266 OLR (1983)3014)

A300. Fluid mechanics

83:1988 Carnevale, G.F., 1982. Statistical features of the

evolution of two-dimensional turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 122: 143-153.

Statistical fluid dynamics identifies a functional of the fluid energy spectrum that plays the role of Boltzmann's entropy for fluids. Some 2-D flow simulations confirm theoretical predictions for the behavior of this entropy functional, including a demonstration of Loschmidt's paradox and an examination of Rossby wave and viscosity effects on entropy behavior. CSND, La Jolla Inst., La Jolla, Calif. 920384 USA.

In honor of Val Worthington's 41-year career (largely at WHOI; he started as a 'sturdy non- professional'), and on the occasion of his retirement, 41 papers are presented 'by a few of his friends.' While primary emphasis is on the physical ocean- ography of the North Atlantic, some papers deal with other geographic regions, and with modelling and techniques. Worthington (Cold Wind-Two Gyres is a free translation of the Japanese nickname bestowed on him by 2 colleagues) is the inadvertent contributor of the opening essay, which borrows both from his final contract report to the U.S. Office of Naval Research and from an anecdotal seminar he delivered at WHOI. 'Apologia pro vita sua.' The other papers are abstracted in this issue of OLR. (fcs)

A330. Books, collections (general)

83:1989 McCartney, M.S., R.C. Beardsley and H.L. Bryden

(eds.), 1982. Cold Wind-Two Gyres: a tribute to Val Worthington. J. mar. Res., 40(Suppl.):860pp; 41 papers.

A340. Miscellaneous

83:1990 Carmack, E.C. and D.M. Farmer, 1982. Cooling

processes in deep, temperate lakes: a review with examples from two lakes in British Columbia. J. mar. Res., 40(Suppl.):85-111. Natl. Water Res. Inst., 4160 Marine Dr., West Vancouver, B.C. V7V IN6 Canada.

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

B10. Apparatus and methods

83:1991 Carbone, Richard (ed.), 1981. Recent progress in

radar meteorology. Atmos. Technol., 13:144pp; 11 papers.

Some recent advances and future directions in radar meteorology are covered in this I 1-paper collection. Of particular note are developments in multiple- Doppler radar analysis of thermodynamic and microphysical structure. Titles include: Recent advances in Doppler radar probing of the clear atmosphere, A review of microwave radar obser- vations in the planetary boundary layer, Forecasting applications of Doppler radar, and Radar mete- orology--development in the 1980's. (jch)

83:1992 lsozaki, Ichiro and Takehiro Kakehashi, 1982. Some

relationships between the sea surface winds and sea clutter on weather radar images. Pap. Met. Geophys., Tokyo, 33(1):35-47. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Meteorological Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Japan.

B50. Common atmospheric properties ( tempera ture , humidi ty , etc.)

83:1993 Avaste, O., O. Kyarner and S. Keevallik, 1982.

Estimation of the top-of-cloudiness temperature

PER (1983) 30 (4) B. Marine Meteorology 267

over the World Ocean [30°N-30°S]. Meteoro- logiya Gidrol., 1982(6):54-59. (In Russian, Eng- lish abstract.)

BII0. Climate, climatology 83:1994

Berger, W.H. and J.S. Killingley, 1982. The Worth- ington Effect and the origin of the Younger Dryas. J. mar. Res., 40(Suppl.):27-38.

An increase in atmospheric CO 2 during deglaciation is explained by buildup of shelf carbonate with concomitant release of 'excess CO 2' to the upper ocean, from whence some of it enters the atmos- phere. Mixing with deep water removes excess CO 2 to the abyss. The two master variables are the accumulation rate of shelf carbonate and the time lag postulated for downward mixing of the excess CO~. This lag is a function of the 'Worthington Effect,' the slowdown of vertical mixing through the addition of meltwater. Postulating a lag of > 1000 yr, the atmospheric pCO 2 goes through an overshoot phase followed by a rebound to low values. The rebound is suggested to be real and coincident with the Younger Dryas, a period of major cooling 11,000-10,000 yr ago. Thus, the mixing lag is ~2000 yr. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

83:1995 Charlock, T.P., 1982. Mid-latitude model analysis of

solar radiation, the upper layers of the sea, and seasonal climate. J. geophys. Res., 87(C11):8823- 8930.

Seasonal SST variations were increased by 2-3C ° (a 'relatively small amount') in the model simulations when (1) ocean turbidity was increased from 'rela- tively clear (Jerlov I) to particle rich (Jerlov III); (2) cloud water content was decreased 4-fold; and (3) surface wind speed changed by a factor of 2, varying oceanic mixing. Results suggest that a relatively simple approach to radiation would suffice for many modelling applications. NCAR, Boulder, Colo. 80307, USA. (slr)

83:1996 Epstein, E.S., 1982. Detecting climate change. J. appl.

