd`fhvd}kbch {ef tvdjb{r l` {ef xd{f} }fylv}ify d{ {ef fuqfcyf l` {efb} kfpfjlqnfc{

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vqy{}fdn dck klxcy{}fdn ilnnvcb{bfy# [ef y{dgfeljkf}y yelvjk mf ndkf dxd}f

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filclnbi fu{fcyblc l` {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc }fyqlcybmbjb{r l` {ef jlidj

hlpf}cl} dy {ef ‚}bpf} ndy{f}„# B{ yvqqjfnfc{y {ef qf}`l}ndcif dck diilvc{dmbjb{r

yry{fn `l} {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef xd{f}yefk qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qjdc* dck dc

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filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc# [ef nlcb{l}bch jlid{blcy yelvjk mf dmjf {l ijd}b`r {ef

xd{f} tvdjb{r }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy mf{xffc {ef vqy{}fdn dck klxcy{}fdn7 dck {efr

yelvjk mf dh}ffk vq mr ml{e {ef vqy{}fdn dck klxcy{}fdn hlpf}cnfc{y# Dc

dv{lnd{fk ilc{bcvlvy nlcb{l}bch yry{fn yelvjk mf ilcybkf}fk {l fcyv}f {ef

diiv}dir dck ilc{bcvb{r l` {ef nlcb{l}bch kd{d# [ef {}dcymlvckd}r xd{f} tvdjb{r

nlcb{l}bch kd{d yelvjk mf qvmjbyefk }fhvjd}jr {l fcyv}f ylibdj ovy{bf* `db}cfyy*

{}dcyqd}fcir* qvmjbi qd}{bqid{blc dck qvmjbi yvqf}pbyblc# B{ by }filnnfckfk {ed{ {ef

ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{ hbpf q}bl}b{r {l {ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` dv{lnd{fk xd{f} tvdjb{r

nlcb{l}bch yry{fny d{ {ef q}lpbcibdj ml}kf}y bc {ef 8 gfr }bpf} mdybcy# Diil}kbchjr*

{ef q}lpbcibdj hlpf}cnfc{ klfy {ef ydnf d{ {ef ilvc{r ml}kf}y#

I" ]ldk Ndq

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D{ {ef cd{blcdj jfpfj* qbjl{ q}lh}dny d}f }filnnfckfk `l} Evdb }bpf}* Ubc‒dcobdch

}bpf} dck Jbdl }bpf} mf yfjfi{fk# Qbjl{bch qjdc yelvjk mf kfpfjlqfk `l} dqq}lpdj mr

{ef }fjfpdc{ ifc{}dj nbcby{}bfy# [ef `b}y{ idyf l` xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qjdc bc Iebcd

mfhdc xb{e {ef Evdb }bpf}# @l} {e}ff ilcyfiv{bpf rfd}y ybcif =110* NFQ* bc

illqf}d{blc xb{e l{ef} nbcby{}bfy* `l}nfk dc dyyfyynfc{ qdcfj dck ilckvi{fk dqf}`l}ndcif dyyfyynfc{* xb{e d }fql}{ id}k* l` diebfpbch {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r {d}hf{y

dy yf{ `l}{e bc {ef ‚]fyqlcybmbjb{r Dyybhcnfc{ `l} Diebfpbch {ef [d}hf{y l` Xd{f}

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dqq}lpfk dck qvmjbijr }fjfdyfk# B{ by xl}{e nfc{blcbch {ed{ {ef qbjl{ q}lh}dn bc {ef

Evdb }bpf} mdybc edy jdbk d yljbk lvckd{blc dck q}lkvifk xbkf }filhcb{blc# NFQ ndr

ilcybkf} bnqjfnfc{bch d cd{blcdj q}lh}dn lc filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc dck qljjv{blc

ilnqfcyd{blc qljbibfy bc {ef Kbdcieb Jdgf mdybc %Rvccdc" dck {ef [db Jdgf mdybc

%Dcevb"* dy qd}{ l` {ef qf}`l}ndcif dyyfyynfc{ l` {ef 44{e @RQ lc xd{f} qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj `l} {ef gfr xd{f}yefky# D{ {ef q}lpbcibdj jfpfj* f``l}{ yelvjk mf ndkf {l

fuqdck dck kffqfc {ef bc{}d.q}lpbcibdj* bc{f}.ilvc{r filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc qbjl{

q}lh}dny* {l mvbjk {ef {fiecbidj yvqql}{ idqdib{r lc xd{f}yefk.mdyfk filjlhbidj

ilnqfcyd{blc* dck yvnnd}bzf {ef fuqf}bfcify l` {ef lc.hlbch filjlhbidj

ilnqfcyd{blc qbjl{y bc Nbcobdch* _brd* Jbdl* Yedrbch dck Ubdchobdch }bpf} mdybcy#

