Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic of ...

Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic of Korea and United States A compilation of project summary reports

Carey Morishige (ed.)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-36 February 2010

U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration Marine Debris Division

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

MARINE DEBRIS PREVENTION PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND UNITED STATES: A compilation of project summary reports

Carey Morishige1, 2 (ed.)

1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Response & Restoration NOAA Marine Debris Division Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA

2 I.M. Systems Group, Inc. Rockville, MD 20852, USA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-36 February 2010

This document should be cited as follows: Morishige, C. (ed.). 2010. Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic of Korea

and United States: A compilation of project summary reports. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-36.

For copies of this document, please contact: NOAA Marine Debris Division N/ORR, SSMC-4 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910

www.MarineDebris.noaa.gov

http:www.MarineDebris.noaa.gov

Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports

Contents

Preface ......................................................................................................................................................1

Nearshore Marine Debris Abatement Projects: Republic of Korea

BuybackProgramforFishingGear andMarineLitterfromFisheryActivities.........38

SouthKoreaCoastalCleanupProgramforMarineLitter....................................................915

AResponsibleManagementSystemtoAddressLandbasedLitter

fromtheNakdongRiverbasin........................................................................................................1621

ManagingDedicatedFloatingReceptaclesforMarineLitter.............................................2226

Nearshore Marine Debris Abatement Projects: United States

ReelInandRecycle!MonofilamentRecyclingProgram.......................................................2836

NettingSolutions:HawaiisNetstoEnergyprogramand

Pier38portreceptionfacility..........................................................................................................3740

Fishing for Energy:Apublicprivatepartnershipapproachto

preventingandreducingderelictfishinggear.........................................................................4150

HawaiiMarineDebrisActionPlan:Statewidecollaborationto

addressmarinedebris........................................................................................................................5156

CampaignsthatTeach:Divingdeeperintomarinedebriseducation............................5766

Appendices

AppendixA:ProjectSummaryTable............................................................................................ 6768

AppendixB:MeetingAgenda...........................................................................................................6971

AppendixC:ParticipantList.............................................................................................................7274


Preface

ThisdocumentisacompilationofsummaryreportshighlightingninesuccessfulmarinedebrispreventionprojectsandactivitiesintheRepublicofKoreaandUnitedStates.ThesesummaryreportswerepreparedandsharedduringtheMarineDebrisAbatementWorkshop:StrategiesandActivitiesforthePreventionofNearshoreMarineDebrisheldonAugust1213,2009inHonolulu,Hawaii. TheMarineDebrisAbatementWorkshopwastheculminationofa2009jointmarinedebrispartnership projectbetweentheRepublicofKoreasMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairsandtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationsMarineDebrisProgramintheU.S.

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NearshoreMarineDebrisAbatementProjects

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

2


Buyback Program for Fishing Gear and Marine Litter from Fishery Activities

HyonJeongNoh1,HaeKiKim2,SeonDongKim3,SangGooHan4 1MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity Centre,RepublicofKorea2MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau, MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea 3MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand Development Institute,RepublicofKorea4MarineEnvironmentTeam,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation,RepublicofKorea

AbstractSouthKoreasmarinedebrisbuybackprogramisanincentiveprogramtoencouragefishermentobringtoportentangledderelictfishinggearandothermarinedebrisencounteredwhilefishing.Theprogrampaysasmallincentivefeeformarinedebrisbroughttoport. Sinceitsstartin2003bytheMinistryofMaritimeAffairsandFisheries(nowtheMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs)thisprogramhasbeenimplementedin51localareasof38cities/townswithinSouthKoreaasof2009.

IntroductionThedepositionoflargeamountsofmarinelitterinnearshoreareasthreatensthehabitatofmarinelifeandnavigationsafety,andmaycausenegativeimpactstofisheriesduetoghostfishing.Inthepast,fishermenhaveencounteredderelictfishinggearduringfishingactivitiesandthrowitbackintotheseaafterdisentanglingitfromtheirownfishinggear.Asaresult,agreatdealoffisheryrelatedmarinelitterhas beendepositedincoastalareaswhereitdamagesthespawninggroundsandhabitatsofmarinewildlife,threatensthesafetyofvessels,andimpactsfisheryoperationsandresources.

Forthisreason,theKoreancentralgovernmentsMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs(MLTM)establishedthebuybackprogram,underwhichthelocalgovernmentpurchasesthelitterpulledupbyfishingboatsanddisposesofitunderproperprocedures.Thebuybackprogramformarinelitterrequiresfishermentobringbacktoportthecollectedlitterwhentheyarefishing.Littercollectedincludesitemssuchasworthlessfisheryrelatedmarinelitter(e.g.,rope,netandvinyl).Thisprogram

Derelict rope collected in a sack provided through the isnotonlyanefficientandcosteffectivewaybuyback program. tocollectmarinelitter,butitalsoincreasesthefishermensawarenessofthe destructivenessofsuchlittertothemarineenvironment.Anotherbenefitoftheprogramistheextraincomefishermenreceive.Themain objectivesofthebuybackprogramsaretoimprovethemarineenvironmentandaidtherecoveryoffishpopulations.

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MethodologySeveralentitieshavehelpedtoimplementthebuybackprogram,includingMLTM,localmunicipalities,thefisheriescooperativeunion,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation(KOEM),KoreaFisheriesInfrastructurePromotionAssociation(KFPA),andthefishermenthemselves. Table1illustratestheroleofeachorganization.MLTMacceptsprogramapplicationsfromlocalmunicipalities,decidesonprogramareas,allocatesfunds,andcreatestheprojectguide.Localmunicipalitiesalsoinvestintheprogramsandhelpwithsupervision.Thefisheriescooperativeunionplaysaroleinthedirectbuybackofmarinelitterfromfishermenonthespot.KOEMandKFPAplayaroleinwastedisposal,providingcollectionsacksandnationalfundstothefisheriescooperativeunion.

Thefisheriescooperativeuniondistributesthesackstofishermenastheyleaveport.Fishermenputthecollectedlitterintosackslabeledwiththevesselname,fishingtype,fisherman'sname,andphonenumber.Whentheyreturntoport,theygivethefilledsackstothefisheriescooperativeunion.

Fishermen bring to port debrisfilled sacks, which they pile up on their

4


Table 1. TherespectiverolesoforganizationsparticipatinginthewastebuybackprogramOrganization Role

MLTM Developsandguidesamasterplan of buybackprogram Supervisestheprojectimplementationandbudgetexecution

Localgovernment

Metropolitancity& Province Makesa publicawareness&education Managesprogramimplementationofcity&town&village Makesaprojectguide Managesbudgetexecution Publicawareness&education

City&Town&Village Decidesbuybackprogramareaand Expandsallocatedbudgetandmakeacontractwithrelevantagencies

Observesbuybackprogramimplementation Publicawareness&education

FisheriesCooperativeUnion

Purchasesmarinelitterfromfishermen Operatescaretakerwhoisinchargeofbookkeepingandreporting Distributessackstofishermen Requestsnationalfunds Makesandmanagesreceptionfacilities Publicawareness

Sacksareprovidedinthreesizes:40L,100L,and200L.Whentheyarereturnedfull,thegovernmentpaysthefishermen4,000won($4USD),10,000won($10USD),20,000won($20USD)respectively(Figure1).Inthecaseofthelargerdebris,whichcan'tbepackedintosacks,thefishermenattachatagtotheitem,andthegovernmentpays them250wonperkilogram($0.25USD/kg).Thegovernmentalsopurchasesshell,crabandeeltrapfor150/250woneach($0.15$0.25USDeach). Itshouldbenotedthatthisprogramonlyaccepts

derelictrope,derelictnet,plasticbags,andderelicttrapsrecoveredby(notproducedby)fishermen.

Sack used in the buyback program.

5

http:0.15-$0.25


Size 40L 100L 200L Tag trap

Picture (eeltrap:150won)

(shellandcrabtrap:250won)

PurchasingPrice 4,000won

10,000won 20,000won 250won/kg

150/250wonpereach

Figure 1. Sacksprovidedtofishermen,andanexampleofatag.ResultsAgreatdealofmarinelitterwascollectedthroughthebuybackprogrambetween2004and2008.Table2showsthevolumeoflittercollectedbytheprogram. Thebuybackprogramcollectedatotalof29,472tonsfortheperiodatacostof$19,417USD.Incomparison,ifthisvolumeoflitterwerecollecteddirectlybythegovernment,thecostwouldbemuchgreater.Directcollectionwouldrequireafleetofvessels,awastecollectingboat,atowingboat,andacranebarge.Additionallytherewouldbetheaddedstandardoperatingcostsandfuel.Table2showsacomparisonoftheamountsofdebriscollectedandcostofthebuybackprogramcomparedtodirectcollectionofdepositedmarinelitter.Table 2.Amountoflittercollectedthroughthebuybackprogram

Year

BuybBudget (MLTM + local budget, won)

ack progAmount of litter (ton)

ram Cost per ton (won/ton)

Clean up depBudget (private capital, won)

osited marine litter Amount of litter (ton)

Cost per ton (won/ton)

2004 2,518,491 2,819 893 7,062,988 3,618 1,9522005 3,383,713 4,639 729 8,189,750 5,352 1,5302006 5,043,546 7,458 676 8,310,492 5,368 1,5482007 4,215,804 5,759 732 8,527,030 4,114 2,0732008 4,255,679 8,797 484 8,860,376 3,419 2,952Total 19,417,233 29,472 3,514 40,950,636 21,871 10,055

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Average 3,883,446 5,894 659 8,190,127 4,374 1,872BenefitsThebuybackprogramisverycosteffectivewaytoremoveseabedlitter,aswellasitprovidesincometofishermen.Moreover,ithelpsimprovefishermenrecognitionofmarinedebrisimpacts,consequently,itcontributepreservingthemarineenvironment.DifficultiesAlthoughthebuybackprogramiscosteffective,theideaiscounterto thepolluterpaysprinciple.Also,fishermenwillincludelittergeneratedfromtheirdailylifealongwiththeirusedfishinggeartwoitemsnotincludedinthebuybackprogram.Someoffishermenarealsopassiveorindifferenttoparticipatinginthebuybackprogrambecauseofthetimeconsumingneedfordebrisseparation.

Conclusions/DiscussionThebuybackprogramisclearlyaverycosteffectivesystemwithaddedbenefits.Itincreasesenvironmentalawarenessamongthefishermen andprovidesthemwithanextrasourceofincome.Italsopreventsdamagetomarinelife,andusesexistingresources(i.e.,thefishingfleet).However,itdoesnotfollowpolluterpaysprinciple,thereforeitisrecommendedtotransittheprogramintovoluntaryprogramsuchasfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitter.

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Appendix A: BuybackProgramProcess

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Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports

South Korea Coastal Cleanup Program for Marine Litter

SangGooHan1,HaeKiKim2,SeonDongKim3,andHyonJeongNoh4 1MarineEnvironmentTeam,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation,RepublicofKorea2MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau, MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea 3MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand Development Institute,RepublicofKorea4MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity Centre,RepublicofKorea

AbstractThecoastalcleanupprogramhasbeencarriedoutasagovernmentled(orlocalgovernmentled)projectinKorea.FromAprilJuly2009,theKoreaOceanEnvironmentManagementCorporation(KOEM)implementedthiscoastalcleanupprogram.Thelittercollectedfromthecoastlinewasmadeupof:Styrofoam(32%),wastefishingnet(16%),plastic(14%),andother(12%).Amongthedebris,sometypes,suchasStyrofoam,plastic,andderelictfishingnet, seemtooriginatefromfisheryrelatedactivities.Toaddressthis,anactionplanforeducationandpublicawarenessoffishermenwassuggested.Also,continuousimplementationofacoastalcleanupprogramisvery important.Administrativeorganizationsshouldbeestablishedtomanagethecleanupprogramaswellasadministrativemeasures.