Met., 21(8):1171-1182.

The likelihood ratio of the data for a hypothesis of some change, relative to the hypothesis of no change, is a suitable statistical measure for the detection of climate change. Likelihood ratios calculated on the basis of global mean temperature do not show

convincing evidence of recent climate change. A modest but significant climate change (such as an increase in atmospheric CO2) is likely to be detected from global mean surface temperatures within ten years. Joint troposphere-stratosphere behavior is more likely to discriminate between climate change and no change than are surface temperatures; thus, a climate change attributable to CO 2 increase should be detectable by 1986. NOAA, NESS, Earth Sci. Lab., Washington, D.C. 20233, USA.

83:1997 Frakes, L.A., 1982. The history of the Antarctic

climates over 'geologic' time-scales. A ust. met. Mag., 30(2):175-179.

During the last 109 years, 'timing of the long-term tectonic effect on climate evolution has been random.' The longest detected cycle (with period ~105 yr) has been important for the past 10 * years but so far has not been detected with certainty in older rocks; it cannot be correlated confidently with the Milankovitch parameters and its cause is pres- ently unknown. The 4 x 104-yr obliquity cycle is most significant, affecting both hemispheres simul- taneously and influencing ice growth. Precession cycles of 2 x 104 yr are also clearly present. Dept. of Earth Sci., Monash Univ., Melbourne, Australia. (msg)

83:1998 Streten, N.A., 1982. Exploring Southern Hemisphere

climates. Aust. met. Mag., 30(1):143-153.

The Southern Hemisphere climatic record is re- viewed; techniques for analyzing historical data are discussed and modern monitoring methods are described. The importance of ocean-atmosphere interactions is stressed. Australian Numerical Meteorol. Res. Center., Melbourne, Australia. (sir)

83:1999 Thompson, S.L. and S.H. Schneider, 1982. Carbon

dioxide and climate: the importance of realistic geography in estimating the transient temperature response. Science, 217(4564): 1031-1033.

Traditional models of the effects of a CO 2 doubling have employed the statistical steady-state response to a fixed increase; when 'realistic variations of land fraction and ocean mixing with latitude' are incor- porated, the simulations have limited application as guides to 'actual time-dependent temperature re- sponse,' particularly on the regional level. Sugges- tions ' to further narrow uncertainties [inherent in present models] and to test relationships between transient and equilibrium simulations' are offered.

268 B. MarineMeteorology OLR(1983) 30 (4)

Advanced Study Program, NCAR, Boulder, Colo. 80307, USA. (slr)

83:2000 Weller, G.. 1982. Polar problems in climate research:

some comparisons between the Arctic and Ant- arctic. Aust. met. Mag., 30(2): 163-168. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.

B140. Air-sea interactions

83:2001 Blanchard, D.C., 1982. Transfer of americium from

seawater to atmosphere by bubble bursting. [Discussion of a paper by Y. Belot, C. Caput and C. Gauthier.! Atmos. Environ., 16(9):p.2273. Atmos. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.

83:2004 Bunker, A.F., H. Charnock and R.A. Goldsmith,

1982. A note on the heat balance of the Medi- terranean and Red seas. J. mar. Res., 40(Suppl.): 73-84.

The 2 seas are used as test volumes in assessing the accuracy of estimates of climatological air-sea fluxes calculated using meteorological observations from merchant ships. Although the radiative flux esti- mates are subject to error, especially those of net longwave radiation, it is difficult to obtain an acceptable heat balance if the evaporative fluxes are calculated using values for the exchange coefficient now widely accepted by specialists in near-surface turbulent transport. Larger coefficients seem to be needed: they may be a compensation for ships' avoidance of high winds and for systematic errors of observation. Charnock: Dept. of Oceanogr., The Univ., Southampton SO9 5NH, UK.

83:2002 Bray, N.A., 1982. Seasonal variability in the inter-

mediate waters of the eastern North Atlantic. J. phys. Oceanogr., 12(9):972-983.

A theoretical model of response to seasonally varying wind stress forcing is constructed to assist in interpreting observations of seasonal variability below the main thermocline. A new technique was used for identifying the adiabatically leveled density field corresponding to the observed density field. Observations are consistent with predictions of a model in which a variably stratified ocean with a surface mixed layer and an eastern boundary is forced by seasonal changes in a sinusoidal wind stress pattern, when wind stress parameters based on the data of Bunker and Worthington (1976) are applied. Desalination Systems Inc., 1240 Simpson Way, Escondido, Calif. 92025, USA.