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{l {ef {}dcy.q}lpbcibdj }bpf}y* jdgf %}fyf}plb}" dck ndol} {}bmv{d}bfy* bc ilcovci{blc



4;6

xb{e {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef ‚Bc{f}bn Hvbkfjbcf lc Qf}`l}ndcif Dyyfyynfc{ l`

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dck `bpf l{ef} ifc{}dj nbcby{}bfy# [ef qf}`l}ndcif dyyfyynfc{ xbjj djyl mf vyf`vj {l

kf`bcbch {ef }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy mf{xffc {ef vqy{}fdn dck klxcy{}fdn `l} {ef qv}qlyf

l` bnqjfnfc{bch {ef dknbcby{}d{bpf diilvc{dmbjb{r yry{fn `l} diebfpbch {ef xd{f}

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4;2

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bci}fdyfk mr 4*011 gn=

mf{xffc 4225 dck =116# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc [dmjf 6.4#

[dmjf 6.4? Fv{}lqebid{blc Jfpfj bc [db Jdgf bc =116

D}fd Dyyfyynfc{ D}fd %gn=" Yil}f

Jfpfj l`Fv{}lqebid{blc

Xvjb Jdgf 6#5 05 NfkbvnNfbjbdch Jdgf 4=; 05 Nfkbvn _evyedc Jdgf 60#8 81 Nfkbvn

Hlch Jdgf 4;8 04 Nfkbvn

Jdgf Ifc{f} 41=2 06 Nfkbvn

Xfy{ Yel}f 458#5 00 Nfkbvn Ylv{e Yel}f 909 04 Nfkbvn Fdy{ Yel}f =05 62 Jbhe{

Fdy{ [db Jdgf 460#8 6; Jbhe{ Xeljf [db Jdgf =995 09 Nfkbvn

Qll} Xd{f} Tvdjb{r l` {ef @ffkbch ]bpf}y? Mf{xffc 4225 dck =110* {ef dpf}dhf

xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef }bpf}y `jlxbch bc{l {ef [db Jdgf xdy mfjlx Ijdyy P# [ef }bpf}y bc

Iedchzelv nvcbibqdjb{r edk {ef qll}fy{ xd{f} tvdjb{r* `ljjlxfk mr {ef }bpf}y bc Xvub

nvcbibqdjb{r* xebjf {ef }bpf}y bc Yvzelv dck Evzelv nvcbibqdjb{fby edk }fjd{bpfjr

怷磸

1#111

1#1;1

1#151

1#4=1

1#401

4 22 8 4 22 5 4 22 2 = 11 1 = 11 4 = 11 = = 11 9 = 11 ; = 11 6 = 11 0

怷氣

1#11

4#11

=#11

9#11

;#11

4228 4225 4222 =111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110

髕锱酵监挈敱

1#1

=#1

;#1

0#1

5#1

4228 4225 4222 =111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110 1

1#=

1#;

1#0

1#5

4

4#=

4225 4222 =111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110

CE9.C

Ⅴ籷

Ⅽ籷

氥氣

Qf}ndchdcd{f Bckfu

CE9.C

[Q [C



469

hllk xd{f} tvdjb{r# Dy `d} dy bckbpbkvdj }bpf}y d}f ilcif}cfk* {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef

_ebevhdch }bpf}* Xvobchdch }bpf}* Idltbdl }bpf}* [dbhf idcdj* Iefcklch }bpf} dck

Cdcub }bpf} xdy {ef qll}fy{# [efr diilvc{ `l} jd}hf q}lql}{blcy l` {ef qljjv{dc{

jldkbch bc{l {ef jdgf dck yelvjk mf {ef q}bl}b{r `l} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj#

[dmjf 6.4? Dpf}dhf Xd{f} Tvdjb{r l` @ffkbch ]bpf}y bc Kb``f}fc{ ]fhblcy %nh,j"Iedchzelv Xvub Yvzelv EvzelvQf}ndchdcd{f Bckfu 5#16 0#29 ;#91 ;#64

