Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!
-
Upload
godwin-wilkerson -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
1
Transcript of Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!
![Page 1: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Marine PhysicsMarine PhysicsChapters 8, 9, 10Chapters 8, 9, 10
JUST COPY WHAT JUST COPY WHAT IS IS
UNDERLINED!!!!!!UNDERLINED!!!!!!
![Page 2: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Influence of Currents on Climate
Pgs 9-20 to 9-21
![Page 3: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Currents play a critical role in how oceans affect weather and climate by transporting heat from warm areas to cool areas.
Currents moderate climates- without the currents moving heat, the world’s climates would be more extreme.
![Page 4: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gulf Stream One of the deepest
surface currents-
carries heat Powerful, warm, swift Starts at the Gulf of Mexico, crosses the Atlantic Ocean Influences the east coast of N. America and the west
coast of Europe Moves warm air from
over the Gulf Stream inland Florida and N. Europe-
milder winters
![Page 5: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
California Current
S. California- mild climate due to the moderating effects of the Pacific Ocean The southerly current along the Calif. coast brings
cool water from the north, keeping it cooler than it normally would be in the summer
![Page 6: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Factors that Affect Direction and Patterns of
Major Ocean Surface Currents
Pgs 9-3 to 9-5
![Page 7: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
#1 Wind Transfers energy to the water it blows across
by the force of friction on the water’s surface Causes both surface currents and waves Ekman Transport/Spiral= Current moves to
the right of the Wind at a 45 degree angle Major wind belts:
Trade winds Westerlies Polar Easterlies
![Page 8: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
#2 Land Masses interrupt the flow of ocean currents creating
closed circular current systems called gyres. Forces currents to turn
![Page 9: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
#3 Coriolis Effect influences the wind by giving it a circular flow
pattern the air deflects toward the right in the Northern
Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere- same with currents
Christopher Columbus reached the new world thanks to the Coriolis effect Note: If the Earth did not rotate and remained
stationary, the atmosphere would circulate between the poles (high pressure areas) and the equator (a low pressure area) in a simple back-and-forth pattern. But because the Earth rotates, circulating air is deflected.
![Page 10: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
#4 Temperature
Convection currents Vertical movement of currents caused by
temperature differences Temperature divides layers of water Deep sea vs. surface currents
![Page 11: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cause of the Coriolis Effect
Earth’s rotation- adds an apparent sideways motion to objects moving over the Earth’s surface.
Pilots need to correct their flight path based on the earth rotating under the airplane, which is the Coriolis effect.
![Page 13: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
In the inertial frame of reference (upper part of the picture), the black object moves in a straight line. However, the observer (red dot) who is standing in the rotating frame of reference (lower part of the picture) sees the object as following a curved path.
![Page 14: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tides
Pgs 10-3 to 10-24
![Page 15: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What are Tides?
Daily variations in the ocean’s level The mean average tide
occurs later each day by 50 min
HighLow =6 hours 13 min.
HighHigh=12 hours 25 min.
most noticeable at the shore, but affect the entire ocean.
![Page 16: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cause of Tides Result from the gravitational pull of the moon, and, to a
lesser degree, the sun Earth is not a perfect sphere Time of the month Shape of the ocean basin
Large, wide basins have smaller tidal ranges Narrow, shallow basins have larger tidal ranges
Season Coriolis effect
![Page 17: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Spring and Neap Tides Spring tides: occur during the full moon and new
moon (they do not have anything to do with the season Spring)
occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line- every 2 weeks
high tides are very high and the low tides are very low
especially strong tides
Spring Tide
![Page 19: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Neap tides occur during quarter moon phases occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon
and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth).
results in a smaller difference between high and low tides
especially weak tides
Neap Tide
![Page 20: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tidal Patterns & Currents
pgs 10-21 to 10-24
![Page 22: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tidal Pattern Diurnal tide
Single high and low tide daily
Location: Gulf of Mexico
Semidiurnal Tide Two “equal” high and
low tides Location: east coast of
U.S.
Mixed Tide Two unequal high and
low tides Location: Pacific coast
of U.S.
![Page 23: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Waves
![Page 24: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Parts of a Wave (draw figure)
![Page 25: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Movement of Water in a Wave
A wave is the transmission of energy through matter.
•As the wave approaches, individual particles of water move in circular patterns as the wave’s energy moves through the water•Orbital motion
![Page 26: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tsunamis
Sometimes reaching heights of 40 meters (120 ft.) or more, tsunamis are the most dramatic and destructive of waves.
![Page 27: Marine Physics Chapters 8, 9, 10 JUST COPY WHAT IS UNDERLINED!!!!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f4d5503460f94c6e259/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cause of Tsunamis A tsunami results from
sudden water displacement caused by: Landslide Iceberg falling into the
sea from a glacier Undersea volcanoes Earthquake Also called tidal waves Shallow water waves,
fast moving