March 1998 North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

______________________________________ Volume 4 March Number 1 1998

a quarterly devoted to the orchids of North America published by the

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

IN THIS ISSUE: POLLINATION BIOLOGY IN SOME MEMBERS OF THE YELLOW FRINGED ORCHID COMPLEX CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN AND CYPRIPEDIUM PLECTROCHILUM FRANCHET

CHECKLIST OF THE ORCHIDS OF NORTH AMERICA And more…………


(ISSN 1084-7332) published quarterly in

March June September December by the

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE, Inc.

a group dedicated to the conservation and promotion of our native orchids

Editor: Paul Martin Brown

Assistant Editor: Nathaniel E. Conard Editorial Consultants:

Philip E. Keenan Stan Folsom

Production Assistant: Nancy A. Webb

The Journal welcomes articles, of any length, of both a scientific and general interest nature relating to the orchids of North America. Scientific articles should conform to guidelines such as those in Lindleyana or Rhodora. General interest articles and notes may be more informal. Authors may include line drawings, and/or black and white photographs. Color inserts may be arranged. Please send all inquiries or material for publication to the Editor at PO Box 772121, Ocala, FL 34477-2121 (mid June - August: PO Box 759, Acton, ME 04001-0759). 1999 Membership in the North American Native Orchid Alliance, which includes a subscription to the Journal, is $26 per year for United States addresses, $29US in Canada and $32US other foreign countries. Payment should be sent to Nancy A. Webb, 84 Etna St. Brighton, MA 02135-2830 USA. Claims for lost issues or cancelled memberships should be made within 30 days.


Volume 4 March Number 1 1998

CONTENTS NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

1

POLLINATION BIOLOGY IN SOME MEMBERS OF THE YELLOW

FRINGED ORCHID COMPLEX Part 1. Floral morphology, pollinators

and pollination mechanisms C. P. Argue

3

CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN AND CYPRIPEDIUM PLECTROCHILUM FRANCHET

H. Perner 31

NEW TAXA P. M. Brown

45

SETTING GOALS

The Slow Empiricist 54

CHECKLIST OF THE ORCHIDS OF NORTH AMERICA

north of Mexico 61

ANNOTATIONS TO THE CHECKLIST P.M. Brown

100

LOOKING FORWARD June 1998

113

ANNOUCEMENT 3rd Annual North American Native Orchid

Conference 114

Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom

Color Plates:

1. p. 41 Cypripedium arietinum 2. p. 42 Cypripedium plectrochilum 3. p. 47 Cypripedium kentuckiense forma pricei; 4. p. 48 Eulophia alta ; Eulophia alta forma pelchatii The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles

may be subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific content.

Volume 4, number 1, pages 1- 115; issued March 20, 1998. Copyright 1998 by the North American Native Orchid Alliance, Inc.

Cover: Cypripedium arietinum by Stan Folsom

Perner: CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM & C. PLECTROCHILUM

5

POLLINATION BIOLOGY IN SOME MEMBERS OF THE YELLOW

FRINGED ORCHID COMPLEX

Part 1. Floral morphology, pollinators and

pollination mechanisms

Charles P. Argue Recent studies in the yellow fringed orchid complex have resolved some important questions about sexual reproduction in several members of this group. The present paper reviews the results for yellow fringed orchid, Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindley and white fringed orchid, P. blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley. More limited data are available and summarized for several other species of the complex. Part two, dealing with breeding systems, reproductive success, and selection, will appear in a later issue. Platanthera ciliaris and P. blephariglottis Floral morphology. The plants of Platanthera blephariglottis and P. ciliaris are about 0.10 to 1 meter tall (Smith & Snow, 1976; Folsom, 1984). Their racemes are cylindrical or ovoid in shape, 5 to 15