[Q 1#=81 1#420 1#44; 1#490[C 6#05 6#86 =#68 9#16

Bc }fifc{ rfd}y* {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef `ffkbch }bpf}y kf{f}bl}d{fk k}dy{bidjjr# [ef

xd{f} tvdjb{r bckbify l` {ef }bpf}y bc Iedchzelv nvcbibqdjb{r edpf mffc xl}yfcbch#

[ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef }bpf}y bc Xvub nvcbibqdjb{r edy rfd}jr `jvi{vd{blcy* xb{e d

ki}fdybch [Q dck }fjd{bpfjr y{dmjf qf}ndchdcd{f bckbu dck [C# [ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l`

{ef }bpf}y bc Yvzelv dck Evzelv edy djyl rfd}jr jvi{vd{blcy* xb{e {ef qf}ndchdcd{f

bckfu dck [Q ndbc{dbcbch xb{ebc Ijdyy BBB mv{ [C xl}yfcbch#

Diil}kbch {l xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch kd{d l` {ef `ffkbch }bpf}y mf{xffc 4225 dck

=110* {ef dccvdj dpf}dhf qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy xf}f dy `ljjlxy? 60*011 { l`

qf}ndchdcd{f bckfu* 4*011 { l` [Q dck 92*911 [C { jlxbch bc{l {ef jdgf7 dck 90*411

{ l` qf}ndchdcd{f bckfu* ;51 { l` [Q dck 4=*011 { l` [C fuby{bch {ef jdgf#

Kdndhfk Xd{f} Filyry{fn? Iejl}lqerjj d by dc bnql}{dc{ bckbid{l} l` fv{}lqebid{blc#

[ef ilcifc{}d{blc l` iejl}lqerjj d bc {ef [db Jdgf edy mffc h}lxbch rfd} mr rfd}#

[ef dpf}dhf }dchf l` nlc{ejr ilcifc{}d{blc y{dck d{ 4#0; s =40 κh,j dck {ef

dpf}dhf dccvdj }dchf l` ilcifc{}d{blc by 5 s 90#0 κh,j# [ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blcbci}fdyfk mr 498&* dck {ef }d{f l` bci}fdyf by diifjf}d{bch bc }fifc{ rfd}y# @}ln

4225 {l {lkdr* {ef djhdf ilvc{ bc {ef yvnnf} by =#6 nbjjblc s 411 nbjjlc qf} jb{}f# [ef

Nfbjbch Jdgf edy {ef jd}hfy{ djhdf ilvc{ d{ ;#6 nbjjblc s =11 nbjjblc qf} jb{}f# [ef

{}fck l` bci}fdyf bc djhdf ilvc{ by yelxc bc @bhv}f 6.=#

1

1#6

4

4#6

=

=#6

4225 4222 =111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110

亼丯 , 午些释湐

梆梄湐

入湐

@bhv}f 6.=? Yvnnf} Djhdf Ilvc{y bc [db Jdgf mf{xffc 4225 dck =110

Xvjb J#Nfbjbdch J#

Fc{b}f [db J#



46;

M" Qljjv{dc{ Kbyied}hfy bc [db Jdgf Mdybc

Bc =116* {ef xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hfy {l{djjfk 9*94; nbjjblc ivmbi nf{f}y# L` {eby*

Obdchyv q}lpbcif diilvc{fk `l} =*666 nbjjblc ivmbi nf{f}y l} 88#4&* _efobdchq}lpbcif 8;8 nbjjblc ivmbi nf{f}y l} ==#0&* dck Yedchedb nvcbibqdjb{r 44#61 nbjjblc

ivmbi nf{f}y l} 1#9&# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc [dmjf 6.9#

[dmjf 6.9? Xdy{fxd{f} Kbyied}hfy bc{l [db Jdgf l} Gfr Q}lpbcify bc =116

%41; n9"

Bckvy{}bdj Xdy{fxd{f} Yfxdhf [l{djObdchuv 482*;1; 80*442 =66*6=9_efobdch 96*206 95*841 8;*086Yedchedb 4;9 4*118 4*461

[l{dj =46*64= 446*590 994*9;5

Bc =116* {ef kbyied}hf l` ILK {l{djjfk 561*911 {* CE 9.C 24*511 {* [Q 41*;11 { dck