Background/IntroductionCoastalmarinelittercanbedefinedasanymanufacturedsolidmaterialdisposedoforabandonedinthemarineandcoastalenvironment.Itisoneofthemajorsourcesofpollutionaffectingoceansandcoastlines.Ifcoastalmarinelitterisnotremoved,itmaycauseseriousproblemssuchaseconomicimpactstothefishingindustryandtourism,negativeimpactsonwildlife,andaestheticdegradation. In2009,SouthKoreasMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairs(MLTM)launchedacoastalcleanupprogramwithabudgetofapproximately$9millionUSDtocleanthemarineenvironment,improve publicawareness,andcreatejobsinthepublicsector.Becauseofthecurrenteconomicstate,jobcreationhelpslowincomeworkersnearthecoastalareas.Originally,thecoastal cleanupprogramwasoperatedbylocalgovernments;however,in2009theprogramwas coordinatedbythecentralgovernment. Thissummaryreportfocusesonthe2009recoveryprogramformarinelitteratthecoastcoordinatedbyKOEMtoimprovethecoastalenvironmentinKoreaandhelptheeconomybyprovidingasupplementalsourceforfinancialincometolocalresidents. MethodologyThemarinelittercleanupprograminKoreacanbedividedintofivecategories:1)cleanupfromportandharbors,2)removalofseabedlitter,3)buybackprogram,4)coastalcleanupaftertyphoonandflood,and5)coastalcleanupprogram.

9


1)Cleanupfromportandharbors

Atpresent,floatinglitterisregularlycollectedbyacleanership.In2007and2008,the

amountofmarinelittercollectedbythecleanershipwas3,116tonsand3,166tons

respectively.

2)Projectofremovalofseabedlitter

Thisprojectwaslaunchedin1999.In2009,thisprojectwascarriedoutin19sea areas,

suchasKoejeandGosung. 3)Buybackprogram

Thisproject,begunin2003,isanincentiveprogramtopurchasemarinelittercollected

duringfishingbyfishermen.Thisprojectwasimplementedatmajorfishingfarmlocations

throughthefisheriescooperativeunion.

4)Coastalcleanupaftertyphoonandflood

Afteratyphoonorflood,acoastalcleanupisconductedtoremovegeneratedmarinelitter

atthecoast. Forexample,atotalof252,000tonsofmarinelitterwascollectedafter

typhoons(e.g.,Loosa,Maemi,MaegiandNabi)withabudgetofapproximately30million

USDsince2002. 5)Coastalcleanupprogram

In2007,thecoastalcleanupprogramhasremovedatotalof27,401tonsofmarinelitter

(4,547tonsbytheRegionalMaritimeAffairsandPortOfficeand22,854tonsbythelocal

government).Coastalcleanupprogramismadeupoftwoactivities:A)coastalcleanup

campaignandB)OneBeachOneCompanyCampaign.

A)CoastalcleanupcampaignAcoastalcleanupcampaignisheldannuallyonMay31stincooperationwithlocalnongovernmentalorganizations. Additionally,participationintheannualInternationalCoastalCleanupeventisalsoheldonthethirdSaturdayofeverySeptember.Theseeventshelpraisepublicawarenessoftheseverityofmarinedebristhroughpersonalinvolvementinactionsthathelpprotecttheenvironment.Theseeffortsshouldbeheldcontinuallythroughouttheyearinordertohaveasignificantbeneficialeffectonthecoastalenvironment. B)OneBeach,OneCompanycampaignTheOneBeach,OneCompanycampaignwasdevelopedbyMLTMinordertoraisepublicawarenessofthemarineenvironment.Thecampaigninvolvesfisheryrelatedcorporations,localorganizations,communities,andvolunteergroupsfrommorethan 30companies.TheobjectiveofthecampaignistheremovalofmarinelitteronKoreabeachesbyvolunteers.Eachcleanupareaisassignedaccordingtoitsproximitytotheparticipatingcompanyanditslikelihoodforaccumulatinglitter.Theseareasinclude,butarenotlimitedto,beaches,harbors,andport.

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Coastal marine litter cleanup program, April 15 July 28, 2009Thecoastlineandnearshoreareais11,914kmand3,220km(3.2%oftotalterritoryoftheKorea),respectively.Thepopulationnearthecoastis13millionpeople(approximately27%ofthetotalpopulationofKorea)andhas76localadministrativeunits. KOEMlaunchedthecoastallittercleanupprogramin162sitesin42administrativeunits.Thisprogramiscoordinatedthrough12KOEMbrancheslocatedalongthecoast inKorea.Cleanupsiteswererecommendedbycompetentadministrativeunitsandlocalresidentswerehiredasworkers.Workersweremainlyseniorcitizens(64+yearsold).Theprogramprovidestheunderprivilegedandseniorcitizenclasseswithjobopportunitiesaswellasimprovestheoceanenvironment.Additionally,mostlocalgovernmentsmaydisposeoforincineratethecollecteddebrisfreeofchargeorthroughcostsharing.KOEMhasemployedthemanpowerneeded,thussavinglocalgovernmentsthiscost.

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12


Figure 1.Photosofprogramoperation

ResultsResultsofthecoastalcleanupprogramshowthatcoastalmarinelitterconsistsofStyrofoam(32%),derelictfishingnet(16%),plastic(14%) andothers.Table 1.Projectsummary(asofJuly28,2009)Workers (# of people)

Debris collected (ton)

Budget

46,151 2,218(estimated) 1.6millionUSD

Table 2.Detailedbreakdown,bycleanuplocation,ofprojectoperationbyKOEMBranches

BusanWorkers Amounts(ton)

2,669 66InchonYeosuUlsanDaesan MasanDonghaeGunsanPohangPyeongtack 1,560 MokpoJejuSeniorClub 14,791

1,426 553,418 1673,068 1011,806 2414,741 4162,696 923,456 1321,817 120

1302,795 2981,908 140

260TOTAL 46,151 2,218

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50 8 15 15 2 5 1 4

60 5 15 15 2 1 2

2 3 3 2 90

30 40 10 10 3 1 1 1 1 3

40 9 20 15 5 5 4 1 1

25 5 25 10 4 1 20 5 5

35 20 20 5 5 5 2 2 6

Incheon YeosuUlsanDaesan MasanDonghaeGunsanPohangPyeongtakMokpoJeju

50 20 10 10 10

Typeandpercentageofcoastalmarinelitterfromtheproject

Location Styrofoa m (%)

Rope/ Net (%)

Plastic (%)

Wood(%)

Rubber (%) s

Glas

(%) l (%) r (%) n (%) s (%) Meta Pape Foreig Firework

r (%) Othe

Busan 30 30 25 10 5

Table 3.

30 30 10 15 3 2 10 25 45 5 10 10 5

10 15 5 10 5 1 4 50

12

32% 16% 14% 5% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1%

Average % %

14

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ConclusionThisprogramcontributedtopreventionofmarinedebrisfromenteringtheseaandismorecosteffectivethanrecoveringmarinedebrisfromocean. Thecoastal cleanupprogramhasbeen,inpart,carriedoutbyvolunteersandhasprovidedsupplementaryjobopportunitiesfortheelderly.Italsoenhancestheaestheticvalueofcoastlineandhaseducationaleffectthroughinvolvementofmanyindividualsandcompanies. Becauseoftheabsenceofstandardoperationalandcleanupguidelines,itwasdifficulttorecordreliabledataonthetypesandamounts ofcollectedmarinelitter.Asaresult,itwasalsodifficulttosetguidelinesforthecoastalcleanupprogram.Also,mostofthemarinelitterwasgenerated fromfisheryrelatedactivities.Thereisastrongneedfortheintroductionofmarinelittermanagementpoliciesandsystemsthatdealwiththeproperdisposaloflitterviareceptionfacilitiesinportsandharbors.Thelackofadequateportreceptionfacilitiesmayhaveresultedinmarinelitterbeingdisposedofatsea.Therefore,thecentralgovernment(orlocalgovernment)shouldprovideadequatereceptionfacilitieswithappropriaterecyclingandtreatmentmeasures.Inaddition,itisnecessarytoeducateportreceptionfacilityusers,relatedcompanies,andorganizationsinordertofacilitatetheuseofthese portreceptionfacilities.Also,inordertoreducemarinelitter,itishighlyrecommendedtocollectreliableandstandardizeddatafromeachsiteandtoutilizethedatafordevelopingfuturestrategies. Literature citedNOWPAPMERRAC.2009.Marinelittermanagement:TheapproachofIncheoncity,

RepublicofKorea.Availableonlineathttp://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardClient&arg=202&menuid=menu4&historyid=3%7C12.

NOWPAPMERRAC.2009.Regionalreportonseabasedmarinelitterin the NOWPAPregion.Availableonlineathttp://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardClient&arg=202&menuid=menu4&historyid=3%7C12.

MLTM,2009.Marinelittermanagementplan.

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http://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardChttp://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardC


A Responsible Management System to Address Landbased Litter from the Nakdong River basin

HaeKiKim1,SeonDongKim2,andHyonJeongNoh3,andWonSooKang2 1MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau, MinistryofLand,Transport andMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea 2MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand Development Institute,RepublicofKorea3MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity Centre,RepublicofKorea

AbstractThemajorityofmarinelitterinSouthKoreacomesfromlandbasedsourcesthroughlargeriversduringtherainyseason.Muchofthedamagefromlandbasedlitteriscausedoncethelitterreachesthemarineandcoastalenvironments.SeveralmunicipalsalongtheNakdongRiveraswellasministriesofthecentralgovernmentjoinedtosolvethisproblem.Theyagreedtosharethetreatmentcostofthedebrisatthemouthoftheriver.Studieswereconductedontheinputofdebrisbyeachmunicipal.Utilizingthoseresultsalongwithseveralothervariables,thecostsharingpercentagewascalculatedforeachmunicipal.ByMay2009,thistypeofresponsiblemanagementsystemwasappliedtothefivemainriversinSouthKorea.ThePolluterPaysPrinciplewassuccessfullyappliedthroughthissystem.Additionally,thissystemresultedinthevoluntarycontroloflandbasedlitterintheinlandmunicipals.IntroductionMarinelittermayobstructsafesailingandnavigation,destroythehabitatofmarineorganisms,andsoon.InSouthKoreaapproximately70%ofmarinelitteroriginatesonland. Becauseofthisitisnecessarytocreateasystemofcontrollingtheoutflowoflandbasedlitterintothesea.Largeamountsoflandbasedlitterflowintotheseawithlocalizedheavyrains,typhoons,andfloodsduringtherainyseason.Problemssuchastheuncertainty ofgovernmentagencyoperationsanddifficultieswithquickcollectionandremovalofdebrissometimesresultinlitterflowingouttothesea.Themajorityofthelandbasedmarinelitteroriginatesupriver.ThoughtheinlandmunicipalsshouldsharethemarinelittertreatmentcostwithotherrelevantregionsaccordingtothePolluterPaysPrinciple,typicallymostinland/uprivermunicipalsarenotconcernedwithcollectionandtreatmentofthelitter.Forthisreason,itwasnecessarytoguideupriverlocalgovernmentsinminimizingtheirwasteoutflowbyapplyingPolluterPaysPrinciple.