83:2003 Brown, P.S. Jr., J.P. Pandolfo and G.D. Robinson,

1982. GATE air-sea interactions. II. Numerical- model calculation of regional sea-surface tem- perature fields using the GATE version IIi gridded global data set. J. phys. Oceanogr., 12(10): 1051-1070.

Numerical simulations show that atmospheric ra- diators (haze, dust and clouds) are important to the development of SST anomalies. Rainfall stabilizes the ocean surface layer and allows the formation of shallow cool-water pools in cloudy regions. Center for the Environ. and Man, Inc., Hartford, Conn. 06120, USA. (jfp)

83:2005 Deardorff, J.W. and L. Mahrt, 1982. On the

dichotomy in theoretical treatments of the at- mospheric boundary layer. J. atmos. Sci., 39(9): 2096-2098.

The two main approaches presently in use for studying the boundary layer are quite dichotomous. The Ekman approach, which uses an eddy coef- ficient fixed in height, can lead to a serious contradiction and should be avoided if boundary- layer structure is being investigated. The dh/dt approach (Nieuwstadt and Tennekes, 1981) is ad- vocated. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA.

83:2006 Grossman, R.L., 1982. An analysis of vertical velocity

spectra obtained in the BOMEX fair-weather, trade-wind boundary layer. Boundary-layer Met., 23(3):323-357.

The hypothesis examined is that "a hierarchy of physical mechanisms, responding to wind shear and buoyancy, is active in the turbulent transfer proces- ses of the oceanic subcloud layer.' It is concluded that a major change in eddy structure (the result of roll vortex motion and cellular convection) occurs over a narrow range of stability. Vertical variation of the spectral composites agrees with other obser- vations. Physical models are presented. Includes appendix: Effect of wind turning and instrument bias on the evaluation of u. and L. CIRES, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80309, USA. (msg)

OLR (1983) 30 (4) B. Marine Meteorology 269

83:2007 Ji, Jinjun, 1982. Long-term evolution of waves in a

coupled atmosphere-ocean model in the equatorial region. Acta oceanol, sin., 4(3):267-282. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Inst. of Atmos. Phys., Acad. Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

83:2008 Ji, Jinjun, 1982. Theory of multi-year oscillations in

the ocean-atmosphere coupled system. Scientia sin., (B)25(6):630-645.

The zonally-averaged 2-D model has baroclinic atmospheric motion and a 2-layer ocean: mixed layer and thermocline. The atmospheric-oceanic coupling is dynamic and thermodynamic. Results indicate that processes in the ocean's deeper layer lead to free oscillations with a period of ~ 3 years in the coupled system, lnst. of Atmos. Phys., Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China.

83:2009 Katz, E.J. and Silvia Garzoli, 1982. Response of the

western equatorial Atlantic Ocean to an annual wind cycle. J. mar. Res., 40(Suppl.):307-327.

The oceanic cycle of the region can be described reasonably as: (l) response to an everywhere uniform and constant zonal wind beginning mid- May, and (2) response to wind cessation after January. Response to the wind includes a 40-m deepening of the thermocline in the west; an initially westward, but soon near-zero, surface current; and an eastward subsurface transport which rapidly levels off. Response to relaxation finds the ther- mocline rising, the surface current becoming east- ward, and the undercurrent transport first increasing to its annual maximum and then decreasing to its minimum just after the wind resumes and the cycle presumably repeats. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA.

entrainment. Dept. of Geophys., Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo 060, Japan.

83:2011 Kutsuwada, Kunio, 1982. New computation of the

wind stress over the North Pacific Ocean. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 38(3):159-171.

Ship reports of surface winds from 1961-75 are used to calculate the monthly and annual mean wind stress field over the North Pacific. The annual mean stress curl over the sub-tropical North Pacific is found to be larger than previously estimated. The difference is more than can be accounted for by methodology, and may be due to a long period variation in the wind field. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Minamidai 1-15-I, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Ja- pan. (jfp)

83:2012 Sizov, A.A., 1982. Assessment of heat exchange

between the atmosphere and ocean in the area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Meteoro- logiya Gidrol., 1982(6):20-26. (In Russian, Eng- lish abstract.)

83:2013 Weller, R.A., 1982. The relation of near-inertial

motions observed in the mixed layer during the JASIN (1978) experiment to the local wind stress and to the quasi-geostrophic flow field. J. phys. Oceanogr., 12(10):1122-1136.

Current measurements revealed energetic, upper ocean inertial motions that had horizontal scales much smaller than those observed in the wind field. The smaller oceanic scale apparently was due to quasi-geostrophic eddies. Simulations show that the eddy relative vorticity can cause a frequency shift of the inertial motion, while divergence can cause a change in amplitude. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (jfp)

83:2010 Koga, Momoki, 1982. Bubble entrainment in break-

ing wind waves. Tellus, 34(5):481-489.