[C 4;4*011 {* dy d}f yelxc bc [dmjf 6.;#

[dmjf 6.;? Kbyied}hfy l` Ndol} Qljjv{dc{y bc [db Jdgf Mdybc bc =116 %{,d"

Ylv}if ILK CE9.C [Q [C

Obdchyv Bckvy{}bdj =16*8=0 =0*906 ;40 96*100

V}mdc Yfxdhf 4;;*0;9 4=*=26 4*6;0 40*969]v}dj CQY =96*015 =6*601 9*5=0 ;0*8;=

[l{dj 656*288 0;*==1 6*855 25*404

_efobdch Bckvy{}bdj 65*554 ;*506 2= 0*;48

V}mdc Yfxdhf ;2*201 8*545 4*4;; 41*915

]v}dj CQY 4;=*=99 4=*5;8 =*818 =9*22=[l{dj =64*18; =6*691 9*2;9 ;1*848

Yedchedb Bckvy{}bdj 442 45 ‛ =9V}mdc Yfxdhf 0*202 664 406 899

]v}dj CQY 0*45= 4*;02 ;69#0 4*269

[l{dj 49*=81 =*195 045#0 =*812

I" Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj

@}ln {ef 2{e @RQ %4224.4226"* {ef ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{ mfhdc {l {}fd{ {ef qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj bc {ef [db Jdgf mdybc dy d q}bl}b{r* dck `l}nvjd{fk {ef 2 {e @RQ dck 41{e @RQ

`l} [db Jdgf qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# Kv}bch {ef 2{e @RQ* ICR 4=#26 mbjjblc xdy qjdccfk*

xb{e ICR 41#11 mbjjblc edpch mffc bcpfy{fk# Mr {ef fck l` =111* =2 XX[Qy xf}f

mvbj{ xb{e d {l{dj idqdib{r l` 4#42 nbjjblc n9,k* bcijvkbch =0 bc Obdchyv xb{e d idqdib{r

l` 86=*111 n9,k* 9 bc _efobdch xb{e d {l{dj idqdib{r l` ;96*111 n9,k# [ef 41{e @RQ

xb{cfyyfk dc bci}fdyf {l ICR ==#14 mbjjblc l` qjdccfk bcpfy{nfc{ {l mvbjk =66

XX[Qy# Mr {ef fck l` =116* ICR 40#58 mbjjblc xf}f bcpfy{fk* xb{e ==1 XX[Qy

ilnqjf{fk dck 96 XX[Qy vckf} ilcy{}vi{blc# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc [dmjf 6.6#



466

[dmjf 6.6? Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Bcpfy{nfc{ bc [db Jdgf Mdybc kv}bch 41{e @RQXX[Qy Bcpfy{nfc{

Cl# l` QjdccfkQ}lofi{y

QjdccfkBcpfy{nfc{%ICR 411nbjjblc"

& l` Ilnqjf{fk

Q}lofi{y

& l` Q}lofi{y

vckf} Ilcy{}vi{blc

QjdccfkBcpfy{nfc{%ICR 411nbjjblc"

& l` Di{vdj

Bcpy{nfc{

V}mdc XX[Q 29 418#9 59#2 40#4 418#4 22#5

V}mdc Yljbk Xdy{fyKbyqlydj

49 4=#0 80#2 =9#4 49#= 419#;

Bckvy{}bdj Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj 58 4#4 28#8 =#9 4#; 4==#8

Jdgfybkf dck Filyry{fn]fedmbjb{d{blc

; =1#5 86#1 =6#1 0#0 94#6

K}fkhbch 8 92#5 68#4 ;=#2 46#6 92#1

Filjlhbidj Kfnlcy{}d{blc 4; =9#1 56#8 4;#9 46#1 06#=

K}bcgbch Xd{f} YvqqjrYlv}if Q}l{fi{blc

4= 4;#1 59#9 40#8 0#9 ;6#1

Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj l} Yqfibdj Bckvy{}bfy

5 1#2 411 1 =#1 =42#0

Idqdib{r Mvbjkbch 48 1#0 65#5 ;4#= 4#5 914#8

Mr Q}lpbcif

Obdchyv Q}lpbcif 480 49=#9 52#1 44 21#= 05＃1

_efobdch Q}lpbcif 86 5;#5 82 =4 88#= 24#1

Yedchedb Nvcbibqdjb{r ; 9 411＃1 1 4#6 61#1

[l{dj =66 ==1#4 50#9 49#8 405＃

2 80#8

[e}lvhe {ef qljjv{blc ilc{}lj f``l}{ kv}bch {ef {xl @RQy* hllk q}lh}fyy xdy ndkf

mr {ef {xl q}lpbcify dck lcf nvcbibqdjb{r bc y{}vi{v}dj dkovy{nfc{* bckvy{}bdj

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj* v}mdc yfxdhf ndcdhfnfc{ dck }v}dj clc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc

ilc{}lj# Xd{f} tvdjb{r edy mffc bnq}lpfk l} y{dmbjbzfk `l} qd}{y l` {ef jdgf dnbky{

}dqbk filclnbi h}lx{e# Mr =110* 450 XX[Qy xb{e d {l{dj {}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r l` 6#62

nbjjblc n9,k xf}f ilcy{}vi{fk %[dmjf 6.0"# [ef qljjv{dc{ ilcifc{}d{blcy bc {ef bc`jlx

d}f 961s011 nh,j `l} ILK* 44s66 nh,j `l} CE9.C* =s8 nh,j `l} [Q7 d`{f} {}fd{nfc{

{efr d}f mfjlx 81 nh,j `l} ILK* 8s46 nh,j `l} CE9.C* 1#9s= nh,j `l} [Q* xebie nff{

{ef Ijdyy B %M" l` {ef cd{blcdj kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky#

[dmjf 6.0? XX[Qy bc [db Jdgf Mdybc mr =110

V}mdc XX[Q [lxc XX[Q [l{dj

Cl#Idqdib{r%41; n9,k"



Yvzelv =5 415#0 61 ;2#6 85 465#4

Xvub 4; 08#5 9= 90#2 ;0 41;#0

Iedchzelv 2 ;0#2 = 6#1 44 64#2

_efcobdch 4 ;#1 1 1#1 4 ;#1

[l{dj `l} Obdchyv 6= ==8#9 5; 24#9 490 945#0

Edchzelv 9 4=4#1 6 8#4 5 4=5#4

Obdubch ; 61#1 41 48#9 4; 08#9

Evzelv 0 45# 48 =;#4 =9 ;=#4

[l{dj l} _efobdch 49 452#1 9= ;5#; ;6 =98#;

Yedchedb ‛ ‛ 6 =#5 6 =#5

H}dck [l{dj 06 ;40#9 4=4 4;=#6 450 665#5

K" Ndol} Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}fyyv}fy bc [db Jdgf Mdybc



460

[ef [db Jdgf mdybc yv``f}y `}ln yf}blvy qljjv{blc# [ef qdbcy{dgbch qljjv{blc ilc{}lj

f``l}{y l` {ef jlidj hlpf}cnfc{y idccl{ gffq qdif xb{e {ef bci}fdybch qljjv{blc

idvyfk mr }dqbk filclnbi h}lx{e# [ef}f by d cffk `l} `v}{ef} dkovy{bch {ef nlkf l`

filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{* dck dklq{bch d cfx kfpfjlqnfc{ nlkfj xebie xbjj diebfpf

ill}kbcd{fk filclnbi.ylibdj.fcpb}lcnfc{dj kfpfjlqnfc{ dck evndc.cd{v}f

ed}nlcr# [efr yelvjk jfd}c `}ln qdy{ nby{dgfy mr vybch {ef {l{dj qljjv{dc{ykbyied}hf ilc{}lj dy d ndol} ilc{}lj {d}hf{ dck mr ilc{}ljjbch ml{e {ef qljjv{dc{

kbyied}hfy dck {ef qljjv{dc{ ilcifc{}d{blcy#

[db Jdgf mdybc by `difk xb{e {ef iedjjfchf l` h}lxbch qljjv{blc jldky lpf}{dgbch {ef

bci}fdybch di{blcy lc qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{# Xd{f} tvdjb{r ilc{bcvfy {l xl}yfc7 jdgf

yv}`dif d}fd {l kfi}fdyf7 xf{jdck d}fd {l yebcg7 mblkbpf}yb{r {l kfijbcf7 filjlhbidj

`vci{blc {l kf{f}bl}d{f# Qljjv{blc diibkfc{y liiv} `}ftvfc{jr* idvybch kdndhf {l {ef

efdjr{e dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj }bhe{y l` {ef jlidj ilnnvcb{bfy#