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cm long and about 5 cm wide; the flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and white in P. blephariglottis or orange in P. ciliaris (Smith & Snow, 1976). The perianth is comprised of broadly oval sepals, 5 to 10 mm long; shorter linear to oblong lateral petals with lacerate distal ends; and an 8 to 16 mm long, tongue shaped, linear to oblong labellum or lip with a fringed margin. The labellum is projected into a downward extending, basal nectar spur which is up to 3 cm long and is often three-quarters filled with nectar (Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a; Cole & Firmage, 1984). Both orchids have an immobile, two celled anther (Luer, 1975). The anther is separated into two half anther sacs located above and to either side of the opening to the spur (Fig. 1a). Each encloses a granular, club-shaped pollinium, which is attached by a narrow stalk to a sticky adhesive pad or viscidium (Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a; Luer, 1975). The pollinia are made up of numerous, small, loosely associated packets of pollen, the massulae, within which individual pollen grains are attached to one another by means of minute elastic threads. The anther locules diverge and the viscidia point upward and outward from the flower (Fig. 1a, b) (Smith & Snow, 1976; Folsom, 1984). One viscidium is located on either side of the opening to the nectar spur. The stigma is directly above the entrance to the spur and


7

Figure 1. Floral morphology and pollination in Platanthera ciliaris. Sketch adapted from figures 3 and 8 in Folsom (1984). A. The column in face view. Note position of viscidia. Scale line about 5 mm. B. Lateral view showing long nectar spur and contact between viscidia and eye of butterfly. Scale line about 20 mm. Abbreviations: a = anther, e = eye of butterfly, l = lip of orchid, n = nectar spur, o = nectar spur opening, p = proboscis of butterfly, s = stigma, v = viscidium. See text for explanation.


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beneath and between the half-anther cells (Fig. 1a) (Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). Pollination mechanisms and pollinators. The pollination mechanism is similar in both species. The insect locates the spur opening and inserts its proboscis. The viscidia are positioned so as to contact and adhere to the compound eyes of the vector (Fig. 1b) (Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b), and one or both pollinaria are extracted from the half anther cells as the insect withdraws from the flower (Smith & Snow, 1976). As the stalk dries on one side it rotates down and inward, positioning the pollinium directly to the front of the vector’s head where it may later contact the stigmas of subsequently visited flowers (Luer, 1975; Cole & Firmage, 1984). Pollinaria may remain attached to the eye for several days (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b) and in Platanthera blephariglottis, at least, the pollen can remain viable for upwards of five days (Cole & Firmage, 1984). When the pollinia are brushed against a stigma, individual massulae often separate from one another, and one to several can be deposited on successive stigmas as the pollinator moves from flower to flower (Luer, 1975; Smith & Snow, 1976). In most cases several flowers are explored on the same raceme before the insect moves on (Smith & Snow, 1976). A critical consideration is the relative length of the spur and proboscis. If, for example, the proboscis is distinctly longer than the tube, the insect can


9

extract the nectar without contacting the viscidia with its eyes. The spur length in both orchids implicates long-tongued pollinators (Smith and Snow, 1976). Orange to yellow flower color is known to attract a variety of vectors including butterflies, whereas white flowers are often associated with moth pollination (Smith & Snow, 1976; van der Pijl & Dodson, 1966; Faegri & van der Pijl, 1979). However, Cole and Firmage (1984) related white flower color in Platanthera blephariglottis to butterfly pollination, the contrast making the flowers conspicuous against the darker color of the surrounding bog mat and vegetation. These authors also reported the production of only a weak nocturnal as well as diurnal fragrance in P. blephariglottis. This weak diurnal fragrance is a feature not usually associated with moth pollination. However, other floral characters in addition to the white to cream-colored petals and sepals, including an absence of both nectar guides and an ultraviolet pattern, are consistent with pollination by moths (Cole & Firmage, 1984; Faegri & van der Pijl, 1979). Accumulating data now suggest that the association between both orchid species and their pollinators may be complex and include factors dependent upon microclimatic conditions as well as expected geographical differences. Studies are available on P. ciliaris chiefly from Michigan and the Carolinas and for P. blephariglottis from Michigan and Maine.