In a wind-wave tank, distribution and movement of bubbles relative to the wave form are measured photographically. The main mechanism of bubble formation is intermittent bubble entrainment by an ordered convergent flow on the leading slope near the crest. The mechanism is important in under- standing the breaking process of smaller scale waves superposed on dominant waves. Existence of a stagnation point on a water surface (convergent flow) is not a sufficient condition for bubble

83:2014 Wu, Jin, 1982. Sea spray: a further look. J. geophys.

Res., 87(C11):8905-8912.

Earlier laboratory and field parametric descriptions of spray concentrations and droplet sizes were compared; examination covered the mechanism of spray production, conditions of spray inception, and various distributions of droplets in both laboratory tanks and the field. Results then are used, along with further analyzed calculations of droplet motion in the turbulent surface layer, to relate sea spray to other oceanographic phenomena. College of Mar. Stud., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Del. 19711, USA.

270 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1983) 30 (4)

83:2015 Zebiak, S.E., 1982. A simple atmospheric model of

relevance to El Nifio. J. atmos. Sci., 39(9):2017- 2027.

A linear, equatorial, beta-plane atmospheric model with heating parameterized in terms of SST anom- alies simulates surface wind anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during El Nifio. Results show some similarity to observations with respect to movement of the major convergence zones and equatorial wind anomaly patterns in the central and western Pacific, but there is considerable discrep- ancy in much of the eastern Pacific, especially in the South Pacific High and southeast trades regions. Results suggest that some additional mechanisms may be responsible for these apparently sizable and spatially coherent fluctuations, but that a direct link between wind and SST anomalies indeed may exist in much of the equatorial Pacific. Dept. of Met. and Phys. Oceanogr., MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA.

B180. Winds

83:2016 Chhabra, B.M., V. Dayal, B.V. Singh and S.R. Puri,

1982. Influence of extratropical flow patterns on onset of the monsoon over India during 1979. Mausam, 33(2):247-248.

Monsoon onset was delayed by ~ 1 0 days. Possible causes were analyzed based on the influence of extra-tropical blocking highs that prevailed over the Caspian Sea-Aral Sea area that year in two spells, one starting the last week of April and the other the third week of May. Strong meridional flow was observed from east of the Caspian to Afghanistan, Pakistan and NW India. Meteorol. Office, New Delhi, India.

83:2017 Garzoli, S.L., E.J. Katz, H.-J. Panitz and P. Speth,

1982. In-situ wind measurements in the equatorial Atlantic during 1979. Oceanologica Acta, 5(3): 281-288.

Data from a year-long record at St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks (29°W) and from surface buoys along 22°W during the first half of the year generally agree with historical means for their respective areas and reproduce the expected trends in both space and time. Wind speed autospectra reproduce the slopes of other marine observations at very different sites and indicate enhanced variance at high frequencies

(semi-diurnal to inertia-gravity waves). Spatial co- herence at lower frequency (10-20 days) between the 2 locations is not observed consistently. The GOES- East cloud-derived winds are compared with the data from the rocks. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA.

83:2018 Hsu, S.A., 1982. Determination of the power-law wind

profile exponent on a tropical coast [St. Croix, U.S. Virgin lslands]. J. appl. Met., 21(8):1187- 1190. Coastal Studies Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA.

83:2019 lto, Hajime, 1982. Wind through a channel: surface

wind measurements in Smith Sound and Jones Sound in northern Baffin Bay. J. appl. Met., 21(8): 1053-1062.

The influence of local topography was especially strong where the sea narrows to form a channel. Surface wind through a channel seems to be confined within the channel; wind direction is parallel to the channel orientation. Dept. of Geogr., Swiss Fed. Inst. of Tech., CH-8092 Zurich, Swit- zerland.

83:2020 Mohanty, U.C., S.K. Dube and P.C. Sinha, 1982. On

the role of large scale energetics in the onset and maintenance of the summer monsoon. 1. Heat budget. Mausam, 33(2):139-152. Centre for Atmos. and Fluids Sci., Indian Inst. of Tech., New Delhi, India.

83:2021 Pant, M.C., 1982. Some characteristic features of the

low-level jet field over the Arabian Sea during the Indian summer monsoon. Mausam, 33(1):85-90. Meteorol. Office, New Delhi, India.

83:2022 Paul, D.K., V.R. Majumdar and D.R. Sikka, 1982.

Analogues in the Southwest Monsoon. Mausam, 33(1):121-130.