H}dpf Yb{vd{blc l` Yd`f K}bcgbch Xd{f}? Ylnf l` {ef xd{f} mlkbfy bc {ef mdybc vyfk

dy k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}ify idccl{ nff{ {ef dqqjbidmjf cd{blcdj y{dckd}ky* dck

{l ndgf {ebchy xl}yf {efr d}f `difk xb{e bci}fdybch qljjv{blc# Nly{ l` {ef xd{f}

{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y bc {ef mdybc y{bjj vyf lv{kd{fk {fiecljlhbfy# @l} ylnf ib{bfy* {ef

xd{f} yvqqjr by cl{ kbpf}byb`fk7 xefc dc diibkfc{ liiv}y* {ef lcjr ielbif by {l yev{

klxc dck yvyqfck xd{f} yvqqjr# K}bcgbch xd{f} yd`f{r dck }fjbdmbjb{r by yjlx#

Yfpf}f Clc.Qlbc{ Ylv}if Qljjv{blc? [ef vyf l` iefnbidj `f}{bjbzf}y bc {ef [db Jdgf

mdybc by ;1 gh,nv lc dpf}dhf* xebie by =#40 {bnfy {ef cd{blcdj dpf}dhf# [ef dpf}dhf

vyf qfy{bibkfy by 4#04 gh,nv l} =#98 {bnfy {ef cd{blcdj dpf}dhf# Jbpfy{lig dck

qlvj{}r `d}nbch by xbkfyq}fdk dck l` jd}hf.yidjf* mv{ {ef }d{f l` yd`f kbyqlydj l`

xdy{fy by jlx* ilcy{b{v{bch d yf}blvy ylv}if l` xd{f} qljjv{blc# ]v}djclc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc edy jlch mffc cfhjfi{fk xb{e jb{{jf `bcdcibdj bcpfy{nfc{#

[ef }v}dj CQYy edpf mfilnf d ndol} ylv}ify l` qljjv{blc {l {ef [db Jdgf#

Bcdqq}lq}bd{f Bckvy{}bdj Y{}vi{v}f dck Jlid{blc? [ef [db Jdgf mdybc by elnf {l d

jd}hf cvnmf} l` bckvy{}bdj fc{f}q}byfy `l} xebie qljjv{blc ilc{}lj by kb``bivj{* bcijvkbch

krbch* iefnbidj* qed}ndifv{bidj dck {dccbch# [efr d}f nly{jr yb{vd{fk bc {ef {lxcy

dck pbjjdhfy# Ylnf }fhblcy kl cl{ ilnqjr xb{e {ef bckvy{}bdj zlcbch dck

fcpb}lcnfc{dj qjdccbch qljbir bc yf{{bch vq fc{f}q}byfy# [eby ndgfy qljjv{blc ilc{}lj

djj pf}r kb``bivj{#

Xfdg ]fhvjd{blcy dck Fc`l}ifnfc{? [ef}f d}f cl fcpb}lcnfc{dj ndcdhfnfc{

}fhvjd{blcy {ed{ yqfib`bidjjr {d}hf{ {ef [db Jdgf mdybc# Fuby{bch hfcf}dj }fhvjd{blcy

edpf ndcr jllqeljfy# Pbljd{blcy d}f xbkfyq}fdk7 }fhvjd{l}r fc`l}ifnfc{ by xfdg7

dck qfcdj{bfy d}f jbhe{# Bjjfhdj kbyied}hfy d}f cl{ vcilnnlc# [ef q}lmjfn l` ‚{ef

qfcdj{r `l} pljd{blc by jlxf} {edc {ef ily{ l` ilnqjbdcif„ edy cl{ mffc }fyljpfk#