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Michigan

Based on two years of research conducted at Booth Lake Bog, Berrien County, Michigan, Smith and Snow (1976) concluded that moths were the chief pollinators of Platanthera blephariglottis and butterflies were the chief pollinators of P. ciliaris at this site. According to these authors, butterflies were initially attracted to P. ciliaris by the bright orange color of its flowers; as they approached they were thought to recognize the form of the flower and finally its odor. Nocturnal moths, on the other hand, were said to be first drawn to P. blephariglottis by the flower’s odor and only later, at close range, by flower form and color. In mixed groups of P. ciliaris and P. blephariglottis Smith and Snow (1976) reported that night-flying moths were attracted to the white flowers of the latter but would nevertheless follow an odor trail to isolated groups of P. ciliaris. This differed from diurnal moths which were not seen to visit P. ciliaris (Smith & Snow, 1976). Although contradicted by studies that report little or no floral odor in Platanthera blephariglottis (Cole & Firmage, 1984) and P. ciliaris (e.g., Folsom, 1984), these observations are consistent with van der Pijl and Dodson’s (1966) assertion that at least some diurnal moths (Macroglossa) are more sensitive to color than night-flying species. They are also consistent with a set of observations by Smith and


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Snow (1976) which compared the mean number of flowers of P. ciliaris pollinated in two microhabitats. In the first the racemes were located in open areas, free of concealing vegetation. In the second they were surrounded and partly obscured by other plants. The number of flowers pollinated on each raceme in the first habitat was approximately twice that of the second. Such a result would be expected if a visual stimulus were responsible for attracting the pollinator (Smith & Snow, 1976). For P. blephariglottis approximately the same number of flowers per raceme were pollinated in the two habitats. If the pollinator in this case were attracted by odor, the presence of surrounding vegetation would have had little influence on pollination. Platanthera ciliaris was most frequently pollinated by Papilio troilus L. (spicebush swallowtail) in the Michigan study, although this species did occasionally also visit P. blephariglottis (Smith & Snow, 1976). Its chief larval food, Linderia benzoin (L.) Blume (spicebush), was common in the bog, and the emergence of its second (summer) brood correlated with the peak flowering period for P. ciliaris which occurred one to two weeks later than that for P. blephariglottis (Smith & Snow, 1976). Less frequent pollinators carrying pollinaria of P. ciliaris in Michigan included Papilio glaucus L. (tiger swallowtail), Strymon liparops Boisduval & Leconte (striped hairstreak), and Danaus plexippus L. (monarch). Strymon liparops only rarely had pollinaria attached. Its chief larval food plant, the blueberry


12

(Vaccinium), was common in the bog, and its July emergence occurred during anthesis of P. ciliaris (Smith & Snow, 1976). Thus, it might be expected to play a role, but even though its proboscis is of sufficient length to reach the nectar, its head is small and may not always come into contact with the viscidia (Smith & Snow, 1976). Hyles lineata L. (white-lined sphinx), a nocturnal species, was seen to visit the flowers and was considered a probable pollinator by Smith and Snow (1976) although it was not observed carrying pollinaria. The ruby-throated hummingbird, also seen at the flowers, was not considered a pollinator of P. ciliaris because of its long beak and large size (Smith & Snow, 1976).

Smith and Snow’s (1976) data on the pollinators of Platanthera blephariglottis did not reveal a single vector with a predominance comparable to that of the spicebush swallowtail for P. ciliaris. The most frequent insects found carrying pollinaria,


13

Platanthera ciliaris orange fringed orchis


14

Platanthera blephariglottis white fringed orchis


15

each observed three times, were spicebush swallowtails (Papilio troilus) and bumblebees (Bombus sp.) (Smith & Snow, 1976). Nevertheless, these authors considered moths to be the primary pollinators, and those found with attached pollinaria included Darapsa versicolor Harr. (hydrangia sphinx) and Hemaris thysbe L. (hummingbird clearwing). Both were daytime visitors and expected residents of the bog, as the larval foods of these species (Cephalanthus occidentalis L. [buttonbush] for the sphinx moth and Lonicera sp. [honeysuckle] and Viburnum sp. [“cranberry”] for the clearwing) were present in the bog (Smith & Snow, 1976). In addition, a single Danaus plexippus (monarch) was observed with pollinaria attached. As was the case with P. ciliaris, this species was probably no more than an incidental pollinator of P. blephariglottis. It traveled over a wide area, and its larval foods were not found in the bog (Smith & Snow, 1976). Other insects classified by Smith and Snow (1976) as possible to probable pollinators, but not observed with attached pollinaria, included Apis mellifera L. (honeybee) and three night flying moths: Manduca quinquimaculata Haw. (five-spotted hawkmoth), Agrotis sp. (cutworm moth), and Hyles lineata (white-lined sphinx). Apis mellifera has a short proboscis, and its attempts to locate the nectary were described as awkward by Smith and Snow (1976). It was considered an unlikely pollinator. The larval food plants of Manduca quinquimaculata (Lycopersicum and Nicotiana) are not bog plants, and


