Marine plastic pollution : chemical threat to marine …Hazardous chemicals in microplstics Topics...
Transcript of Marine plastic pollution : chemical threat to marine …Hazardous chemicals in microplstics Topics...
Marine plastic pollution : chemical threat to marine ecosystem
Shige Takada(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)
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Hazardous chemicals in microplstics
Topics
Anthropocene : Plastic age
Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core
Hazardous chemicals in marine plasticsInternational Pellet Watch
Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
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Hazardous chemicals in microplstics
Topics
Anthropocene : Plastic age
Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core
Hazardous chemicals in marine plasticsInternational Pellet Watch
Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
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Plastics are fragmented into smaller particles (i.e. microplastics) and various sizes of marine plastics are ingested
by various sizes of marine organisms
Bottom sediments
Microplastics
Macro Plastic
Ingestion
Fragmentation
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Collecting microplastics in seawater of Tokyo Bay
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Collecting microplastics in seawater of Tokyo Bay
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Microplastics in seawater of Tokyo Bay
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0.27 millions ton of plastics floating on world ocean
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T/V Wakatake Maru (Hokkaido Pref.) By-catch in driftnetJune-July 2003, 2005
Sampling area 40˚00’N−47˚30’N, 180˚00’55˚30’N−58˚30’N, 178˚00’ E−178˚00’W
Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific
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Resin pelletsFragments of plastic
Fiber
StyrofoamPlastic sheets1 cm n=41
Styrofoam 1%
Fiber 5%
Fragments of plastic 59%
Resin pellets 26%
Type and composition of plastics found in the stomachs ofshort-tailed shearwater.
Plastic sheets
9%Short-tailed shearwater
Puffinus tenuirostris
Plastics found in digestive tracts of the seabirds
Yamashita et al. 201111
Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific
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Plastics detected in digestive tract of short-tailed shearwater
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Plastics detected in digestive tract of short-tailed shearwater
0.1 g – 0.6 g per an individual 14
More than 180 species of animals are known to have ingested plastic debris, including birds, fish, turtles and marine mammals.
Physical impacts of the ingested plastics havebeen reported for many species of organisms(Wright et al., 2013).
Marine organisms ingest plastics
Plastics in Sea TurtlePlastics in Seabird15
Microplastics in lower-trophic-level organisms
~ µm
~ µm
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10cm
Microplastics were detected in 49 of 64 anchovies
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Microplastics in sediment core from Sakurada moat showed increasing trend from 1950s to 2000s, though no plastics were detected in 1600s.
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Durban, South Africa
Gulf of Thailnad
Tokyo
Sedimentary microplastics showed increasing trend in Asia and African coasts.
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Anthropocene
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22
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Topics
Anthropocene : Plastic age
Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core
Hazardous chemicals in marine plasticsInternational Pellet Watch
Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
Hazardous chemicals in microplstics
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Tonkin Bay, Vietnam
Long Beach, USA
Northern Pacific Central Gyre
Kanagawa, JapanAtlantic
Marbella, Costa Rica
Tokyo, Japan
Central Pacific
Urban beach Rural beach Open ocean
Sampling locations of plastic fragments
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Detection of various hazardous chemicals in marine plastic fragments
chemicals ranging from 1 to 10,000 ng/g
Large variability among the fragments26
Plastics carry two types of chemicals in marine environment
OH
CH3
C CH3
OHHO
ClCl Cl
CCCl2
Cl
Cl
C9H19
Nonylphenol
BisphenolA
Cl Cl
ClPolychlorinated biphenyl
(PCBs)
DDTs
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Br
Br
Br Br Br
Br O
Br Br Br Br
Additive-derived chemicals
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)Br Br
Br
Br BrHexabromocyclododecanes
(HBCDs)
Br
Sorption from ambient seawaterSorption from ambient seawater
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OH
Nonylphenol : Endocrine disrupting chemicals
C9H19
Additives to plastic Antioxidants Antistatic agents
disorders in the reproductive systemvaginal clear cell adenocarcinomadecreased ability to reproduce
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Endocrine disrupting chemicals released from plastic caps of mineral water bottles
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World Cap 2012200
150
100
50
0
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BDE209 and BDE183 were sporadically detected in marine plastics even from open ocean
Distributions of PBDE congeners in marine plastic fragments
Hirai et al., 2011 30
Sporadic high concentrations of PCBs were detected even in remote beaches and open ocean
Distribution of PCBs in plastic fragments
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PCBs
Plastics
・DDT and its metabolites such as DDE and DDD.・DDT was used as insecticides・Endocrine disrupting chemicals
・Industrial products for a variety of uses including dielectric fluid, heat medium, and lubricants.・ Endocrine disrupting chemicals
・Insecticide
Pellets accumulate POPs from seawater
ClnClnCH
CCl3
Cl
DDTsCl C
CCl2Cl
Cl
CH
CHCl2
Cl
Cl
DDT DDE DDD
H
ClH
Cl H
H ClCl
HCHCl H
HCl
PAHs
adsorption from ambient seawater
Concentration factor is estimated to be ~ 105 to ~106.32
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Topics
Anthropocene : Plastic age
Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core
Hazardous chemicals in marine plastics
International Pellet Watch
Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
Hazardous chemicals in microplstics
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Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Dr. Hideshige Takada, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Air Mail
More than 50 pieces (~ 100 pieces)per one location
International Pellet WatchGlobal Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Using Beached Plastic Resin Pellets
Since 2005
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Plastic resin pellet from various areas in the world
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Analysis for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Feed the data back to the collaborators via e-mailReleasing the results on web http://www.pelletwatch.3o6 rg/
Chemical Analysis
Chemical hazardousness of marine plastics
Status of Global pollution
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169
12
94
2178 2410
16
20 26
6
VietnamJapan
HKIndia
ThailandMalaysia
Australia
ItalyPortugal
South Africa
9 Mozambique
43
416
Boston
Greece
International Pellet Watch : monitoring of POPsPlastics carry hazardous chemicals in marine environments
141Turkey
453
10
7
CostaRica
7
Chile
29494
88
Ghana
Hawaii
10785
Taiwan
51
297
16 SingaporeIndonesia7
Cocos
387
Brazil
China 273143
Philippines
45 9
25
2746France
9 0.74
1.49
Panama T T
314
7 43
0.01Uruguay
U.K.131
573Ohio
Israel28
209
437
94
5112 Sweden
53 Albania
17
3833
7341
San Francisco
32
Seattle
182
10 San Diego 253
605341
Los Angeles
253
23
0.01Henderson
Island
Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)
60
0.26
New ArgentinaZealand
0.2 119700.9
207
Ohio
New Jersey
30265
8 47
7363
11Kenya
52
97
St. Helena’s61
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Topics
Anthropocene : Plastic age
Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core
Hazardous chemicals in marine plasticsInternational Pellet Watch
Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
Hazardous chemicals in microplstics
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Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
Br
BrBr Br
Br BrBr
Br O Br
Br
O
Br
Br
BrBr Br
Br Br
Br
Br
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue was of concern.