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Nakdong River basin

Figure 1. MapofSouthKoreawithNakdongFigure 2. Adetailedmapof theNakdong Riverbasin.Riverbasincircled.

MethodologyThecentralgovernment(atthetimetheMinistryofMaritimeAffairsandFisheries(MOMAF),MinistryofEnvironment(MOE))andthefourlocalgovernmentsalongtheNakdongRiver(Busan,Daegu,Gyeongsangbukdo,andGyeongsangnamdo)signedaMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)inSeptember,2007.TheobjectiveoftheMOUwastheefficient managementofmarinelitterflowingintotheseafromthemouthoftheNakdongRiver. ThemaingoalwasorganizingacouncilforthewastemanagementoftheNakdongRiverbasinandcarryingoutstudiestopreparetheresponsiblemanagementplaninthebasinoftheNakdongRiver.ResearchontheactualleveloflitteroutflowfromtheNakdongRiverwasconductedinpreparation forthemanagementplan.TheMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs(MLTM,formerlyMOMAF)carriedoutthesestudiestoprepareResponsibleManagementPlanaccordingtotheMOU.TheKoreaOceanResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(KORDI)andotherresearchinstitutesineachcityandprovincejoinedtheprojecttohelptracktheresults.ThisprojectadoptedasharingrateforthetreatmentcostofmarinelitteratthemouthofNakdongRiver. Thecostissharedbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments,andtakesintoaccountthepolluters,beneficiaries,andeachlocationbasedontheareaofthebasin,population,andtheestimatedvolumeofthewaste.

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Procedure for estimating the costshare rate

Step1 Estimatingsharingratebetweencentralgovernmentpaymentandcooperativepaymentbetweenrelevantlocalgovernments(Centralgovernment50%: Localgovernmentcooperativepayment50%)

Step2 Estimatingsharingratebetweenbeneficiariesandpolluters(withincostsharingofrelevantlocalgovernments)

(sharing rateof beneficiary40.4%:polluter59.6%)

Step3 Estimatingsharingratebetweenthepollutersinpartofthepolluterpayment(Estimating afterconsideringquantity oflitter,population,area,financialindependence,etc.)

Step4 Estimatingsharingratewitheachparties

Table 1.ResultofpreliminaryinvestigationandthefinalweightingfactorsBusan Daegu

Gyeongna m

Geongbu k

Total Weightin g factor

estimated volume of outflow(ton)

342 152 387 206 108737.90%31.46% 13.98% 35.60% 18.95% 100.00%

Population 799,469 2,504,253 1,582,238 1,821,360 6,707,320 21.70%11.92% 37.34% 23.59% 27.15% 100.00%

Area(km2) 240.7 885.7 7,983.00 15,180.40 24,289.80 19.70%0.99% 3.65% 32.87% 62.50% 100.00%

Financial Independen ce

71.8 74.5 45.5 42.7 234.520.70%30.62% 31.77% 19.40% 18.21% 100.00%

Sharing rate of polluter

21.04% 20.70% 29.10% 29.16% 100% 100.00%

Formulatoestimatethecostsharingrateforeachlocalgovernment:Localgovernment(0.5)Polluter(0.596)Sharingratebetweenthepolluters(A)100+Localgovernment(0.5)Sharingofthebeneficiary(0.404)Benefitrate(B)100

18


BusancityandGyeongsangnamdoprovincedidnotagreeuponthecostsharingratebetweenpolluters(A)andbenefitrate(B).Tofacilitatemediationbetweenthetwolocalauthorities,threemeetingsandworkshopswereheld.ParticipantsofthesemeetingsincludedMLTMandresearchinstitutes(KORDI,KoreaMaritimeInstitute(KMI),andeachlocalgovernmentsdevelopmentresearchinstitutes).Afinalagreementwasreachedregardingthesharingrateforthetreatmentcost.Table 2.Costsharingafterconsideringbenefitrate(suggested) Benefit rate for Central Local government

TotalBusan:GyeongNam

governme nt Busan Daegu

GyeongNam

Gyeon gBuk

95:05 50.00% 25.46% 6.17% 9.68% 8.69% 100.00%

Signing ceremony for the MOU, April 3, 2009.

ResultsExecutiveswiththecentralgovernmentaswellaseachlocalgovernmentsignedtheMOUfortheresponsiblemanagementoflandbasedlitterintheNakdongRiverbasin(seeAppendixA). TheMOUwaspreparedutilizingresearchresultsandinputfromworkinglevelmeetings.

Bysharingthetreatmentcostofthelandbasedlitterbetweenthecentralandthelocalgovernment,andupperandlowermunicipalsoftheNakdongRiver,thePolluterPaysPrinciplewasappliedtohelpsolvethemarinelitterproblem.Furthermore,thiscostsharingmanagementsystemisalsoexpectedtoresultinupriverlocalgovernmentscontrollingtheirinputoflandbasedlittervoluntarily,thuspromotingresponsiblecontrolandmanagementofdomestic

waste. ConclusionBeginningwiththeHanRiverin2001,acostsharingagreementforlandbasedlittermanagementwascompletedinallfivemajorriverbasinsthatflowthroughmorethantwocitiesorprovinces(HanRiver(2001),GeumRiver(March2009),NakdongRiver(April2009),YoungsanRiver/SeomjinRiver(May2009)).AdditionalinvestigationisunderwaytodeterminewhetherthesametypeofMOUisneededforotherriversthatflowthroughmanyofthesmallercitiesandcountrytownswithinlargerprovinces.

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Literature CitedMLTM.2008.Aplanoftheinvestigationandmanagementforlitterflowingintotheseain

NakdongRiverbasin.MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation.December2008.

MLTM.2008.Thefirstmasterplanofthemarinelittermanagement(20092003).MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs.November2008.

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Appendix A. MOUfortheresponsiblemanagementlandbasedlitterinputtotheNakdongRiverbasin,April3,2009.

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Managing Dedicated Floating Receptacles for Marine Litter

SeonDongKim1,HaeKiKim2,andHyonJeongNoh3andTaeByungChun1 1MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand Development Institute,RepublicofKorea2MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau, MinistryofLand,Transport andMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea 3MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity Centre,RepublicofKorea

AbstractDedicatedfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitterwereinstalledinHaenamgun,Cheollanamdo(province)in2001andwaswellreceivedbyfishermen.Fishermenpileuptheirusednetsandfarminggearontothededicatedbargetypereceptaclesastheyarereturningfromfishing.TheMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairsplanstoenlargethis programto11coastallocalgovernments,eachreceivingthreereceptaclesyearly.Thecollectioncostformarinedebriscanbereducedandthevoluntaryrecoveryofmarinedebrisamongfishingcommunitiesincreased.

IntroductionMarinedebrishasecological,economic,andaestheticimpactstomarineandcoastalsystems.AccordingtotheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,marinedebrisis regardedasanymanmade,solidmaterialthatentersourwaterwaysdirectlyorindirectly.Inwesterncountries,primarymeasuresformarinedebrisarecoastalcleanupefforts,monitoringprograms,legislation,andreusing/recyclingefforts.

InSouthKorea,thesituationissomewhatdifferentthaninothercountries.Itwasnotuntilthe1970sthatKoreabegantoindustrialize,andthespeedofthisindustrializationwastremendous.Moreover,approximately64%ofthepopulationlivesnearariverorcoast,andithasbeenverydifficulttopreventtheinfluxoflittertotheocean. In2001,Kangetal.reportedthespatialdistributionofsustainedseabedlitterinportsandharbors.

Table1showsthatmuchofKoreasmarinelittercomesfromhumanactivitiesintheocean,specificallyfromfishingboats.AreviewofavailableliteratureshowsthattheproblemofmarinedebrisinKoreaisuniqueinthesensethatnoothercountryhasevertriedtoseekspecifictechnologicalmeasurestoaddressthisissue.WebelievethatthereisarelativelyhighportionofsustainedseabedlitterinKorea.

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Table 1.Numberofpeopleinvolvedinfisheries(from KoreanStatisticalInformationServicehomepage)

City/Province

# of people involved in fisheries

Pusancity 8,196Incheoncity 7,767Ulsancity 3,083Kyungkido 4,328Kangwonddo 10,619ChungcheonNamdo 26,182Chullabukdo 9,501Chullanamdo 61,631Kyeonsanbukdo 12,386Kyeonsannamdo 30,184Jejudo 18,464Total 192,341

AsshowninJungetal.(2005),KFPA(KoreaFishingPortAssociation)andKOEM(KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation)haveremovedover10,000tonsofmarinedebrissince2000andmorethanhalfoftherecoveredmarinedebrisconsistedofderelictfishingnets.Tosolvetheproblemofmarinedebrisonemuststartbygettingridofthedebrissource.However,onceitentersthesea,marinedebrismustberemoved.Efficientmethodsandtoolsshouldbeusedin theremovalofthemarinedebris.Afterremoval,anappropriatetreatmenttechniquemustbeapplied.ThededicatedfloatingreceptacleformarinelitterwasoriginallyinstalledatHaenamgun,CheonNamprovincein2001andreceivedgoodreviewsfromfishermen.Thededicatedbargetypereceptacle,placedaroundtheport,wascreatedforthefishermentopileuptheirusednetsandgearonafter returningfromfishing.Thereceptaclesmadeiteasierforfishermentounloadtheirdebrisaswellasreducedthepossibilityofdumping.TheMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairs(MLTM,formerlyMOMAF)adoptedthesereceptaclesasanewnationwideprogramwiththecooperationoflocalgovernments.Whiletheprograminunderwaynationwide,thecaseinHaenamgun(2009)ispresentedhere. Table 2.StatisticsofseabedlitteraroundKorean portsand harbors(Kangetal.,2001a)

Tires Wire rope

Polypropylen e rope

Timber/ Lumber

Metal Other Total

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4.70% 19.70% 23.40% 7.60% 22.70% 21.70% 100% MethodologyVariouswaysofmanagingthelargeamountofmarinedebrishavebeenconsidered;howeverproperfacilitieswereinsufficientandcauseddamagetothemarineecosystem.MLTM(MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs)recovered21,871tonsofmarinedebristhroughacleanupprogramand29,472tonsthroughthemarinelitterbuybackprogram(Nohet.al,2009).Theseprograms,however,dolittletodecreasetheoverallamountofderelictfishingnetandgear.

CheollanamdoprovinceislocatedinsouthwesternpartofKoreaPeninsula. Itspopulationrelatedtofisheriesismorethan60,000,thelargestinKorea.ThemaintypeoffisheryinHaenamgundistrictinChellanamdoisabalone(earshell)andlaver(seaweed)farming.Asmallbargehasbeenusedasareceptacleforusednetsandfarminggearsince2001. Thishasresultedinfishermencollectingtheirownusednetand gearvoluntarily.Thededicatedfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitterhadapositiveeffectonpeopleintheareaand

thusMLTMbegantosupportthebuildingofbargesincoastallocalgovernments.Table 3. Theamount ofthecollectedusedfishinggearandmarinedebrisaccordingtothefishingpopulationsizeandthetypeoffishery.