16

it most likely did not visit Platanthera blephariglottis regularly (Smith & Snow, 1976). Similarly, Smith and Snow (1976) considered that Agrostis is probably too small to be effective in transferring pollen. Hyles lineata may be expected as a frequent night visitor since Epilobium (willow herb), one of its larval food plants, occurred in the bogs (Smith & Snow, 1976). As was the case for P. ciliaris, it carried no pollinaria, but Smith and Snow (1976) again believed it to be a likely pollinator. Activity of nocturnal moths may have been inhibited by low night time temperatures in the bog. Night flying moths were inactive when temperatures dropped to 15 C (Smith & Snow, 1976). Only nine nights out of the 28 day flowering period were warm enough for night-flying moth activity (Smith & Snow, 1976). Daytime temperatures were never low enough to interfere with the activity of butterflies, bees or diurnal moths. The percentage of flowers pollinated in Platanthera blephariglottis was inversely related to the size of the raceme. This, according to Smith and Snow (1976), was because each pollinator spent about the same amount of time on large and small racemes. In P. ciliaris, on the other hand, the smaller racemes, those with 10 or fewer flowers, showed a lower percentage of pollination than larger racemes. Smith and Snow (1976) suggested that butterflies, depending on sight to find the orchid, may have overlooked racemes with fewer flowers present. In addition, the mean number of flowers in each


17

raceme was higher for P. ciliaris than for P. blephariglottis, a feature which Smith and Snow (1976) also believed may be due to the visual basis of butterfly attraction, resulting in the selection of larger racemes. The percentage of Platanthera ciliaris flowers pollinated (45.5%) was about twice that for P. blephariglottis. According to Smith and Snow (1976), this may have been related to the cool night time temperatures noted above. However, Heath and Adams (1967), in a study of the physiology of the sphinx moth Hyles lineata, reported that this species could, through activity, maintain body temperatures at 34 to 38 C against air temperatures of 10 to 30 C. Based on the number of flowers of Platanthera blephariglottis pollinated on the bottom, middle, and upper thirds of the raceme, Smith and Snow (1976) concluded that pollination rates were more or less constant throughout the blooming period. These authors believed that pollinator numbers were essentially constant throughout, and that the pollinators, chiefly moths attracted by scent, could detect the presence of a few flowers at the bottom of the raceme about as well as a fully blooming raceme. On the other hand, they reported that pollination was 55% greater in the top third as compared to the bottom third of the raceme in P. ciliaris. From this they concluded that pollinator numbers increased in parallel with the number of


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open flowers, and fully blooming racemes were more readily detected by the pollen vectors. Maine More recently, Cole and Firmage (1984), in a three year study at the Colby Marston Preserve, a bog in Kennebec County, Maine, significantly expanded the list of known pollinators for Platanthera blephariglottis. In contrast to the results of the Michigan study, these authors found butterflies to be much more important than moths and the almost exclusive pollen vectors of this species in their study area. Both small and large butterflies were observed as pollinators throughout the flowering period, but some seasonal change was noted with the former being relatively more abundant early and the latter increasing toward the end of the season (Cole & Firmage, 1984). Seventy-nine percent of the visitors and pollinators of P. blephariglottis at this site were butterflies and skippers and 15% were bees. Nearly half of all insects observed on the flowers (46%) were true skippers (Hesperiidae), and nearly a quarter (22%) were of a single species, Epargyreus claurs Crammer (silverspotted skipper). The remainder were primarily whites and sulfurs (Pieridae) and hymenoptera (Apidae). Altogether nine species of lepidoptera and two species of hymenoptera were identified as pollinators (Table 3 in Cole & Firmage, 1984).