?
?Br
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40
Faculty of 1000
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Composition of BDE congeners in seabird adipose, plastics in the stomachs, and their prey.
Abdominal adipose
Plastics in stomach
Prey (lantern-fish)
Higher brominated congeners were derived from ingested plastics, whereas lower brominated congeners were derived from natural prey
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Stomach oil facilitates release of additive-chemicals to digestive fluid
Trojan Horse
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Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
O
Br
Br
BrBr Br
Br BrBr
Br
Br
O
Br Br
Br
BrBr Br
Br Br
Br
Br
Biological effects concerned
e.g., endocrine disruption
reproductive failure
decline of species
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed.
Trojan Horse
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Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed.
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
O
Br
Br
BrBr Br
Br BrBr
Br
Br
O
Br
Br
BrBr Br
Br BrBr
Br
BrA canary in a coal mine
Sentinel
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Topics
Anthropocene : Plastic age
Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core
Hazardous chemicals in marine plasticsInternational Pellet Watch
Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
Hazardous chemicals in microplstics
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Plastics are fragmented into smaller particles (i.e. microplastics) and various sizes of marine plastics are ingested
by various sizes of marine organisms
Macro Plastic
Ingestion
Fragmentat ion
Microplastics
Bottom sediments 48
Tsushima Strait
Tokyo Bay
Off Choshi
Off Hokkaido
Pacific (Japan
Meteorological Agency)
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CanalCn.22
CanalSt.P
Center
inner
Outer
Tokyo Bay
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Microplastic samples from Pacific (Japan Meteorological Agency)
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Microplastic samples from Ms. Nicole Trenholm: Ocean Research Project
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54
55
56
499
12
17
94
913
6
VietnamJapan
IndiaThailand 8 25 8Malaysia
Australia
ItalyPortugal
South Africa
Mozambique
53
Boston
Greece
PCBs
139Turkey46
453
13 9 CostaRica
7 6
Chile
30794
93
Ghana
Hawaii
101 62
Taiwan
50
294
14Indonesia Singapore
5Cocos
369
Brazil
China 375140
Philippines
41 9
25
10 1
2
Panama T T
328405
42
0.01Uruguay
502
Israel
9
344
92
5112Albania
17HK
3539
43
San Francisco
30
Seattle
184
9 San Diego
602357
Los Angeles
231
20
0.01Henderson
Island
Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)
*sum of concentrations of CB#66, 101, 110, 149, 118, 105, 153, 138, 128, 187, 180, 170, 206Measured by Polaris Q (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
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0.26
New ArgentinaZealand
70
223
Ohio28
New Jersey
28274
831
6951
Kenya
4241
St. Helena’s60
Equatoria 977 l Guinea
2970France
U.K.151
Netherlands225
281
Belgium
5
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applied in various electric products and fabrics.
PBDEs : Flame retardants
Lower brominated
BDE47
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
O
Br Br
BDE209
O
Br Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
BDE183
(Br4, Br5)
Higher brominated
(Br7 -‐-‒ 10)
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59
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Invasion of plastics and associated chemicals to ecosystem
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Human
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Marine organisms are exposed to hazardous chemicals through their natural prey and microplastics
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Human
PCBs 62
Plastic waste inputs to the sea will increaseby a factor of 10 in coming 20 years,if no action will be taken.
Jamebeck et al. (2015), Sceince
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Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
PCBs
Human
Marine organisms are exposed to hazardous chemicals through their natural prey and microplastics
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Nature, vol. 494, p.169-171, 2013
Policy :
Rochman, Chelsea M.; Browne, Mark Anthony; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Hentschel, Brian T.; Hoh, Eunha; Karapanagioti, Hrissi K.; Rios-Mendoza, Lorena M.; Takada, Hideshige; Teh, Swee; Thompson, Richard C. 65
No single-use plasticsMajority of plastics in marine environment is land-based. Disposable packaging is dominant item.
Reduction of input of single-use plastic from land is necessary.
3RReduceReuse : non-reusable plasticsRecycle : consumes energy and emits CO2
unanticipated detection of toxic additives due to recycling of hazardous additives.
No single-use plastic!Governmental regulation to reduce excessive plastic packaging is required . 66
Woody disposable Lunch box
CO2
Plant
Petroleum
Sustainable
One way, non-sustainable
Plastic disposable Lunch box
CO2
Plant
Millions year
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Stone Age
Bzonze Age
Iron Age
Plastic Age
Smart Age
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