Fishing community

Population Fishery type 2006

Amoun2007

t (ton) 2008 2009.7

A 34 abalone(90%) 40 40 40 40

B 60 abalone (70%)laver(30%) 30

C 200 laver(90%) 100 +

Thebargeisbuiltofpolyethylenetooptimizeitsusabilityandsafety.Thestandardsizeforabargeorfloatingreceptacleis9mX6mX1.47m,butcanvaryaccordingtothecharacteristicsandrequirementsoftheport(Figure1).Becauseofitssmallsize,thesebargescanbeeasilytowedandlaunchedwithasmallershipandthusunloadingitismucheasier. Itcanbe

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towedalongsideapierforeasierunloading.MLTMprovided25millionwon($25,000USD)forreceptaclebuilding. Localgovernmentstakecareofmaintenanceandupkeep.In2008,localcommunitieswithlargeamountsofmarinelitter,largefarmingareas,enoughlaunchingspaceandfacilitiesrankedhighonthelisttoreceivethesereceptacles. Thosevillageswithcleanportsandcoastsrankedevenhigher.

Figure 1.Processofbuildinga floatingreceptacleformarinelitter.

Figure 2.Afloatingreceptaclebeforeandafter launchingintoport.

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ResultsWhentheplantobuildthefirsttworeceptaclesformarinelitterwasannounced,theresponsewassogreatthattenlocalfishingvillagesappliedimmediately.Thelocalfishermenvoluntarilycollectedtheirownmarinedebrisandusedgearonthesededicatedfloatingreceptaclesandlocalauthoritiesentrustedthemtodealwithwastetreatmentcompany.MLTMplanstoenlargethisprogramto11coastallocalgovernmentseachwiththreereceptaclesyearly.

Conclusions/DiscussionWiththededicatedfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitter,Haenamgunreducedthecollectioncostformarinedebrisby30%.Furthermore,voluntaryrecoveryofmarinedebrisnowtakesplaceamongfishingcommunities.Theresultingbenefitiscleanercoastalwaters.

Literature Citedhttp://www.kosis.kr/ Kang,W.S.etal.2001,ExecutablePlanofRecovery&Treatment forMarineDebrisin

RegionalSeaWatersinIncheonArea,KRISO/KORDIProjectReport(Korean).Jung,R.T.,H.G.Sung,S.D.Kim,W.S.Kang,andC.G.Kang,2005,TheOutlineofthe

IntegratedTreatment SystemtoMarineDebrisforOffshoreKorea,Proc.15thISOPEConference.

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http:http://www.kosis.kr


NearshoreMarineDebrisAbatementProjects

UNITED STATES

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Reel In and Recycle! Monofilament Recycling Program

SusanShingledecker1 1EnvironmentalPrograms,BoatU.S.FoundationforBoatingSafety and CleanWater

AbstractTheBoatU.S.FoundationlaunchedtheReelInandRecycleProgramin2006withgrantfundingfromtheNationalFishandWildlifeFoundationandtheNOAAMarineDebrisprogram.Theprogramaimstocreateanationwidenetworkoffishinglinerecyclingbinstohelpanglersproperlydisposeofusedfishingline.Monofilamentfishinglineifleftinthemarineenvironmentcanentangleandharmbirds,marinemammalsandotherwildlife.Since2006,theBoatU.S.Foundationhasreceivedcommitmentsfromvolunteersacrossthecountrytoinstallandmaintainmonofilamentbinsandnewrequestscomeindaily.Nearly1,200PVCmonofilamentrecyclingbinshavebeenbuiltandinstalledwiththehelpofvolunteersandover11 millionmediaimpressionshavebeengeneratedbypressreleases,radiointerviewsandmultiplemagazinesstories. ThethreeprongedapproachoftheReelinandRecycleprogramofgeneraleducationonmarinedebris,thedevelopmentofanationwide networkofrecyclinginfrastructure,andthequantificationoftheseeffortsthroughdatacollection,togethershowthattheprogramismakingadifferencereducingmarinedebris.

IntroductionMonofilamentlineandcommercialfishinggeararedesignedto bestrong,durableandnearlyinvisibleinthewater.Thesequalitiesmakethematerialswellsuitedtocatchingfish.Unfortunatelywhenleftinthemarineenvironment,monofilamentlineandotherderelictfishinggearcontinuetocatchfish,unintentionallyentanglingmarinelife.AccordingtotheU.S.CommissiononOceanPolicyatleast267specieshavebeenimpactedbymarinedebrisincluding86percentofseaturtlespecies,44percentofseabirdspeciesand43percentof marinemammalspecies.TheaimoftheReelIn&Recycleprogramistomakemonofilamentrecyclingaregularpartofthefishinglifestylebyprovidingtheinfrastructuretomakeiteasytodotherightthing,recycleusedfishingline.Theprimaryconservationoutcomeoftheprogramwillbethereductionofmonofilamentfishinglinein

themarineenvironment.Fishinglinerankedinthetop10mostdangerousdebrisitemscollectedworldwideinthe2007InternationalCoastalCleanup.Fishinglineentanglements

Monofilament recycling bin installed in California.

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debris collection, and data gathering.

accountedfor65%ofthe235entanglementsfoundduringthe2007InternationalCoastalCleanup,byfartheleadingcauseofentanglement.

TheBoatU.S.Foundationisworkingtoeducateboatersaboutthedangersofmarinedebrisandspecificallymonofilamentlineleftinthemarineenvironment.While80percentofmarinedebrismaycomefromlandbasedsources,itisimportanttominimizetheriskofentanglementsandreducemarinedebrisbypreventingitsintroductionatthesource.TheReelandRecycleprogram,combininggeneraleducationaboutmarinedebrisandthestrengtheningofanationwidenetworkofmonofilamentrecyclingreceptacles,buildsuponathreeprongedapproachofeducation,

Monofilamentrecyclingprogramsareaprovenconcept.TheStateofFloridaandotherlocalgovernmentshaveimplementedsimilar programswithgreatsuccess.Whatisnewaboutthisprogramisitsscope.TheReelIn&Recycleprogramtakethesuccessthathasbeenseenatafewareasofthecountryonalocallevelandreplicatesthatintoanationwidemonofilamentrecyclingprogram.Binsareplacedathightrafficfishingareasfromcoasttocoast.Emphasisismadethatbinsbeinstalledinconvenientlocationsrightatthelandwaterinterfacemakingiteasyforanglerstorecycletheirusedfishingline.ThisprogramisfundedinpartbygrantsfromtheNOAAMarineDebrisProgramandtheNationalFishandWildlifeFoundationThe BoatU.S. Foundation is a national 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting safe and environmentallysensitive boating. Our goal is to be the leader in boating safety and environmental education and outreach, with the purpose of reducing accidents and fatalities, increasing stewardship of our waterways, and keeping boating a safe, accessible, and enjoyable pastime

MethodologyThemethodologyfortheprogramisbuiltaroundathreeprongedapproachincluding:marinedebriseducation/outreach, thedevelopmentofanationwidemonofilamentrecyclinginfrastructure,andthe collection ofdata ontheamountofmonofilamentlinerecycled.Thisapproachcombinesgeneraleducationwiththespecificenablingactivityofdebriscollectionandtheabilitytoquantitativelyassesstheimpactoftheactivitiesandtranslatethoseactionstodebrisandentanglementsavoided.

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Education/OutreachTheprogramhastwoprimaryaudiencesforitsmessaging:groupswhoareinterestedinhostingand maintainingthefishinglinerecyclingbins,andanglerswhohavelinetorecycle.

Partner recruitmentTodaterecruitinglocalpartnerstohost,install andmaintaintherecyclingbinshasnotbeenachallenge.Infactforthelast3yearsthelistofinterestedpartnershasexceededthenumberofbinsavailable.GroupsorindividualsthatareinterestedinhostingabinregisterontheReelInandRecyclewebsite.Binsareallocatedbasedongeographiclocation.Careistakentolocatebinsincoastalareasandtospreadthedistribution ofbinsto

A volunteer in New Jersey empties the bin and mails the collected line thoseareasthatdonotalreadyhaveto Berkley Conservation Institute for recycling. anexistingrecyclingprogram.Initially,theBoatU.S.Foundationbudgetedincentivepaymentstoaccompanyeachbintocoverinstallationmaterials,butgiventhelargedemandfortheprogramwehavenotneededtoutilizeincentives.Tomarketthemonofilamentrecyclingprogram,theBoatU.S.Foundationutilizes ourpartnershipswiththeCoastGuardAuxiliary,PowerSquadron,ArmyCorpsofEngineersandscoresoflocalorganizationsdedicatedtomakingrecreationalboatingsafer andmoreenvironmentallysound.TheavailabilityofmonofilamentrecyclingopportunitiesismarketedthroughtheBoatU.S.magazine,theBoatU.S.website,BoatU.S.cooperatingmarinasandthroughournetworksofCleanMarinasandotherlocalpartneringorganizations.Tobeselectedforparticipation intheprogram,eachrecyclinglocationmustcommittomaintainthereceptaclesfortwoyearsandreporttheamountofmaterialcollectedtotheBoatU.S.Foundationviaouronlinedatareportingwebsite.Angler awarenessThesecondcomponentofoutreach istargetedtoanglerstoraiseawarenessoftheimportanceofandtheavailabilityoflinerecycling.Thesearetheindividualswhowewanttousethebins,asopposedtomaintainthebins.TheBoatU.S.Foundationhasalonghistoryofworkingwithanglersonsafetyissuessuchaslifejacketwear.We usevariouschannelstoeducatethisaudienceandinfluencebehaviorincludingfishingtelevisionandradioshows,fishingclubs,andfishingmagazinesandpublications.Weutilizeournetworkoffishingprostohavethemdemonstratethebehaviorwewantanglerstoemulate.Weasktheprostowearlifejacketsandhavethemdiscussfishinglinerecyclingontheirtelevisionshows.Wehavefoundthisrolemodel,leadbyexampletechniqueto beveryeffectiveat

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changingbehavioramongsttheanglingaudience.Wealsohavemaintainedaconsistentlookandlabelingforour1,200recyclingbins.Byhavingconsistentlookingbininfrastructure,overtimeanglerswilllearnwhattolookforwhentheyareatanewmarinaorlaunchramp.Weareintheprocessofbuildingawebbasedmapofrecyclinglocationsandwillusethisananothertooltoconnectanglerswithlocationswheretheycanrecycletheirusedline.Bin ConstructionThroughtheprogramindividualscangetbinsinoneoftwoways.Wecaneithersendthemafreebin,ortheycanbuildtheirown.Weare limitedtobuilding400binsatatimebyfundingandstoragespace.Forthosegroupswishingtobuildtheirownbins,wehavecreatedavideopodcast(http://www.boatus.com/foundation/Monofilament/build.asp)showingstepbystepinstructions.Forbulkbinconstruction,weuse6inchdiameterPVCpipe.Thiscanbepurchasedthroughaplumbingsupplystore.Thepipeandfittings for400binsrequiresalargestoragearea.Toeaseshippingandstoringlogistics,wehaverenteda40footshippingcontainertostorethesuppliesandbins.Binsareconstructedinbatchesof350400bins.With20to30volunteers,weareabletobuildandboxtheentireamountinabout4hours.Twostepsoftheconstructionprocessrequiretheuseofpowertools.Forliabilitypurposes,wehavestaffmembersuseallpowertoolsandkeepthevolunteerstoothertasks.Werenta12inchcompoundmitersawfromalocalhardwarestoretocutthe20footlengthsofpipeinto2footlengths.Wealsouseadrillpresstodrilloneholeinthecapstoallowwatertodrainfrom