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No moths were seen with attached pollinaria during the three year study. Microclimatic differences in the form of cold air drainage sometimes reduced night time temperatures in the Maine bog to below 15 C which may again have inhibited nocturnal moth activity (Cole & Firmage, 1984). However, light-trapping and observation on warm nights also failed to reveal the presence of moths with attached pollinaria (Cole & Firmage, 1984). Two species which Smith and Snow (1976) classified as pollinators, Papilio troilus (spicebush swallowtail) and Danaus plexippus (monarch), were listed as flower visitors by Cole and Firmage (1984). Apis mellifera (honeybee), considered an unlikely but possible pollinator by Smith and Snow (1976), was regarded as a floral visitor by Cole and Firmage (1984). Hemaris and Bombus were thought to be pollinators by both Smith and Snow (1976) and Cole and Firmage (1984). Hemaris was observed visiting the flowers only once in the Maine study, and as already noted, none were found carrying pollinaria (Cole & Firmage, 1984). Cole and Firmage (1984) considered the role of bumblebees in the pollination of Platanthera blephariglottis to be minor (Cole and Firmage, 1984); their tongues are too short for the spur. Bumblebees were implicated in the pollination of Kalmia angustifolia L. (sheep laurel) which stopped flowering before P.


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blephariglottis. Bombus then switched over to P. blephariglottis. In fact, except for this overlap in certain years, the latter provided the only significant source of nectar during its blooming period. Thus, unlike the Michigan site where P. ciliaris was common (Smith & Snow, 1976), butterflies at the Maine site would often have been dependent on P. blephariglottis during its blooming period. Butterflies, however, had little competition for the available nectar, and, in particular, no moth competition except for the infrequently seen diurnal moth Hemaris (Cole & Firmage, 1984). Cole and Firmage (1984) recorded a pattern of pollinator movement on the inflorescence of Platanthera blephariglottis which may differ from that usually observed in Lepidoptera (Wyatt, 1982). The pollinators frequently began their explorations of the inflorescence with the middle to lower flowers and fed toward the top. Usually they visited only a few flowers, feeding on an average of 3.4 (1-19) from the same part of the inflorescence and spending an average of 10 (1.3-39) seconds on each flower (Cole & Firmage, 1984). The average amount of time the pollinator remained on an inflorescence of P. blephariglottis, 34 + 8.2 (2-145) seconds, was less than the mean time required for the stalk of the pollinarium to rotate into position to contact the stigma (about 60 seconds) and effect pollination in that inflorescence (Cole & Firmage, 1984).


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In contrast to Smith and Snow’s (1976) report of constant pollination rates on the bottom, middle, and top thirds of the inflorescence, Cole and Firmage (1984) found significant differences in these rates, with that for the top third being either higher or lower than that for at least one of the other thirds in each of the three years of their study. Thus, some factor or combination of factors such as the number of pollinators or the level of pollinator activity varied throughout the season at the Maine study site. Similarly, Cole and Firmage (1984) were unable to confirm any consistent negative correlation between raceme size and percentage capsule set, except for a weak one during the first year of the study when a relatively large number of racemes were in bloom. Cole and Firmage (1984) also saw little difference in percentage capsule set between orchids growing on open mat or hidden among shrubs or trees. However, they considered that although these plants may have been difficult to locate visually from ground level, most would not have been obscured from potential pollinators flying over them. In any case, butterflies had no difficulty in locating and pollinating orchids surrounded by vegetation (Cole & Firmage, 1984). North and South Carolina In a two year study Robertson and Wyatt (1990a, b) found marked differences in pollination


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ecology between two widely separated populations of Platanthera ciliaris occurring in the coastal plain of South Carolina and the Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina. The coastal plain site was located close to Awendaw in the Francis Marion National Forest, the mountain population at Corveeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Although the species differed, the pollinators of primary importance at both locations were large butterflies (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). No other insects carried pollinaria and no other insects were observed as consistent visitors (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). As in Michigan, the most important pollinator in the mountains of North Carolina during both years of the study was Papilio troilus (spicebush swallowtail) (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). It was the most frequently observed visitor and usually had pollinaria attached to its eyes; each carried an average of 5.9 to 6.8 over the two years (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Battus philenor L. (pipevine swallowtail), a reportedly toxic species (Howe, 1975), is similar to and was sometimes lumped with Papilio troilus, its putative mimic. However, Battis phelinor proved to be a far less frequent pollinator than Papillio troilus (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Papilio glaucus (tiger swallowtail) was observed visiting Platanthera ciliaris both years and carried pollinaria (three times) during one year of the study (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Phoebis sennae L. (cloudless sulfur) was noted only once. It


