Maria Burton, REU Student

Shiva Sunder, Graduate Mentor

Dr. Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan, Faculty Advisor

� From liquid to solid with time

� Foundation stability

� Modify or improve the ground

� Mend leaking sewer system

� Fill voids, seal joints, connect pre-cast concrete sections

� Improve the strength and reduce the permeability of in situ

What is Grouting?

� Improve the strength and reduce the permeability of in situ

soils

What is Surfactant?�A blend of surface acting agent

� Surface tension of water gets reduced

� Hydrophobic “tails” and hydrophilic “heads”

� Dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent powders

Literature Review

Ozurel and Vipulanandan (2005) – Acrylamide Grout with Water

*diluting acrylamide grout with water affects the mechanical properties

of grouted sands, however, diluting grout with up to 50% of water does

not affect the permeability of grouted sand

Tomomi (2004) – Surfactants in Starches

*The final viscosity of cereal starch paste with surfactants was found to

be higher than control; higher surfactant concentration leads to higher

final viscosity of cereal starch paste

Queimada (2003) – Surface tension & Viscosity Relationship

*In 1966, Pelofsky introduced a linear relation between surface tension

and viscosity

(1) Study viscosity, temperature, and gelling time of

acrylamide grout as it varied with time

(2) Study viscosity, temperature, and gelling time of

Objectives

Focus: Observe effects of a cationic surfactant on

acrylamide grout & grouted sand properties

(2) Study viscosity, temperature, and gelling time of

acrylamide grout as it varied with time with

surfactant added

(3) Study compressive strength of acrylamide grouted

sand

(4) Study compressive strength of acrylamide grouted

sand with surfactant added

Grout: AV-100 acrylamide chemical grout

Catalyst: AV-102

catalyst AP Activator: AV-101

catalyst T+

Materials

Surfactant: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,

CTAB, cationic surfactant (+)

standard coarse fine 60% fine, 40% coarse

Sands:

AV-100 grout

+

Viscosity - Grout (without surfactant)

+

Water

viscosity in viscometer…

Viscosity vs. Percentage of AV-100 by weight

AV-100 grout

+

Temperature with time - Grout Mix (without surfactant)

+

Catalyst

+

Activator

+

Water

Temp. in viscometer…

Temp. sitting idle…

Temperature vs. Time

While in viscometer…

(stirring involved)

Out of viscometer…

(no stirring)

AV-100 grout

Viscosity – Grout (with surfactant)

AV-100 groutAV-100 grout

+

Surfactant

+

Water

AV-100 grout

+

Surfactant

+

Water

viscosity in viscometer…

Viscosity vs. Surfactant Content

AV-100 grout

+

Temp. & Density with time – Surfactant-Grout Mix

+

Surfactant

+

Catalyst

+

Activator

+

WaterTemp. sitting idle… density - change in weight…

Temperature vs. Time – Surfactant-Grout Mix

Density vs. Time – Surfactant-Grout Mix

Surfactant-Grout Mixes

mix 11 ii mix 11 iv

Sand

Filter

Disposal

BucketGrout out…

Grout injection mold set-up…

Sand

Filter

Air

PressureGrout in…

Specimens being injected with grout mix…

Specimens coated with sulfur… Tri-axial Testing machine

Specimen

in Tri-axial

Machine…

Sulfur

Load

Grouted

Sand

Specimen

Sulfur

Base

Load applied to specimen until failure…

(grouted with grout mix without surfactant)

Specimens 1-8 after failure…

1 5 6 7 8432

Variation in strain with d50

Variation in strength with d50

Variation in strain with d50

Specimens 9-16 after grouted with surfactant-grout mix

Conclusion

With the addition of surfactant in acrylamide grout…

(1) gelling time increased

(2) the viscosity increased

(3) the rate of temperature-increase with respect to time

decreaseddecreased

(4) strength of the grouted sand decreased

>> CTAB surfactant modified the grout properties

>> Grouted sand properties were reduced (or affected) by the

addition of surfactant

Acknowledgment

The research study described herein was sponsored by

the National Science Foundation under the Award No.

EEC-0649163. The opinions expressed in this study are

those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the

views of the sponsor.