July and August 0946-1975) daily weather charts for sea level and two upper levels were coded and utilized to select analogues for forecasting rainfall over different parts of India. Results of a forecasting experiment conducted during 1978 based on the analogues for rainfall prediction are discussed; overall performance is assessed with respect to operational forecasts. Synoptic-climatological as- pects of the monsoon were examined. Indian Inst. of Tropical Meteorol., Pune, India.

OLR (1983)30 (4) B. Marine Meteorology 271

83:2023 Singh, Jagadish and Hem Raj, 1982. A satellite study

of the tropical easterly jet stream during 'Mon- soon-77.' Mausam, 33(1):113-120. India Meteorol. Dept., New Delhi, India.

83:2024 Verma, R.K., 1982. Long-range prediction of mon-

soon activity: a synoptic-diagnostic study. Mausam, 33(1):35-44.

Upper tropospheric warming/cooling is a large-scale phenomenon over northern and northwestern India. Pre-monsoon thickness anomalies generally persist during the monsoon months. In May, a marked difference was found in the wave structure of the sub-tropical westerlies over northwest India; the quasi-permanent wave in the westerlies affects the thermal field and subsequently may influence sum- mer monsoon activity. Indian Inst. of Tropical Meteorol., Pune, India. (msg)

B190. Pressure gradients, air masses

83:2025 Joung, Chang Hi and M.H. Hitchman, 1982. On the

role of successive downstream development in east Asian polar air outbreaks. Mon. Weath. Rev., 110(9):1224-1237. Dept. of Meteorol., Seoul Natl. Univ., Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, Korea.

B220. Waves

83:2026 Mukherjee, A.K. and T.R. Sivaramakrishnan, 1982.

Waves over the Arabian Sea during the South- west Monsoon. Mausam, 33(1):59-64.

Observations (1976--78) from ships and drilling rigs were analyzed pertinent to operational wave fore- casting for the Bombay High area, with its oil drilling and production activities. Meteorol. Office, Pune, India. (ihz)

Atmos. Ocean, 20(3):207-226. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

83:2028 Johnson, R.H., 1982. Vertical motion in near-

equatorial winter monsoon convection. J. met. Soc. Japan, (II)60(2):682-690.

North of Borneo, over the South China Sea, convective activity exhibits a diurnal component. Mature convective systems demonstrate maximum upward motion within mesoscale clouds on the order of 12 cm/s at the 250 mb level; the downward motion peaks near 650 mb at about -3 cm/s. Contributions to synoptic-scale mass, heat and moisture budgets are considered. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. 80523, USA. (slr)

83:2029 Parungo, F., C. Nagamoto, I. Nolt, M. Dias and E.

Nickerson, 1982. Chemical analysis of cloud water collected over Hawaii. J. geophys. Res., 87(C11):8805-8810. Office of Weather Res. and Mod., ERL, NOAA, Boulder, Colo. 80303, USA.

83:2030 Turpeinen, Olli, 1982. Cloud interactions and merging

on Day 261 of GATE. Mon. Weath. Rev., 110(9): 1238-1254.

A 3-D numerical cloud model and GATE radar statistics were employed; the high resolution radar data provided characteristics of interacting cells. Cell development, behavior and merging probability are described and evaluated. Merging, which occurs only a small proportion of the time, has 'consid- erable influence' on cloud area, height and rainfall production; most often, neighboring cells mutually suppress their circulations. Finnish Meteorol. Inst., 00101 Helsinki 10, Finland. (slr)

B270. Precipitation

B250. Clouds

83:2027 Jenkins, M.A., R.M. Bloxam and Han-Ru Cho,

1982. Further test of a theory of convective effects on the large-scale vortieity field in the tropics.

83:2031 Galloway, J.N., G.E. Likens, W.C. Keene and J.M.

Miller, 1982. The composition of precipitation in remote areas of the world [Australia, Venezuela, Alaska, Bermuda, and Amsterdam Island in the Indian Ocean]. J. geophys. Res., 87(Cll):8771- 8786. Dept. of Environ. Sci., Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22903, USA.

272 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1983) 30 14)

83:2032 Wilheit, T.T. et al., 1982. Microwave radiometric

observations near 19.35, 92 and 183 GHz of precipitation in tropical storm Cora. J. appl. Met., 21(8):1137-1145. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 20771, USA.

B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones, etc.

83:2033 ( 'hang, S.W.-J., 1982. The orographic effects induced

by an island mountain range on propagating tropical cyclones. Mon. Weath. Rev., 110(9): 1255-1270. Science Applications, Inc., McLean, Va. 22102, USA.

83:2034 Jarrell, J.D., 1982. Cyclone wind threat estimates for

the Bay of Bengal. Mausam, 33(2):177-184.

The concept of wind threat is introduced as a means of quantifying the risk of cyclones; the threat estimate model is described. Sci. Applic., Inc., 2999 Monterey-Salinas Hwy., Monterey, Calif. 93940, USA.