BoatU.S. staff volunteer to build 400 bins in July 2009 at BoatU.S. Headquarters in thebins.Staffusingpower Alexandria, VAtoolsworkinpairsandarerequiredtoweargogglesandhearingprotection.Allvolunteersandstaffareinstructedtoweargloves,andoldclothingas thePVCisoftendirtyandthegluecanstainhandsandclothes.Forassemblywecreatetwolineswithfoldingtablesandweplacethesuppliesinthemiddle.Westarttheproductionatthepointfurthestfromtheshippingcontainer,allowingthecompetedbinstobelocatedclosetothecontaineropeningforeaseofmovingandstorage.Theassemblylinestartswiththe2footsectionofpipe.UsingGorillaGlueorother

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http://www.boatus.com/foundation/Monofilament/build.asp


Consistent labeling of the bins is key to branding the program.

adhesive(wedonotusePVCCementduetothenoxiousfumes)weattachthethreadedadapter,thenflipthebinoverandattachtheelbowfitting,usingcaretoseethat anywritingonthepipeisoppositetheelbowopening.Weincludeaplugwitheachbin,butdonotscrewontheplugasglueresiduecouldcauseittosealpermanently.Weapplytwostickerstothefrontofthebins,onetoidentifytheprogramandrecognizesponsorsandfundersandanothertodiscourageindividualsfromplacingtrashinthebins.Onceconstructed,thebinsareplacedtwoinaboxandtheelbowendofeachbiniswrappedinbubblewrap.Wefoundthattheelbowscanbreakinshippingifnotpadded.Eachbinisshippedwithametal,UVresistantsighthatidentifiesthebin,recognizesfundersandsponsorsandincludesaplaceforthelocalsponsortoaddtheirnameorlogotothesign.

Thebindesignhasbeentestedandtheconstructionanddistributionfromonelocationprovidesthemostcosteffectivemethodofadministeringtheprogram.Thelocalgroupswhoreceivethebinscommittoemptythebins,reporttheamountoflinecollectedandsendthelinetoafishinglinerecycler.OurprimarylinerecyclingpartnerisPureFishingBerkleyConservationInstitute.Theyarealeadingmanufactureroffishingline.Theysupplypostagepaidreturnshippingboxestogroups

wishingtorecycleline.ThelineissenttotheirfacilityinIowawhereitissortedandrecycledintocommerciallyviableproductssuchaslinespoolsandartificialreefmaterials. Data ManagementAkeycomponenttomeasuringthesuccessoftheprogramistrackingandquantifyingtheamountoflinethatiscollectedandrecycled.Thishasbeenoneofthelargestchallengesassociatedwithmonofilamentrecyclingeffortsandisoftencitedasabarrierby othergroupsinvolvedinpreviousfishinglinerecyclingprograms.TheBoatU.S.Foundationhasdesignedanonlinedatareportingtooltomakeitsimpleforgroupstoreportthelinecollected.Onthewebsitegroupsenterintheirbinlocationinformation,andthecontactdetailsforthevolunteerswhomaintaineachbin.Eachtimeabinisemptiedthevolunteerscanreportonhowfullthebinwas,theamountoftrashinthebin,andothercomments.Oncethegrouphascollectedenoughlinetofillashippingbox,theysendthelinetoBerkeleyoranotherrecyclerandreporttheweightoftheshippedbox.Thisprogramquantifiestheamountoflinecollectedtwoways,thenumberofbinsoflinecollected,aswellastheweightofthelinerecycled.Thiswillprovideuswithtwowaystocalculatethevolumeoflinekeptoutofthewater.Thisonlinedatawebsitewillalsomakeit

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easytoidentifysitesthatareveryactiveandmayneedmorebins,andsitesthathavealaginreporting.Thisalsoallowsustodeterminethefrequencythatbins arebeingmonitoredandprovidefollowuptothevolunteergroups.Ifbinhostsfailtoreportthedataontheamountoflinecollected,wewillnotbeabletomeasurethefullbenefitsoftheprogram.Ouronlinedatacollectiontoolwillenableustokeeptrackofthelevelofactivityateachbinsite.Weareplanningtolaunchanewincentiveprogramfordatareportingbyprovidingamonthlyprizedrawingforthosesiteswhosubmitdatainagivenmonth.

ResultsThethreeprimarymeasuresofprogressforthisprojectare: The number of recycling bins distributed around the country, The amount of monofilament line that is returned for recycling, And, the number of media impressions generated by the program outreach.

Thesethreeindicatorsgiveabalancedpictureoftheprogramsuccess.First,thenumberofbinsdistributedshowsusthegeographicbreadthanddensityof theprogram.Second,theamountoflinereturnedwillshowustheeffectivenessof theprogramandwillidentifythemostactivefishinglocations.Finally,thethirdindicatorofmediaimpressionsshowsushoweffectivewehavebeenatreachingthefishingandboatingpublictoincludethem,theusers,inrecyclingefforts.InadditiontothesethreeprimaryindicatorstheBoatU.S.Foundationhasengagedaprofessionalevaluationteamtoestablishabaselineforawarenessandparticipationinmonofilamentrecycling.ThefirstsetoffocusgroupswillbeconductedinAugust2009,withfollowupevaluationin2011.Thisevaluationwillenableustocapturesomeofthelessquantitativemeasureofsuccessandprovideamorecompletepictureofprogramstrengthsandweaknesses.The number of recycling bins distributed around the country.Todatethedemandforrecyclingbinshasfaroutpacedthesupply.TheBoatU.S.FoundationdistributesbinstocoastalandGreatLakesstates.Wearelimitedinthedistributionwecandoininlandareasduetothenatureofourprogramfunding.Wehaveidentifieda fewfundingsourcestoallowforthecreationanddistributionofbinstoinlandareasandhopetobeabletoservetheseareasinthefuture.Todate,the BoatU.S.Foundationhasconstructednearly1,200bins.Thesebinshavebeenmailedtogroupsin32statesaroundthecountry.Eachyearthedemandforthebinscontinuestogrow.Wehaveseeninanumberofstatesthatourinitialsupplyofbinsandsupporthasledthestatestotakeuparecyclingprogramandputstafftimeandadditionalfinancialsupporttotheeffort.ThisisparticularlyevidentinCalifornia,NewJerseyandVirginia.AnotherdevelopmentisthatmanygroupsarenowundertakingbinconstructionontheirownandhaveturnedtotheBoatU.S.Foundationtosupplythemwiththedecalsandsignagetoaccompanytheirbins.Thisisacosteffectivewaytocontinuetogrowthemonofilamentlinerecyclinginfrastructurenetwork.

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The online database allows volunteers to report the amount of line recycled.

The amount of monofilament line that is returned for recycling.Theconstructionofouronlinedatareportingdatabaseandwebsitehastakenmuchlongerthananticipated.Theprogrammingelementsweremorecomplicatedthanoriginallythoughtandthecontractorsexperienceddelays.Thatsaid,wehavenearlycompletedthefinalphaseoftestingandrefinements.Wehaveworkedwithasampleofbinhoststotesttheprogramandhavereceivedexcellentfeedbackfromthem.Withjustover50binlocationscurrentlyactiveinthedatabasewehavereceivedreportof93binsoflinecollectedandover128poundsoflinereturnedforrecycling.This

isjustthebeginning.Withthe400binsthatwillbeshippedinAugust2009,thosesiteswillbereadyinthedatabasefromtheonset.Theywillworkwiththeprogramfromthefirstdaytheyinstallthebins,sodatareportingwillbearegularpartoftheirinteractionwiththeReelIn&Recycleprogram.Wealsowillberollingoutthedatareportingprogramtoourotherexistingsitestofullyincorporateallsitesintothedatareportingprogram.The number of media impressions generated by the program outreach.TheReelIn&Recycleprogramhasreceivedexcellentmediacoverage,especiallythroughBoatU.S.publications.Asof2008,11millionmediaimpressionscan betieddirectlytothisprogramfrommagazinearticlesandpressreleasesalone.Additionallytheprogramhasconductedseveralradiointerviews,atelevisionPSAforwiththehelpofanationalfishingshow,twovideopodcastshostedonourwebsiteandotheroutreachaswell.IntheFallof2009wewillbeexpandingouroutreachpartneringwith GreatLakesProductionsandthenationallysyndicatedradioprogramOurOceanWorld.WewillalsobeproducingprintPSAsfordistributiontomajorfishingandanglingpublications.Goingforwardwearelookingtointegratetheuseofmoreinteractivemediaincludingsocialnetworkingtopublicizemonofilamentrecycling andfacilitateinteractionamongstthevolunteergroupswhoparticipateintheprogram.

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Lessons Learned Having a line recycler is key.Monofilamentfishinglinecannotcurrentlyberecycledthoughmostmunicipalrecyclingprograms.Thereforetheexistenceofanentitythatcancollectthelineandrecycleitisessential.In theUnitedStatestheprimaryrecipientofcollectedlineisBerkleyConservationInstitute,adivisionofPureFishing,oneofthecountryslargestfishinglinemanufacturers.Withouttheirparticipationrecyclinglineonanationalscalewouldbeverychallenging.Demand for the bins is high.Demandfortherecyclingbinsremainshigh,eliminatingtheneedfortheplannedinstallationincentives.BecausesixinchdiameterPVCisnotcommonlyavailableinhardwarestores,volunteergroupsgreatlyappreciatereceivingthepreconstructedbins.Thatsaid,itishelpfulandcosteffectivetohaveanextrasupplyofbinsignsandstickersforthosegroupswhoareabletobuildtheirownbins,butwouldliketohavethemconsistentwiththeotherprogrambins. Wedobelievethatreportingwillbeachallengeandthatanyincentivesinitiallyplannedforinstallationshouldbereprogrammedtoreportingincentives.Having a centralized local partner in a state of region can lead to enhanced program adoption in that area.Throughtheprogrambinshavebeendistributedtoindividuals,marinasandothergroupsinquantitiesof24bins,andalsotolargerstatebasedofenvironmentalorganizationsinlargerquantities.Whilewesupportsupplyingindividualswithbinsandwillcontinuetodoso,thedevelopmentofanumberofkeypartnershipinvariousstatesaroundthecountryhasallowedtheprogramtothriveinthoseareas.Ourrelationshipswithstategovernmentcontacts,CleanMarinaProgramcoordinators,andlocalenvironmentalgroupsinCalifornia,NewJersey, VirginiaandOregonhasgreatlyfacilitatedtheadoptionoftheprograminthosestates.Havingacentralcontactpointprovidesassistanceidentifyingthemostappropriatelocationsforbins,and additionalsupportwhencommunicatingwithbinhostsregardingbinmaintenanceanddatareporting.

Conclusion/DiscussionSincetheBoatU.S.FoundationbegantheReelInandRecycleprogramintheFallof2006withfundingfromtheNationalFishandWildlifeFoundationandtheNOAA MarineDebrisprogram,wehavemadegreatstridesateducatingboatersaboutthechallengesofmarinedebrisandrecruitingpartnersintheprogram.Wehavereceivedcommitmentsfromvolunteersacrossthecountrytoinstallandmaintainmonofilamentbinsandnewrequestscomeindaily.Nearly1,200PVCmonofilamentrecyclingbinshavebeenbuiltandinstalledwiththehelpofvolunteersacrossthecountry.Over11millionmediaimpressions havebeengeneratedbyourpressreleases,andmultiplemagazinesstories.Wehavebuilt,testedandlaunchedouronlinedatareportingwebsite.Togethertheseactivitiesandpartnershipsarebuildinganationwidenetworkofmonofilamentfishinglinerecyclingsitesthatin timewillchangebehaviorandhelpanglersseerecyclingusedfishinglineascommonplaceasrecyclingcansandbottles.