@}dhnfc{fk Ndcdhfnfc{ dck Jdig l` Ill}kbcd{blc? [ef kfpfjlqnfc{* vyf dck



468

q}l{fi{blc l` {ef [db Jdgf mdybc bcpljpf {xl q}lpbcify dck lcf nvcbibqdjb{r dck

cvnf}lvy dhfcibfy# [ef lpf}jdqqbch l` ndckd{fy dck jdig l` ill}kbcd{blc d}f

ilnnlc# [ef}f d}f ilc`jbi{bch bc{f}fy{y mf{xffc {ef }fhblcy* xebie ndgfy

ill}kbcd{fk ndcdhfnfc{ kb``bivj{# Qljjv{blc ilc{}lj edy cl{ diebfpfk {ef kfyb}fk

}fyvj{y#

Jdig l` @bcdcibch dck Bcpfy{nfc{? [ef qljjv{blc ilc{}lj f``l}{y bc {ef qdy{ 41 rfd}y

edpf mffc ilcy{}dbcfk mr {ef bcdkftvd{f bcpfy{nfc{ dck efdpr kfqfckfcif lc {ef

jbnb{fk cvnmf} l` `bcdcibch iedccfjy# [eby xdy {ef ndol} }fdylc `l} {ef `dbjv}f {l

diebpf {ef 2{e @RQ dck 41{e @RQ qdccbch {d}hf{y# [ef }ll{ idvyf by {ef jdig l`

xfjj.`vci{blcbch bcdcibch nfiedcbyny dck dc bcdkftvd{f vyf l` {ef nd}gf{#

6#4#= Vyf l` Filclnbi Bcy{}vnfc{y bc [db Jdgf Mdybc

D" Obdchyv Q}lpbcibdj L}kbcdcif lc [db Jdgf Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj

[ef dnfckfk Obdchyv Q}lpbcibdj L}kbcdcif lc [db Jdgf Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj {llg f``fi{

lc 6 Ovcf =115# Yfpf}dj q}lpbyblcy bc {ef l}kbcdcif xf}f }fpbyfk* bcijvkbch d cfx

q}lpbyblc {l h}dc{ {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{bfy {ef pf{l `l} cfx q}lofi{y

bc {ef }fyqfi{bpf }fhblcy* }dbybch {ef vqqf} jbnb{ l` `bcfy {l ICR 4 nbjjblc# B{ djyl

y{bqvjd{fy {ed{ bc idyf l` d qljjv{blc diibkfc{* {ef ivjq}b{ xbjj mf efjk }fyqlcybmjf `l}

djj ily{y qjvy d `bcf bc ftvbpfjdcif l` =1& s 91& l` {ef kb}fi{ filclnbi jlyy#

[ef l}kbcdcif y{}fyyfy ‚olbc{ di{blc„ xef}fmr {ef vqy{}fdn xbjj mf }fyqlcybmjf `l}

{ef tvdjb{r l` xd{f} `jlxbch {l {ef klxcy{}fdn dck {ef klxcy{}fdn xbjj mf

}fyqlcybmjf `l} {ef tvdjb{r l` xd{f} fc{f}bch {ef jdgf# [ef l}kbcdcif edy djyl

dkovy{fk {ef ilc{}lj d}fd7 {ef ilpf}dhf edy mffc fcjd}hfk {l bcijvkf {l djj xd{f} mlkbfy %}bpf}y* jdgfy* }fyf}plb}y dck idcdjy" {ed{ d``fi{ {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` [db Jdgf

xb{ebc {ef {f}}b{l}bfy l` Kdcrdch* Ov}lch* Hdlievc dck Jbyevb* bc dkkb{blc {l {ef

l}bhbcdj {e}ff nvcbibqdjb{bfy l` Yvzelv* Xvub dck Iedchzelv# Clx `bpf

nvcbibqdjb{bfy bc ylv{ef}c Obdchyv djj edpf yed}fk }fyqlcybmbjb{r `l} [db Jdgf

qljjv{blc ilc{}lj bc {ef q}lpbcibdj {f}}b{l}r l` Obdchyv#

[ef l}kbcdcif }ftvb}fy fdie fc{f}q}byf {l edpf {xl kbyied}hf lv{jf{y* lcf bc {ef

`di{l}r dck dcl{ef} lv{ybkf {ef `di{l}r* yl {ed{ {ef FQM idc {dgf ydnqjfy d{ dcr

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409

6#=#; Qd{{f}cy l` Kbyied}hf [}dkbch

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mf{xffc nvj{bqjf qlbc{ ylv}ify dck {}dkbch mf{xffc d qlbc{ ylv}if dck d clc.qlbc{

ylv}if#

6#=#6 Bcb{bdj Djjlid{blc l` Kbyied}hf [}dkbch ]bhe{y

D" Lmofi{y l` Djjlid{blc

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406

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408

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=11 51 4*111 ;11 91*111 4=*111

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405

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402

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Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)

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