83:2035 Kumar, Surendra, K.B. Puniah and G.S.P. Rao,

1982. Some features of a tropical depression over the Arabian Sea during the onset of the South- west Monsoon during Monex 1979. Mausam, 33(2):221-230.

Study revealed the following main characteristics: (1) development from the middle level vortex; (2)jet shear vorticity, cumulus convection, and wind shear played significant developmental roles; (3) middle- level cyclonic vorticity maximum; (4) convergence maximum forward and west of the storm center; (5) non-divergence around 700 mb; (6) lowest temper- ature in the SW, highest in the north; and (7) moisture maximum around the storm center. Meteorol. Office, Bombay Airport, Bombay, India.

83:2036 Lau, Ka-Ming, 1982. Equatorial response [western

Pacific] to northeasterly cold surges as inferred from satellite cloud imagery. Mon. Weath. Rev., 110(9): 1306-1313. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 20771, USA.

83:2037 Mukherjee, A.K., A.R. Ramakrishnan and R. Jam-

bunathan, 1982. Cyclones and depressions over

the Indian seas in 1980. Mausam, 33(1):3-12. Meteorol. Office, Pune, India.

83:2038 Romanova, N.A. and Yu.A. Romanov, 1982. Inves-

tigation of atmospheric disturbances in the area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the GATE period. Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1982(6): 99-104. (In Russian.)

83:2039 Willoughby, H.E. and M.B. Chelmow, 1982. Objec-

tive determination of hurricane tracks from aircraft observations. Mon. Weath. Rev., 110(9): 1298-1305.

An algorithm for location of hurricane centers by least squares analysis using aircraft data utilizes lines of position normal to the wind and an additional line of position normal to the track at the closest point of approach to the center. Center coordinates then are chosen such that the sum of the squares of the normal distances from the center to the lines of position is minimized. For intense hurricanes, cen- ters can be located within 3 km and the mean motion over 4-6 hr can be determined to within 4 ° of direction and 0.5 m/s of speed. A potential for real-time operational application is indicated. Natl. Hurricane Res. Lab., NOAA, AOML, Coral Gables, Fla. 33146, USA.

B310. Chemistry

83:2040 Gushchin, G.K., 1982. Distribution of total ozone

over the oceans [based on shipboard observa- tions]. Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1982(6):60-67. (ln Russian, English abstract.)

83:2041 Owens, A.J., J.M. Steed, D.L. Filkim C. Miller and

J.P. Jesson, 1982. The potential effects of in- creased methane on atmospheric ozone. Geophys. Res. Lefts, 9(9):1105-1108. E.1. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Experimental Station, Wilmington, Del. 19898, USA.

83:2042 Thompson, A.M. and R.J. Cicerone, 1982. Clouds

and wet removal as causes of variability in the trace-gas composition of the marine troposphere. J. geophys. Res., 87(C11):8811-8826.

According to results of a ' i -D, time-dependent, transport-kinetics model' for an unpolluted marine atmosphere, 'concentrations of soluble gases (e.g.,

OI.R (1983) 30 (4) B. Marine Meteorology 273

HNO~, H:O:) can change by a factor of 5-10 in a few hours' due to washout; similar order of mag- nitude changes are seen spatially, depending upon precipitation patterns and mean cloud cover; changes may persist for several days. Model sensi- tivities, long-term integrations for effects on ozone, steady state calculations, air-sea exchange rates, implications for photochemical equilibrium, etc. are discussed. NOAA, Boulder, Colo. 80307, USA. (ihz)

ocean was estimated: the differential whitecap aerosol productivity--the number of aerosol droplets per increment droplet radius produced during the decay of a unit area of whitecap--was redetermined. The characteristic decay time for whitecaps and the initial whitecap area were determined from frame- by-frame analysis of cine-film recordings of white- caps generated in the simulation tank. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. College, Galway, Ireland.

B320. Particulates (dust, aerosols, etc.)

83:2043 Andreae, M.O., 1982. Marine aerosol chemistry at

Cape Grim, Tasmania, and Townsville, Queens- land [Australial. J. geophys. Res., 87(C11):8875- 8885.

During baseline conditions at Cape Grim no de- tectable anthropogenic influence was found, making it an ideal site to study purely marine air masses: significantly, black soot carbon was absent and sub-/, S particles were almost undetectable. Towns- ville concentrations of sub-/~ K and soot carbon indicated biomass burning; S, even under marine conditions, had a significant anthropogenic com- ponent. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA. (msg)

83-2044 Friend, J.P, et al., 1982. Research on Atmospheric

Volcanic Emissions [RAVEl: an overview. Geophvs. Res. Letts, 9(9):1101-1104.