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Literature CitedU.S.CommissiononOceanPolicy.2004.PreliminaryReportoftheU.S.Commissionon

OceanPolicyGovernorsDraft,Washington,D.C.,April2004. OceanConservancy.2008.InternationalCoastalCleanupReport2007,Washington,D.C.

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Netting Solutions: Hawaiis Nets to Energy program and Pier 38 port reception facility

CareyMorishige1andKrisMcElwee1 1NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration, MarineDebrisProgram/I.M.SystemsGroup,Inc.

AbstractIn2002,theNorthwesternHawaiianIslandsmultiagencymarinedebrisgroupdevisedauniqueprogramtoturnderelictfishingnetdebrisintousableelectricityasabetterwaytodisposeofonetypeofmarinedebris.Today,thissuccessfulpartnershipprogramrecyclesanaverageof80tonsofderelictnetsandmonofilamentlineperyear.Intotal,since2002,thisprogramhascreatedenoughelectricitytopower283homesforayeareach.

IntroductionMarinedebrisofalltypesaccumulatesinandaroundtheislandsofHawaiiduetotheirlocationinthemiddleoftheNorthPacificSubtropicalGyre.Muchofthedebrisismadeupofderelictfishingnets.DerelictfishingnetsandotherfishinggearfromdomesticandforeignsourcesinthegreaterPacificaresafetyandnavigationhazardsandcandamagevessels.Carriedbycurrents,thenetswashashoreandsnagonthecoralreefsoftheNorthwesternandMainHawaiianIslands,causingextensivedamageandentanglingmarinemammals,turtles,andotherwildlifeeachyear.IntheNorthPacificOcean,Hawaiibasedlonglinefishermenoftenencounterderelictfishingnetswhentravelingtoandfromfishinggroundsandwhenfishinginareasofcurrentconvergencewheredebrisisaccumulated.Overtheyears,manyHawaiibasedlonglinefishermenhavevoluntarilybroughtthesederelictnetsbacktoporttoeliminatetheriskoffutureatseaencounters.Additionally,acrosstheHawaiianarchipelago,largeconglomerationsofthesenets,sometimesweighingthousandsofpounds,areremovedfromHawaiisreefsand shoreseachyearthroughvariouslargeandsmallscaleremovalefforts.

Historically,thecollectedderelictnetswouldbedisposedofinlandfillswheretheynotonlytakeupspace,butalsobreakdown(fragment)veryslowly. Theseplasticnets(mainlynylon)donotbiodegrade ormineralize(breakdownintoinorganiccomponents),butsimplybreakdownintosmallerandsmaller pieces.Therefore,abetterdisposalmethodforthesenetswasneeded.

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MethodologyNetstoEnergyProcessSince1996,NOAAhasledamarinedebrisremovaleffortintheNorthwesternHawaiianIslands(NWHI). Sincethen,over603metrictonsofderelictnetshavebeenremoved.Insteadofaddingthesenetstoalreadycongestedlandfills,in2002,theNorthwesternHawaiianIslandsmultiagencymarinedebrisgroupdevisedauniqueprogramtoturnthismarinedebrisintousableelectricity. ThecollectedderelictnetsaretransportedtothefacilityofSchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporation,amainlandbasedscrap metalrecycler. TherethenetsarechoppedintosmallpiecessuitableforcombustionattheCityandCountyofHonolulusHPowerwastetoenergyfacilityrunbyCovantaEnergy.SchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporationtransportsthechoppednetpiecestotheHPowerfacility.Therethenetsareburned,producingsteamwhichdrivesaturbinetocreateusableelectricity.Allservices(transportincluded)aredonatedfreeofcharge.ThisprogramispossibleonlythroughthepartnershipandsupportofHawaiismultiorganizationalmarinedebrisgroupincludingthebusinesseslistedabove,aswellasMatsonNavigationCompanyandAllianceTrucking. Today,allNOAAfundedmarinedebrisremovalprojectsinHawaiiincorporatethisprogramasacomponentforsuccess.AccordingtotheHawaiiStateDepartmentofBusiness,EconomicDevelopmentandTourism,100tonsofderelictnetprovidesenoughelectricitytopower43Oahuhomesforayear!

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Pier38PortReception ProgramThisprojectwasfundedbytheNOAAMarineDebrisProgram in2005.Theprojecthadtwoparts:1)afeasibilitystudyforthecreationofamarinedebrisportreceptionprograminHonoluluand2)implementationofamarinedebrisportreceptionprogrambasedontheresultsofthefeasibilitystudy.ThegoalistohelpreduceenvironmentalimpactstocoastalnaturalresourcesinHawaii,reducenavigationalhazards,andcreatenewpartnershipsbetweenprivateandpublicentities.

ProjectpartnersincludetheHawaiiLonglineAssociation,SchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporation,UnitedFishingAgency,PacificOceanProducersFishingand Marine,CovantaEnergy,MatsonNavigationCompany,NOAA,WesternPacificRegionalFisheryManagementCouncil,DepartmentofTransportationHarborsDivision,CityandCountyofHonolulu,andUniversityofHawaiiSeaGrantCollegeProgram.1. Port Reception Feasibility ProjectNOAANationalMarineFisheriesService'sPacificIslandsRegionalOffice,alongwiththeWesternPacificRegionalFishery ManagementCouncil,conductedasurveyoftheactiveOahubasedcommerciallonglinevesselstodeterminethefrequency(pertrip)andapproximateweightofencounteredderelictfishingnetsoverthepreviousyear.Thevolumeofdebrisandmethodofdisposalwererecordedalongwiththefeasibility andlonglinerswillingnesstoremoveandtransportderelictnetbacktoaportfacilityinHonolulu.Adeterminationwasthenmadeofthemosteconomicandenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachtodebrisdisposal.Thestudyalsoassessedthefeasibilityandcostofprovidingbeaconstocommercialfishermentosatellitetagencountereddebrisiftheyare notableorwillingtoremovematerial.2. Port Reception Program ImplementationAspartofthisproject,aportreceptionprogram,calledHonoluluHarborDerelictNetRecyclingProgram,wascreatedandlaunchedinJanuary2006.Recognizingtheeffortsmadebytheselonglinefishermen,aprivatepublicpartnershipwasformedtohelpcoordinate amoreenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachtothisdebrisdisposal.A31cubicyardrolloffcontainerislocatedatPier38inHonoluluHarborandservesasthederelictnetreceptacle.Thereceptacleiskeptlockedtopreventdisposalofothertypesofmaterials.

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ItismaintainedonadailybasisbystaffwithPacificOceanProducersFishingandMarineandUnitedFishingAgency,bothlocatedatPier38.SchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporationemptiesthecontainerwhenitisfullandtransportsthedebristotheirfacilitywhereitbeginstheNetstoEnergyprocess.

OtherNetstoEnergyPartnerProjectsSincetheportreceptionfacilityopenedinJanuaryof2006,numerouscommunitygroupsacrosstheislandofOahuhavebeguntobringderelictnetscollectedatbeachcleanupstotheportreceptacle.Additionally,thereceptaclehasbecomeaknownsourceforthosewhowouldliketoreusederelictfishingnets(e.g.,forsoccerorbaseballcagenets).Beginningin2008,derelictnetsfromboththeBigIslandofHawaiiand islandofKauaiarealsoincorporatedintotheNetstoEnergyProgram,atrueshowofcrosscountycooperation.OntheBigIslandofHawaiiderelictfishing netsareremovedfromapproximatelyninemilesofthe

southeastcoastlinenearKaLae(orSouthPoint),aknownaccumulationareaformarinedebris. ThosenetsareloadedintoacontainerprovidedbyMatsonNavigationCompany,whopicksitupwhenfullandshipsittoOahuforfree. TheislandofKauaiishosttoHawaiisfirstNetPatrol,abandofvolunteerswiththespecificmissiontofindandremovederelictfishing netsfromtheshoresoftheisland.ThisgroupiscoordinatedbytheSurfriderFoundationsKauaiChapter.ConclusionHawaiisNetstoEnergyprogramwasthefirstofitskindintheUnitedStates.Ithasbeen,sinceitsbeginning,averysuccessfulprogramthathasfacilitatedandfosterednumerouspartnershipsinmarinedebrisacrossthestateofHawaii.TheprogramrunstodaythroughthenocostsupportandworkofHawaiismarinedebrispartners,mainlywithintheprivatesector. ThisprogramhasbeensosuccessfulthatitwasusedasthemodelfortheFishingforEnergyprogram,whichwasimplementedinsitesalongthenortheasterncoastoftheU.S.beginningin2008. SincethestartofHawaiisNetstoEnergyprogramin2002,over597metrictonsofderelictnetdebrishasbeenusedtocreateelectricity(anaverageofabout80metrictonsperyear)enoughtopower283homesforayeareach!

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Fishing for Energy: A publicprivate partnership approach to preventing and reducing derelict fishing gear

TomBarry1 1MarinePrograms,National FishandWildlife Foundation

Abstract

Derelictfishinggearisoneofthemajortypes ofdebrisimpactingthemarineenvironment.Itcancontinuetoindiscriminatelycatchmarinespecieslongafteritbecomesderelictandassuchhasbeenidentifiedasaparticularconservationconcernforanumberofdifferentmarinespecies. Acomplementaryproblemtotheprevalenceofderelictfishinggearisthelackofconvenientandaccessibledisposaloptionsforthosewhoencounterit(primarilyfishermen).Fishing for Energyisapublicprivatepartnershipconsistingofpartnersfromagency,nonprofit,local,state,andcorporatesectorswiththegoalofreducingtheimpactsofderelictgearonthemarineenvironment,anddoessoinawaythatremovesexistingbarrierstopropergeardisposalonaportbyportbasis.Withthecooperationof13portsinfivestates,todateFishing for Energyhascollectedover180tonsoffishinggear. Thisrealizesanenvironmentalbenefitthroughthediversionofgearfrom(potentially)themarineenvironmentaswellasfromlandfills,whileatthesametimeraisingawarenessofmarinedebrisissuesin localportcommunities.

