Mario Cervantes OECD
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Transcript of Mario Cervantes OECD
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Mario Cervantes OECD
Innovation, Technology Transfer and STI Co-operation to address Global Challenges
17 March 2011
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Outline
• Role of innovation in economic growth• Globalisation of R&D and innovation • Knowledge Markets • STI c0-operation for global challenges
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Innovation is key to growth... Contributions to labour productivity growth, 1995-2006, in %
* Investment in intangibles and multi-factor productivity growth account for between two-thirds and three-quarters of labour productivity growth.
-1
0
1
2
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Intangible capital MFP Non-ICT capitalICT capital Tangible capital Labour quality
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Decomposition of cross-country differences in GDP per capita into their determinants, 2005
(United States = 100)
GDP PPP per capita TFP Human capital Physical capital Employment
United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Canada 83.5 72.0 103.3 105.8 106.0
Japan 72.6 52.6 100.4 130.7 105.1
China 9.8 13.6 57.3 105.2 119.5
India 5.2 12.7 47.7 98.3 87.1
Brazil 20.5 29.3 70.1 103.1 96.8
Russian Federation 28.6 31.5 84.9 97.4 99.3
EU27 + EFTA 64.7 67.8 91.2 114.1 91.3
Total World 22.8 27.9 64.2 104.2 95.8
Source: OECD.
• …constitutes the major gap in GDP between OECD and emerging economies.
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… and can help address global challenges such as climate change
Potential technological contributions to CO2 emission reductions
Note: WEO refers to the IEA’s 2007 World Energy Outlook.Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Em
iss
ion
s (G
t C
O2)
WEO 2007 450 ppm case ETP2008 analysis
BLUE Map emissions 14 Gt
Baseline emissions 62 Gt
CCS industry and transformation (9%)
CCS power generation (10%)
Nuclear (6%)
Renewables (21%)
Power generation efficiencyand fuel switching (7%)
End use fuel switching (11%)
End use electricity efficiency (12%)
End use fuel efficiency (24%)
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(indexed on 1980=1.0, Annex 1 ratification countries)
Policy can induce greater innovation
Patenting in climate mitigation technologies relative to all sectors
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New global players have emerged …
Contributions to growth in global R&D, 1996-2001 and 2001-2006(in billion constant US PPP and %)
37%
16%
23%
15%
7%
13%
10%
13%
11%
30%
12%
13%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1996-2001 2001-2006
Other non-OECD (2)
China
Other OECD (1)
Japan
EU-27
United States
Note: (1) Australia, Canada, Iceland, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey (2) Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Chinese TaipeiSource: OECD.
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• About 10% of total R&D funding in EU27 in 2006
• Over 20% in Austria and the UK
• 2/3 is intra-company funding
R&D funding from abroad is important
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In some OECD countries, foreign affiliates carry out more R&D than at
home
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Technological receipts and payments ,1996-2006• EU15 transformed its technological deficit into a surplus
• Japan increased its surplus by 6 times
Rising international technology transfers
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But knowledge and technology are unevenly distributed…
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Patenting rises ; increasing opportunities for technology transfer and exchange
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International cooperation mostly within OECD countries
and among those with linked value chains or close proximity
•15% of patents filled in OECD
countries are invented abroad
•Small countries rely more on foreign
sources
•EU rely mainly on EU
•Japan and Korea on the US
Connecting to Global Research
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• International mobility of
doctoral students up significantly
in New-Zealand, Canada,
Norway and in Spain.
• International doctoral students
are between 25% and 40% in
Canada, France, Belgium,
Australia and the United States.
Foreign students within the OECD area have doubled over
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Firms today no longer innovate in isolation …Then: Closed Innovation
Approach: “not invented here”
Innovation: • Strategy independent of
overall business strategy• Performed in-house• Internal pool of
innovators
Outputs:• Incorporated in firm’s
products and services.• Product revenues
finance next cycles of in-house R&D
Now: “Open“ Innovation
Approach: “proudly found elsewhere”
Innovation: • Business strategy drives
targets• Technology developed
cooperatively or acquired• Work with many innovators
and users/consumers• Leverage own IP
Outputs:• Both internalized and
externalized (licensing, spin-offs, venturing)
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… but collaborate on innovation internationally
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Co-operation in science is increasing: co-authored S&T articles (whole count), 1997 and
2007
1997 2007
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In sum….
• Deepening of the internationalisation of research
• Deepening of R&D globalisation, but appears more sensitive to asynchronous business cycles and shocks
• FDI and trade are important channels but their role in the creation of spillovers remains unclear
• Mobility of human resources is major channel.
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• Clustering/regional proximity matter• Open innovation and open science are
increasing• Role of absorptive capacity in capturing spill
overs from trade and technology transfer, but how to support it?
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One solution: Developing collaborative knowledge markets…
• Knowledge markets encompass a number of different mechanisms, or marketplaces, where buyers and sellers trade a variety of knowledge intensive goods and services.
• E.g.: IP exchanges, patent pools, networking, matching or brokering services
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But also need for STI co-operation: a priority for OECD
• High-Level Oslo Meeting (03 2008) of the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP)– to address global challenges multilateral STI
cooperation is needed– existing policies and frameworks may not be
sufficient to meet requirements – delegates recognized
• the need to consider policies and rules affecting multilateral STI cooperation
• the possibility that new or improved mechanisms are needed
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Importance of STI for addressing global challenges
• G8+7 Science and Technology Ministerial Meeting 15 June 2008 G8 countries and Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Philippines, Republic of Korea and South Africa– emphasis on the important role that
science, technology and innovation have to play in understanding global challenges facing our society and in developing appropriate solutions to those challenges
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• The global nature of the key challenges facing the mankind…
• An emerging political consensus: Addressing global challenges (GCs) requires collective actions…
• S&T and innovation must make an important contribution to addressing key global challenges…
Rationale for International cooperation in S&T for green growth
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Rationales for international cooperation in S&T for green growth
• Lack of existing framework for multilateral cooperation (MC) in STI,
• meanwhile emerging new approaches, players and initiatives needing government support
• Uneven distribution of R&D resource and capacity and gaps between technology supply and needs
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Objective of the work
• identify principles and best practices for multilateral cooperation in STI
• Enhance the effectiveness of multilateral STI to address global challenges such as – climate change – global health– food security and agriculture– energy security
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Principles and best practices for…
• Outreach, Agenda and Priority Setting• Funding and Spending Arrangements• Institutional and Access Arrangements• Putting Opportunities into Practice;
translating science into innovative solutions• Technology transfer and capacity building
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Approach • Case studies in meeting global challenges –
successes and failures: • IPCC; CGIAR; GEO; EDCTP; GF AIDS, TB, Malaria; others…
• Good practice in governance• Measurement of expenditure• Complement with analysis bilateral co-operation• Complete case studies work in 2010; Principles
by 2012.• Steering Group - Australia, Austria, France,
Germany, Korea, Norway, Spain, Turkey, UK,US, EU: Chile, China, Israel and South Africa