A university-NASA joint effort, RAVE's mission is to "investigate the detailed chemical nature of plumes from volcanic eruptions' in order to under- stand impacts on atmospheric chemistry and geo- chemical cycles and to 'predict magmatic processes.' A significant result of the initial experiment (Mt. St. Helens, 22 September 1980) was the 'first direct measurement of a volcanic source for NO.' Design factors, equipment, procedures and performance are discussed. Dept. of Chem., Drexel Univ., Phila- delphia, Pa. 19104, USA. (ihz)

83:2045 Monahan, E.C., K.L. Davidson and D.E. Spiel,

1982. Whitecap aerosol productivity deduced from simulation tank measurements. J. geophys. Res,, 87(C 11 ):8898-8904.

The sea spray aerosol production per increment droplet radius per unit time per unit area of the

83:2046 Savoie, D.L. and J.M. Prospero, 1982. Particle size

distribution of nitrate and sulfate in the marine atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Letts, 9(10):1207- 1210,

Samples were collected in tropical North Atlantic maritime air masses. Nitrate was found primarily on intermediate size particles having a mass median diameter (MMD) of about 4 ~m. The ratio of nitrate MMD to that of sea-salt varied from 0.54 to 0.60 indicating 'that the nitrate mass distribution is well defined by the surface area distribution of the sea-salt aerosols.' RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. (msg)

83:2047 Schnell, R.C., 1982. Airborne ice nucleus measure-

ments around the Hawaiian Islands. J. geophys. Res., 87(C11):8886-8890. Coop. Inst. for Res. in Environ. Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80309, USA.

83:2048 Tsunogai, Shizuo and Tadahiro Kondo, 1982. Spo-

radic transport and deposition of continental aerosols to the Pacific Ocean. J. geophys. Res., 87(C11):8870-8874.

Aerosol samples were collected in the surface air over the North Pacific in May-June 1980 and analyzed for Na, A1, Fe, Mn, and :~°Pb. The concentration ratios of Fe/AI and Mn/A1 are similar to those of crustal material. A1 concentration in the air was 30- 50 ng/m ' but is still insufficient to explain the accumulation rate of aluminosilicate in pelagic sediments if deposition velocity is 1 cm/s; however, 'Kosa' particles could explain it, even though the dust particles are transported sporadically. Both A1 and :~'Pb are of continental origin, but their behaviors differ somewhat. Dept. of Chem., Hok- kaido Univ., Hakodate 041, Japan.

274 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1983)30 (4)

B350. Pollution (see also C 2 1 0 - C h e m i c a l pol lu t ion, E300-Effec t s of pol lu t ion, F 2 5 0 -

Was te d isposal )

83:2049 Delmas, R.J., 1982. Antarctic sulphate budget. Na-

ture, Lond., 299(5885):677-678. Lab. de Glaciol. et Geophys. de l'Environ., BP 53, 38041 Gre- noble Cedex, France.

83:2050 Settle, D.M. and C.C. Patterson, 1982. Magnitudes

and sources of precipitation and dry deposition fluxes of industrial and natural leads to the North Pacific at Enewetak. J. geophys. Res., 87(Cll): 8857-8869.

In the North Pacific Easterlies at Enewetak, the total atmospheric lead input was 7 ng Pb cm 2 yrS. The measurement parameters were applied to confirm previous estimates of Pb fluxes in the North American and North Pacific Westerlies and South Pacific Easterlies. In the North Pacific and North Atlantic, present rates of atmospheric Pb input are 10 times higher than prehistoric outputs; in equa- torial regions, present input and prehistoric output 'are more nearly equal.' Major industrial sources of Pb at Enewetak are Japan (dry season) and the U.S. (wet season). Div. of Geol. and Planetary Sci., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91125, USA. (msg)

83:2051 Shair, F.H. et al., 1982. Transport and dispersion of

airborne pollutants associated with the land breeze-sea breeze system. A tmos. Environ., 16(9):2043-2053.

Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) was released for a 5-h period at night from a coastal Los Angeles power plant stack to investigate the transport and disper- sion of plumes released into the land breeze portion of a land breeze-sea breeze circulation system. Average residence time for tracer material over the ocean was 10 h: horizontal dispersion was greater than expected, with 75-100 km of coastline im- pacted. Data from shipborne and coastal monitoring stations indicated that the tracer over the ocean could not have been tracked accurately using trajectories constructed from conventionally avail- able meteorological data. Chem. Engrg. Lab, Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91125, USA.

B380. Forecasting

83:2052 Bengtsson, L., H. BOttger and M. Kanamitsu, 1982.

Simulation of hurricane-type vortices in a general circulation model. Tellus, 34(5):440-457.