Introduction

Marinedebristhreatensimportantlivingmarineresourcesandtheirhabitat,aswellashindersnavigationalsafety. Derelictfishinggearisoneofthemajortypesofdebrisimpactingthemarineenvironment.Itcancontinuetoindiscriminatelycatchmarinespecieslongafteritbecomesderelict. Marinemammalsandsea turtlescanbecomeentangledanddrown,becomeinjuredorpreventedfromcatchingprey.Marinehabitatssuchascoralreefsorseagrassbeds,whicharesmotheredwhenderelictnetssinkfromtheweightoftheircatch,arefurtherdamagedwhennetsonthebottomareshiftedbystorms.Italsopresentshazardstoindustrythroughnavigationalhazards,orbybecomingsnaggedonactivefishinggear,resultinginhighcostsinbothtimeandmoney.TheMarineDebrisResearch,Prevention,andReductionActexplicitlymandatestheprevention andremovalofderelictgear(throughtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrations(NOAA)MarineDebrisProgram)usingeffectivenonregulatorymeasuresandincentivestocooperativelyreducethevolumeoflostanddiscardedfishinggearandtoaidinitsrecovery(MarineDebrisResearch,Prevention, andReductionAct,P.L.109449,section3;120STAT.3334;33USC1952B). Becauseacomprehensivenationalprogramdesignedtoassessorremediatemarinedebrisisnotcurrentlyavailable(NationalResearchCouncil,2008),theprogramsmostlikelytobesuccessfulinaddressingmarinedebrisareindividual,locallybasedprojectsdrivenbyawidegroupofaffectedstakeholders. Inthiscase,commercialfishermenandlocalportsarethemostlogicalandappropriategroupstobeinvolved. Fishermenhaveindicatedthatasignificantbarriertoproperdisposalof

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retiredgearorwillingnesstobringinderelictgearfoundatseaisalackofdisposalmechanismsanddisposalcosts.Theprimarydisposalmethodforfishinggearcurrentlyavailableislandfilling.Whilecostalonecanbeadisincentive,somelandfillsnolongeracceptfishinggearatallduetothefactthatlongropeandnetsentangleearthmoversandothermachinery. Thisleavesverylimitedoptionsforproperdisposal.Asapublicprivatepartnership consistingofpartnersfromagency,nonprofit,local,stateandcorporatesectors,Fishing for Energyaddressesthedisposalproblembyremovingexistingbarrierstopropergeardisposal. Theprogramprovidesnotonlyadisposalmechanismforfishinggear,butalsoprovides anincentiveforfishermenandlocalgroupstoparticipateinderelictgearremovalaswell.Fishing for EnergyisbasedontheNetstoEnergyprograminHawaii,aprogramwhichrecoverspelagicnetsthatwashashorefromdistantwaterfishingfleets.Fishing for Energy launchedontheeastcoastUnitedStatesin2008throughapartnershipofCovantaEnergyCorporation,theNationalFishandWildlifeFoundation(NFWF),theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)andSchnitzerSteelIndustries,Inc.withtheimmediategoalofprovidinganocostsolutiontofishermentodisposeofold,derelictorunusablefishinggearandtoreducetheamountofderelictfishinggearinandaroundcoastalwaterways. Baseduponsuccessesfromthefirstyearoftheprogram,andafiveyearcommitmentbyCovantaEnergytosupportandexpandthecoverageoftheprogram,Fishing for Energyisnowanestablishedandprovenmodelforgeardisposal.Movingforward,theprogramnowseekstoprovidelocalcommunitieswithameanstobecomemoreactivelyinvolvedinaddressingmarinedebrisissuesthroughasmallgrantsprogram(availableinthesecondhalfof2009)forprojectsthatraiseawarenessofmarinedebrisissuesandcatalyzeremovalofexistingderelictgear.

Methodology

Derelictfishinggearisawidespreadconcern,andisasgeographicallyprevalentascommercialfishing.Fishing for Energysbusinessmodelistobringtheprogramsservicestoindividualportsthathaveaninterestinpartneringandafishinggeardisposalneed.Priortorollingouttheprogramin2008,anassessmentofportsandcommercialfishlandingswasconductedandaGISmapofthoseportswasoverlaidwithalayerdepictingCovantaEnergyfacilities. Toidentifyinitialportstotargetfortheprogram,thoseportswithinareasonabledrivingdistance(160miles)toafacilitycomprisedtheinitiallistofpotentialports(SeeFigure1).TheNOAAMarineDebrisProgramandNOAANationalMarineFisheriesServicesGearTeamwerethengiventhelisttorankintothreetiersforprioritizationbasedonneedfromanagencyprioritypointofview.Thelistwasthenprovidedto Covantafortheirinputforportsofstrategicimportancetothem.Withafewexceptions,theportlist resultingfromthisprocesshasguidedwheretheprogramgoes.GearsamplesweresenttoCovantaEnergyfacilitiesearlyonfortestingtodetermineemissionswouldbewithinapproved,regulatedboundariesforalltypesofgearmaterial.

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ThereareatleastfivefactorsconsideredwhendecidingwhichportsareofinteresttotheFishing for Energypartners. Thisportpriorityisdeterminedbyweighingthefollowingfactors:1)proximitytopartnerfacilities(inconsiderationofmonetaryandenvironmentaltransportationcosts),2)theleveloffishingeffortattheport(e.g.,largerportstypicallymeanhighergearturnoverandincreasedneedforgeardisposal),3)theestimatedamount(volumeandweight)ofgearavailableforthedurationofthebindeployment,4)anystrategicimportancetopartneroperations,and5)historicalsignificancetothecoastalcommunityingeneral.Pointsofcontact(harbormasters,portauthorities,fishermenassociations)aredeterminedthroughcoldcallingleads

Figure 1 - Initial Map of Ports and Covanta Facilities frominternetsearches, orgoingthroughexisting

contactsfromNOAAorNFWF. OutreachtoexistingNFWFmarinedebrisgrantees,fisherymanagementcouncils,NOAAagencycontacts(regionallyandnationally),mediastories/articles,andwordofmouthbetweenportshavealsobroughtotherportsintocontactwiththeprogram.Thelogisticaldetailsrelatedtogearcollection,transport,processinganddisposalforeachparticipatingportaredeterminedonaportbyportbasis.ThePortNominationForm(SeeAppendixA),filledoutatthebeginningoftheprocessbyeachport,wascreatedtocollectimportantinformationaboutthesitewhichisthenusedtodeterminethenumberofbinsthatmightberequired,thedurationofthedeployment,thelocationofthebin,whethertherewillbeamediaeventorjustagearcollection,amongotherdetails(suchasvolumeandfrequencyofgeardisposalneeds).Atthisinitialpointintheprocessforeachport,weworkwithourNOAApartnertoensurethattherearenoregulatoryissuesthatneedtobe

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consideredwithregardtothehandlingoffishinggearinstateorfederalregulations. WealsoworkwithourCovantaandSchnitzerSteelpartnerstoensurethatthedesignatedfacilitiesnearesttotheportlocationcanhandletheincominggeartypeandestimatedvolume.BinsareprovidedinkindbyCovantathroughexistingcontractpartnerstheyholdintheregionandtransportationcostsaresharedby bothCovantaandSchnitzerSteel.Theprogramacceptsanddisposesawidevarietyofcommercialfishinggear.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto:line(nylon,polypropylene,monofilament),traps/pots(wood,vinylcoatedwire),fishinggearrigging(trawldraggercookies,cans,rollers,chain),andnets(nylon,polypropylene,monofilament). Duetocostsassociatedwithtransportation,thetargetcollectionrateisforeach30cubicyardbintobecollecteduptoanaverageof4timesperyear. Dependingontheneedofaparticularportorfishery,additionalbinscanbedeliveredonanad hoc basistocaptureexcessgearthatcomesin.Ofprimaryconcernisthesecurityofthebinwhiledeployedattheport.Unsecuredbinsareatriskofbeingfilledwithtrashandothernonfishinggeardebris.Topreservetheintegrity oftheprogram,ensuringbinsecurityisofutmostconcernwhenworkingoutthelogisticsofeachportdeployment. Wehaveensuredbinsecurityinthreeways:byplacingthebininasecurelocationattheport,byprovidingalockablebinforwhichaportstaffmemberwillholdthekeyandgrantaccessatpredeterminedtimes,andbyrentingchainlinkfencingtosurroundthebinasadeterrenttoillicitdumping.Whenthebinsarefilled,ourportpartnerwillcalltohavethebinswappedout.Thegeariscollectedandtransportedto anearbySchnitzerSteelfacilitywherethemetal(e.g.,crabpots,gearrigging,chain,cable)ispulledforrecycling,andropeornetsareshearedforeasierhandlingfordisposal.FromtheSchnitzerfacilityitisbroughttothenearestCovantaEnergyfromWaste(EfW)facilitywherethegearisconvertedintoelectricityforlocalcommunities(SeeFigure2).WhenaporthasbeenapprovedandhasagreedtopartnerwiththeFishing for Energyprogram,mediaeventlogistics(ifapplicabletothatport)arealsoworkedout.Positive,widespreadmediaattentionisanimportantobjectiveforthisprogram,especiallysinceitisayoungprogramwithpotentialto expand.Thediversegroupofpartnersinvolvedineachport,eachwithdifferentcapabilitiesforreachingdifferentaudienceshasgainedwidespreadrecognitiontotheprogramwithintheNortheastandelsewhere.Mediaeventshaveanumberofdifferentroles intheprogram:firstandforemosttheyareimportantopportunitiestoinformlocalfishermenandcommunitymembersofthedisposalserviceprovidedbytheprogram;secondly,eventsarealsoexcellentopportunitiestoincreaseprogramandpartnervisibilitywithinthelocalcommunity;lastly,theybringtheissueofmarinedebristotheforefrontofpublicawareness,andlocaldignitariesalongwithstateandfederallegislatorswhoareinvitedtomediaeventsfurtherincreasethatvisibility.Eventsarecoordinatedwithlocalpartnersandheldonsite.Pressreleasesandadvisoriesaresentouttolocalmediapriortotheevent.

Results

ThirteenportsinfivestateshaveparticipatedintheprogramsinceFebruary2008. FromtheseportsFishing for Energyhascollectedover180tonsofgearasofJune1,2009,

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involving28partnersoutsideofthecoreFishing for Energypartners(SeeAppendixB).Eightmedia eventshavebeenheld(seeTable1,portslistedinbold)andhavereceivedasignificantdegreeofpressattentioninlocalandnationalmediamarketsfortheissueofmarinedebrisandderelictfishinggearintheportareas.Anestimatedtwomillionmediaimpressionstodatehavebeengeneratedfrommorethan30newsstoriesinprint,radio,TVnewsandthewebfromaroundthecountry.Twocablenetworkshowshavedemonstratedinterestinfeaturingtheprogram;onefilmedinfall2008andispendingbroadcast,theotherisindevelopmentatthetimeofwriting.

