Marijke Mooijaart INL Leiden Bullay Deutschland april 2010

Fifteen centuries Dutch vocabulary

Four historical dictionaries in one internet application

Historical Dictionaries of Dutch

2009 - Oudnederlands woordenboek - ONWDictionary of Old Dutch, 2009 (online)

coverage 500-1200

1999 - Vroegmiddelnederlands woordenboek – VMNWDictionary of Early Middle Dutch (hard copy and online)

coverage 1200-1300

1882-1929/1941 - Middelnederlands Woordenboek – MNWDictionary of Middle Dutch (hard copy, CD-ROM, online)

coverage 1250-1550

1864-1998/2001 Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal - WNTDictionary of the Dutch Language (hard copy, CD-ROM, online)

coverage 1500-1976

Differences

• source materialopen or closed corpus, size

• grammatical informationspelling and sound variants; etymology

• regional informationorigin of texts and authors

• quantitative data spelling and sound variants

• datingfirst attestation, dated citations

• definition style; sense structureanalytical or synonym definition; sense hierachy

WNT (1500-1921/1976)

3 meters of WNT volumes

I WNT (1500-1976)

• source material: open corpus, expanding from 1000-12.000 titles; no proper names

• grammatical information:often detailed etymological information

• regional information :no, or only very global information

• quantitative data: none• dating: originally only in recent volumes• definition style; sense structure:

analytical definitions; hierarchical structure

MNW (1250-1550)

Jakob Verdam

*22 January 1845 - † 19 July 1919

II MNW (1250-1550)• source material:

open but restricted, mainly literary corpus; basis often 19th-century, critical editions; no proper names

• grammatical information:spelling and sound variants are included, often as reference entries

• regional information:information attached to source information (separate volume)

• quantitative data: none• dating: originally only attached to source information

(separate volume)• definition style and sense structure

synonym definitions; more linear sense structure

VMNW (1200-1300)

Jacob van Maerlant

author and scribe

ca. 1225 – ca. 1300

III VMNW (1200-1300)

• source material: closed corpus of official and literary texts; diplomatic editions; proper names included

• grammatical information: succinct etymology

• regional information:information attached to citations

• quantitative data on spelling forms and sound variants• dating of all citations• definition; sense development:

synonym definitions; more linear sense structure

ONW (600-1200)

Love song or probatio pennae? Manuscript 11th c.

Oldest sentence: maltho, thi afrio, letu

‘I declare, I let you free, half-free man’

Lex Salica, 6th century

IV ONW (600-1200)

• source material: closed corpus of three longer literary religious

texts; proper names included; fragments and glosses

• grammatical information: succinct etymology

• regional information:information in secondary literature about sources

• quantitative data on spelling forms and sound variants• dating of all citations• sense development:

synonym definitions; more linear sense structure

Integrated search: dictionaries in the Language Bank

INL Dutch Language Bank:Electronic database of Dutch from 6th-21st centuryincludes

• Texts• Dictionaries• Computational lexica

Searches are combined: one search for the results in the various works in the three components

Dictionary data model

The four dictionaries are different in many aspects,

but are similar as to the macrostructure of the electronic

entries:

• headword• grammatical information• semantic analysis, including illustrative citations• related entries (subentries: compounds, derivatives)

Encoding

All data was converted to TEI-XML; various information categories were uniformly encoded

For some dictionaries additional data development was necessary:

• modern Dutch headword for all entries• uniform indication of part of speech• citations: separate encoding of citation text, source

indication and dating• abbreviated forms of compounds (as subentries) were

completed,

e.g. apen-, burger-, dominees-, varkensbrood

> apenbrood, burgerbrood, domineesbrood, varkensbrood

Modern Dutch lemma as standard headword

head fish deal/ ‘to divide’

Haupt Fisch teilen

ONW Old Dutch standard hōvit fisk dēlon

(10th c.)

VMNWMiddle Dutch standard hovet visc delen

MNW Middle Dutch standard hovet visch delen

WNT Spelling

De Vries-te Winkel hoofd visch deelen

2009 modern spelling form hoofd vis delen

Headwords problems

• modern headword form for lost words or misreadings (MNW)

e.g. ONW swēneri ‘swineherd’MNW swinerWNT zwener (not after 17th c.)

modern headword zwijner or zwener?

• homonyms are usually numbered differently in the four dictionaries: MNW wel III = ‘well’, adverb

WNT wel III = ‘bubble’, noun wel V = ‘well’, adverb

wel ‘well’ 1, ONW1 – VMNW2 – MNW3

wel ‘well’ 2, MNW-3

wel ‘well’ 3, MNW-3, WNT4

Internet application: search options

• various combinations of dictionaries

• entries (search key: modern headword)

• words in sense section (definitions)• words in citations• words in full text

• sources

• external links

Internet application: results

• full article text OR display of article structure (sense numbers and definitions)

• display with OR without citations• all results in articles OR in concordances with number of

attestations• results in different sections (see advanced search)• highlighting of key words in results• search results can be exported• external links to other reference works (etymology,

dialect) and pictures

Further developments: lexicon GiGant

• project of Dutch Language Bank• computational lexicon 6th – 21th century• each entry consists minimally of standard form – word

form – pos – attestation,

with additional semantic, morphological, syntactic information

• provides access to texts and dictionaries• historical variants are retrieved from historical texts AND

from historical dictionary citations; e.g. uiterlijk in WNT

uiterlijk – utterly – äusserlich ‘exterior’ WNT UITERLIJK adj.

regular, predictable variants: • anlautvowel: u – uu – ui – uj – uij – uy – w• suffix -lijk: ij - i – y – ie (?) / c – k – ck• endings; -e – -st – -ste – -er – -en – -s

uytterlijcste uyterlijkste d'uyterlijke uiterlyke uyterlijcke uiterlijke uyterlijck uiterlyken uiterlijkste uiterlicke wterlicke wterlijcke ulterlijk uiterlyk uiterlijk uyterlick wterlicken d'uyterlijcke uiterlijken uiterlijks wterlijck uytterlicke uitterlijke ujterlijke uytterlijk uyterlycke uyterlicken uijterlicke d'uiterlijcke wtterlijcke wterlyke wtterlijk uiterlijke uuterlick uuterlic uyterlijke uyterlijcken uyterlicke d'uiterlyke wterlijke vuyterlijcke uuterlycke uuterlicke wterlijken uyterlijcksten uuyterlicke uuyterlick uuyterlycke uytterl uytterlijcke uytterlycke uytterlick vuytterlicke uiterlijker uyterlyck uterliek wterlijcken uiterlijkst uitterlijk uytterlijcken uyterlyk uiterlijk-net wterlick uutterlijck uuyterlicken uyttelijck uijterlijk uytterlijck uuterlijck uiterlick uitterlyk uuyterlic uuyterlyck uuyterlijck uiterlijck uytterlyck uterlyc wterlijk

Further research: sense development from Old Dutch through Modern Dutch

tuin, old germanic tūn (german zaun, english town)

ONW: ‘fence, palings, enclosure(?)’. 1 citation from the Wachtendonck Psalms (10th c.)

VMNW: ‘fence, palings’. Oldest attestation 1268. Much onomastic material.

MNW: 1. ‘fence, palings; wattle’. 2. ‘by the fence enclosed area; yard’.Citations from the whole Middle Dutch period.

WNT: 1. ‘fence’. Obsolete; current in the 16th c., after that less common; still to be found in dialects.

2. ‘separate piece of land, among other things for growing vegetables or flowers; (engl. ‘garden’)’. Since the 17th c., common from the 19th c. onwards.