The ECMWF operational model simulations devel- op vortices around day 4 in the forecast for areas and times where intense tropical cyclones normally occur. Duration and structure of the vortices agree in some fundamental way with observations al- though they are less intense. Modelled cyclones do not develop at SST's ~28-29°C. Dynamic condi- tions are characterized by intense large-scale diver- gence in the upper troposphere. Cyclogenesis occurs when these conditions exist outside the equatorial zone over sufficiently warm water. ECMWF, Shin- field Park, Reading, Berkshire RG2 9AX, UK.

83:2053 Keenan, T.D., 1982. A diagnostic study of tropical

cyclone forecasting in Australia [1973-80]. A ust. met. Mag., 30(1):69-80. Head Office, Bur. of Meteorol., Melbourne, Australia.

B440. Books, collections (general)

83:2054 Cicerone, Ralph (ed.), 1982. ROAC [Role of the

Oceans in Atmospheric Chemistry] Symposium. Hamburg, 24-27 August 1982. J. geophys. Res., 87(Cll):8769-8912:16 papers.

These papers, first presented at the Third IAMAP Scientific Assembly, were selected from those sub- mitted for publication and fall into four broad areas: (1) the ocean as source and sink for atmospheric trace gases; (2) the production, deposition, and chemistry of marine aerosols: (3) the chemistry of oceanic precipitation: and (4) models of air sea exchanges. (fcs)

B450. Miscellaneous

83:2055 Dunst, Martin, 1982. On the vertical structure of the

eddy diffusion coefficient in the PBL. A tmos. Environ., 16(9):2071-2072. Meteorol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, FRG.

OLR (1983) 30 (4) 275

83:2056 Klige, R.K., 1982. Variations of the global water

exchange. Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1982(5): 19-30. (In Russian, English abstract.)

83:2057 Krishnamurti, T.N. and D. Subrahmanyam, 1982.

The 30-50 day mode at 850 mb during MONEX. J. atmos. Sci., 39(9):2088-2095.

Illustrated is the steady meridional propagation of a train of troughs and ridges that seems to form near the Equator and dissipate near the Himalayas. The meridional scale of this mode is ~3000 km; its meridional speed of propagation is ~0.75 ° lati- tude/day; wind amplitude is ~ 3 - 6 m/s. Very regular behavior is demonstrated; more detailed analyses of this strongly divergent mode are planned. Dept. of Meteorol., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA.

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

C10. Apparatus and methods

83:2058 Aaron, J.J. and J.D. Winefordner, 1982. Recent

developments in phosphorimetry, a spectroscopic method for organic analysis. A nalusis, 10(7): 299- 309. (In French, English abstract.) Includes 117 references. Dept. of Chem., Univ. de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.

83:2059 Baeyens, W., G. Decadt, F. Dehairs and L. Goeyens,

1982. An automated method for the assessment of mercury adsorption rates on particulate sus- pended matter. Oceanologica Acta, 5(3):261-264. Lab. voor Analyt. Scheikunde, Vrije Univ. Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

discussed. A good portion of the issue effectively comprises a user's 'wish list.' (sir)

83:2061 Elson, C.M., J. Milley and A. Chatt, 1982. Deter-

mination of arsenic and antimony in geological materials and natural waters by coprecipitation with selenium and neutron activation/y-spec- trometry. Analytica chim. Acta, 142:269-275. Dept. of Chem., Saint Mary's Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 3C3, Canada.

83:2062 Freeman, D.H., 1982, Liquid chromatography in

1982. (Review of some interesting trends.) Science, 218(4569):235-241. Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20742, USA.

83:2060 Bayer, F.L. et al., 1982. [Chromatographic instru-

mentation: overviews.] J. chromatog. Sci., 20(9): 393-440; 11 papers.

Functioning as a buyer's guide, this issue will be of special interest to anyone charged with choosing chromatographic instrumentation. Herein a number of 'typical, experienced users' discuss their needs and preferences for both instruments and supplies. Some areas covered are state-of-the-art, hardware systems, 'user-friendly' aspects, instrument documentation, service policies and warranties, and environmental analysis applications and problems. Some specific GC and HPLC methods and improvements are

83:2063 Frischkorn, C.G.B. and H. Schlimper, 1982. A cheap

and simple method for the preparation of 'HPLC-pure' water at the laboratory scale by photo-oxidation. Z. analyt. Chem., 312(6):541- 542. Chem. Dept., KFA, P.O. Box 1913, D-5170 Juelich, FRG.

83:2064 Kanamori, Satoru, 1982. Shipboard calibration of an

infrared absorption gas analyzer for total carbon dioxide determination in seawater. J. oeeanogr. Soc. Japan, 38(3):131-136.