Port Location Schnitzer Steel Facility Covanta Energy Facility

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Figure 3 Gear Collected ToDate by

Table 1 Gear Collected ToDate by Port (ports in bold have hosted media events)

Port Location Total Short Tons

Total Lbs

New Bedford, MA 18.31 36,620Gloucester,MA 9.16 18,320Brookhaven,NY 16.89 33,780Hyannis,MA 6.95 13,900Scituate, MA 4.425 8,850Newport, RI 5.56 11,120Cape May, NJ 46.3 92,600Provincetown, MA 7.65 15,300Wellfleet,MA 27.86 55,711PointJudith,RI 19.44 38,881Chatham, MA 8.61 17,214Sandwich, MA 17.52 35,030Portland, ME TBD TBDGaribaldi, OR TBD TBDNewport, OR TBD TBDTOTAL 182.4 364,706.4

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Strategies and Activities for the Prevention of Nearshore Marine Debris August 1213, 2009 | Honolulu, HI

Discussion/Conclusion

TherearefewlimitationstothegeographicpotentialoftheFishing for Energyprogram.Themostrestrictivelimitation,whichtodatehasnotbeenasignificantbarriertotheportswehavetargeted,isthetransportationdistancesfromaporttoaprocessingfacility. Asamajorityofservicestotheprogramareprovidedasinkindcontributionsoftime(travel,meetings)andservices(gearprocessing,binrentalpricediscounts)realprohibitivecostsfactorintotheneedtotransportgearlargedistances.Thuslytiedtopartnerfacilitylocations,Fishing for EnergyhasnotentertainedseriousbidsforbinsintheCarolinas,theGulfStates(excludingFlorida),Alaska,andto alesserextent California.Thesestatesarebynomeansexcludedfromparticipatinginthefutureandinfactworkiscurrentlyunderwaytorevisethecurrentbusinessmodeltoaccommodatetheselocations.Anotherchallengetheprogramhashadtoovercomeisingatheringgearcollectioninformation neededforcomprehensiveevaluationoftheprogram. Whilewehavetheabilitytotracktotalweightofgearcollected,thereiscurrentlynomechanisminplacetotrackeachofthedifferentgear typesandthevolumeorweightforeachcategory.Whilespecificgeartypesarenottracked,gearthatis collectedis separatedoutandtrackedinmetalandnonmetalcategories.Theamountofmetalcollectedandrecycledthroughtheprogramisdeterminedbysubtractingthefinalloadweightnumbers enteringtheCovantafacilityforprocessingfromtheweightnumbersenteringtheSchnitzerSteelfacilitystraightfromtheport. Thismethodisgenerallysuitablefordetermininghowmuchgearisbeingrecycled,andhowmuchisdivertedfromlandfillintotheEnergyfromWaste(EfW)process. Thereishowever,thepotentialtolosesomeaccuracyofthe figureson alocationbylocationbasis,since oftentimes(forcostpurposes)loadsofgearwillbeheldattheSchnitzerfacilityuntilthereisenoughtomakeonelargehaultoaCovantafacility. Intheseinstances,whenweightsaretaken,iftheloadbroughttoCovantaisfrommultipleports,thatinformationisunfortunatelylost.Asameasuretoovercomethisweestimatethat15%ofthegearcollectedismetalandcalculationsmadeaccordingly,unlessweknowspecificallyotherwise(SeeFigure1).Thediversityofportpartnersleadstobothchallengesforimplementationandopportunitiesforpromotingawarenessofmarinedebrisissues,aseachporthasdifferentmanagementstructures,available manpower,marinedebrisdisposalneedsandconnectionstolocalfishermenandstakeholders.Forexample,incertainareasfishermenoperateout ofmanagedcentralizedportswithadefinedandorganizedauthority;othersoperateoutofcommercialprocessingplants(fishhouses);othersoutofmunicipallyorstateownedpiers.Somehaveamplemanpowerattheirdisposaltoinvolveintheprogram;othersdonotandrelymoreheavilyonfishermenvolunteerstoassistincoordinatingeventsandmanagingthedisposalbin.Justastherearelocaldifferencesfromporttoport,therecanalsobesignificantdifferencesfromstatetostate.Regulationspertainingtohandlingfishinggearcanvaryfromonestatetothenext,andtheseregulationsareanimportantconsiderationforeachnewporttoensuretheprogramdoesnotviolate,orpromoteorencourageotherstoviolate,existinglaws.Inanycase,identifyingandinvolvingthepropermanagementorregulatoryauthority,aswellasthe

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appropriatelocalcontactswithtiestofishermenandconservationgroupsisacriticalfirststepinimplementingasuccessfulprogram.Regardlessofthecapacityoftheport,themostsuccessfulresultsarerealized(intermsofmediareach,fishermanparticipationand,ofcourse,gearcollected)whenthelocalpartner(s)takesaproactiveroleinimplementingtheprogramintheirport. Whilethemaincomponenttotheprogramisgearcollectionanddisposal,tofurtherenhancetheconservationimpactoftheprogram,weareinterestedinhelpingportscurrentlyparticipatinginthepartnershiptopromotelocallytargetedoutreachandeducationontheissuesofderelictfishinggear. Wehaveexpandedtheprogramin2009throughafiveyearcommitmentbyCovantaandtheNOAAMarine DebrisProgramtosupportnotonlygeardisposal,butthroughprovidingseedgrantfundingtoports,localgovernmentandconservationorganizationsintheareatoincreasecapacityandcoordinationinaddressingmarinedebrislocallyandtoimplementpilotincentiveprogramstoincreasefishermenparticipationindebrisremoval. Thiswillbeannouncedinlatesummer2009. Thepartnersalsocontinuetohaveapresenceatlocalcoastal/marinerelatedeventstoenhanceawarenessaboutFishing for Energy,andtocoordinatewithstateagencieson opportunitiestoexpandportbasedcollectionsitestobecomecomprehensivestatewidecollectionevents. Asfishingfleetscontinuallyadapttoregulatorychanges,aswellaschangesinsupplyanddemandforfishproducts,thereisagrowingneedforeconomicalandenvironmentallysoundopportunitiesfordisposalofgearwithintheindustry.Providingthisservicewithaminimalamountofbarriers,especiallyeconomicones,tofishermenandothersisthesurestwayofensuringasmuchparticipationaspossible.Withoutadoubt,Fishing for Energyhasbeensuccessfulduetotheenthusiasmofparticipatingfishermenandportpartners,andtheleveragingofsharedresourcesfromallparticipantstoachievethecommongoalofmarinedebrisreductionintheseportareas.UnitedStatesSenatorSheldonWhitehousehascalledFishing for Energyacollaborativeandinnovativeproject[that]willturnanenvironmentalhazardandburdenonlocalfishermenintoanopportunity.Intheabsenceofacomprehensivenationalprogramtoremediatederelictfishinggear,itwillbeindividual,locallydrivenprogramssuchasFishing for Energythatstandtomakethemostinitialprogress.Byprovidingfishermenaplacetodisposeofderelictgeartheycomeacrosswhileonthewater,andbyeasingtheburdenofhighcostsassociatedwithdisposingofoldfishinggearintolandfills,Fishing for Energyworkstopreventthepossibilityofcreatingnewderelictgearoneportatatime.Literature Cited

MarineDebrisResearch,Prevention,andReductionAct,PublicLaw109449TacklingMarineDebrisinthe21stCentury,NationalResearchCouncil.NationalAcademy ofSciences,2008.

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Appendix B

Fishing for Energy Partners 20082009

Core Partners

CovantaEnergy

National FishandWildlifeFoundation(NFWF) National OceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)

SchnitzerSteelIndustries, Inc.

Port / Event Partners

ABCDisposal AtlanticOffshoreLobstermensAssociation RhodeIsland BlueDiamondDisposalNewJersey CapeMayNationalWildlifeRefuge,U.S.FishandWildlifeServiceNewJersey CityofGloucester(HarbormasterandDepartment ofPublicWorks)Massachusetts CityofPortlandMaine CoteFisheriesInc.Hyannis,MA GardenStateSeafoodAssociationNewJersey LundsFisheriesNewJersey Nantucket SoundkeepersMassachusetts NewBedfordHarborDevelopmentCommissionMassachusetts NewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation OfficeofBillDelahunt,UnitedStates Representativeforthe10thDistrictofMassachusetts Officeof Jeff VanDrew,StateSenatorNewJersey OfficeofSarahPeake,StateRepresentativefor the4thBarnstableDistrictMassachusetts OfficeofSheldonWhitehouse,UnitedStatesSenatorRhodeIsland PalomboFishingCorp.RhodeIsland PortlandFishExchangeMaine ProvincetownCenterforCoastalStudiesMassachusetts RhodeIslandDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement StellwagenAliveMassachusetts StellwagenBankNationalMarineSanctuaryMassachusetts TownofBrookhavenNewYork Townof Chatham Massachusetts TownofProvincetown(HarbormasterandDepartment ofPublicWorks)Massachusetts TownofScituateMassachusetts TownofWellfleetMassachusetts TroianoWasteServices

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Hawaii Marine Debris Action Plan: Statewide collaboration to address marine debris

CareyMorishige1andKrisMcElwee1 1NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration, MarineDebrisProgram/I.M.SystemsGroup,Inc.

AbstractTheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationMarineDebrisProgram(MDP)hasbeenapartnerineffortstocombatmarinedebrisinHawaiisince2005.AcrosstheHawaiianArchipelago,anumberofeffortsare takingplacetoaddresstheimpactsofmarinedebris.InordertoprioritizeHawaiimarinedebrisissues,coordinatebetweenprojects,andcreateastrategicplanofaction,theMDPsupportedstatewideplanningworkshopsthatbeganinJune2007.Fromtheinitialworkshop,partnershipswerecreatedandacommitmentmadetodevelopaHawaiiMarineDebrisActionPlan(HIMDAP),thefirststatewideactionplaninthenationtocomprehensivelyaddresstheissueofmarinedebris. TheHIMDAPincludesgreatercoordinationamongpartners,identificationofpotentialavenuesforfunding,andincreasedcommunication.ThedevelopmentandimplementationoftheHIMDAPisbeingsupportedbytheMDPwith assistancefromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Region9.

IntroductionTheHawaiianArchipelago,extending1,500miles,isoneofthelongestandmostremoteislandchainsintheworld. TheHawaiianIslandsarepronetoaccumulatingmarinedebrisduetotheirproximitytotheNorthPacificSubtropicalConvergenceZone,anareawhereoceancurrentsaccumulatemarinedebris(Picheletal.,2007). Eachyear,thousandsofpoundsofmarinedebrisfromdomesticandforeignsourceswashashoreandsnagonreefsacrosstheislandchain. InHawaii,aswellasotherpartsoftheworld,marinedebristhreatensmarineecosystems,safenavigation,andwildlife.

TheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)MarineDebrisProgram(MDP)hasbeenapartnerineffortstocombatmarinedebrisinHawaiisince2005. TheMDPworksincooperationwithpartnersacrosstheU.S.andinternationallytoaddressmarinedebris.AroundtheHawaiianArchipelago,anumberofeffortsaretakingplacetoaddresstheimpactsofmarinedebris.

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MethodologyInordertoprioritizeHawaiimarinedebrisissues,coordinatebetweenprojects,andfacilitategreatercollaborationbetweenentitiesinvolvedinaddressingmarinedebrisinHawaii,theMDPsupportedapreplanningworkshopinHonolulu,June2007.

OnJanuary15,2008,theMDPcoordinatedaNOAAinHawaiimarinedebrisworkshopinordertoprioritizemarinedebrisissuesandactivitiesbyNOAAinHawaii. TheinformationandfeedbackfromthisNOAAmeeting,combinedwiththepreplanningmeeting,wentintoplanninga2dayHawaiiMarineDebrisWorkshop,January1617,2008inHonolulu.TheHawaiiMarineDebrisWorkshopbroughttogetherover30representativesfromgovernment,academia,

nongovernmentalorganizations,andprivate businessesworkingtoaddresstheissueofmarinedebrisinHawaii.Atthisworkshop,informationonmarinedebrisactivitiesandpriorities,inboththemainandNorthwesternHawaiianIslands,wasdiscussed.Fromthisworkshop,partnershipswerecreatedandacommitmentmadetobeginthedevelopmentofaHawaiiMarineDebrisActionPlan(HIMDAP),whichwouldincludegreatercoordinationamongpartners,identificationofpotentialavenuesforfunding,andincreasedcommunication.ThedevelopmentandimplementationoftheHIMDAPisbeingsupportedbytheMDPandU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Region9.Asummaryreportfromthismeetingisavailableonlineathttp://marinedebris.noaa.gov/projects/himdap.html.TobegincreatingtheHIMDAP,threefocusareaworkshopswereheldbetweenOctoberandNovember2008.EachworkshopfocusedononeortwoofthefiveidentifiedfocusareasfortheHIMDAP:1)ResearchandAssessment,2)OutreachandEducation,3)LandbasedDebrisPrevention,4)Be

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