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had a single pollinarium attached (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). On the other hand, the most frequent pollinator on the coastal plain of South Carolina both years was Papilio palamedes Drury. (palamedes swallowtail); over 80% of those examined had pollinaria attached, and each carried an average of about 3.5 (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). This species is restricted to the southeastern United States and Mexico (Howe, 1975), and its range does not extend to the mountain population of P. ciliaris. Phoebis sennae (cloudless sulfur) was also seen to visit coastal plain populations of Platanthera ciliaris during both years of the study, but only about one-third carried pollinaria, and the average number of pollinaria carried per individual (2.5) was lower than that observed for Papilio palamedes (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Within an area where both butterflies were active simultaneously the majority of palamedes swallowtails bore pollinaria whereas only a minority of cloudless sulfurs did (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Papilio troilus, the predominant pollinator in the mountains, was occasionally observed on the coastal plain but did not commonly visit Platanthera ciliaris, although one year it was recorded three times, once with a single pollinarium attached (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). It was often seen on Liatris graminifolia Willd. (blazing star) at a site near the location of Platanthera ciliaris. These flowers were also frequently visited by


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Papilio palamedes and Phoebis sennae (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Major pollinators on the coastal plain carried fewer pollinaria than did the pollinators in the mountains, and pollinator activity, evaluated in terms of the rate of deposition and removal of pollinaria, was lower on the coastal plain than in the mountains. Paralleling these observations, percentage fruit set and the total number of fruits per plant were lower on the coastal plain than in the mountains both years of the study. As will be discussed in the second part, the length of the nectar spurs in mountain population of Platanthera ciliaris (23.8 mm) closely approximated the lengths of the probosci in their primary (19.5-24.9 mm) and secondary (19.5-24.9 mm) pollinators. In coastal plain populations, on the other hand, spur length (25.6 mm), although already significantly longer than in mountain populations, was shorter than the probosci of either the primary or secondary pollinators (both ca. 28.7 mm), and selection for longer nectar spurs may be occurring at this site. However, reciprocal transplant studies were inconclusive (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a), and further research is needed to clearly establish the genetic basis of the differences in floral morphology between mountain and coastal plain populations. Experiments conducted to test for nocturnal pollination found none occurring at either site


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(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Xylophanes tersa L. (tersa sphinx moth) carried no pollinaria but stole nectar from the flowers of Platanthera ciliaris on the coastal plain. Seen on only one occasion, this species hovered from plant to plant just after dark and extracted nectar with its long proboscis (32.0 mm long in one individual compared to a spur length of about 24 to 26 mm) without contacting the viscidia (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). Sometimes other apparent nectar thieves, possibly carpenter bees, made slits near the bottom of the spurs at both sites and extracted most of the nectar (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). In the mountains neither sphinx moths nor other nectar thieves with long tongues were observed (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). Again, moth activity could have been limited by low temperature, as night time minimums during the flowering season averaged 14.2 C as compared to 20.5 C on the coastal plain (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). If visits of sphingid moths at the coastal-plain site are frequent enough, and if they are indeed absent or rare in the mountain population, they could extract sufficient nectar at the former site to effect some difference in the frequency of pollinator visits at the two sites (see part 2) (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). Other yellow fringed orchids

A limited amount of information is available on the pollination of at least two other species of


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the yellow fringed orchid complex, Platanthera cristata (Michx.) Lindl. (crested fringed orchid or orange-crested orchid) and P. chapmanii (Small) Luer emend Folsom (Chapman’s fringed orchid). Platanthera cristata is smaller than P. blephariglottis and P. ciliaris and has orange to yellow flowers (Folsom, 1984). Platanthera chapmanii, intermediate in many ways between P. cristata and P. ciliaris and long considered a hybrid of these species, is treated as a distinct species by Folsom (1984). In addition to morphological differences (Folsom, 1984 and below), P. chapmanii and P. cristata are separated from one another and other members of the complex by pollination biology (Folsom, 1984).

In a study conducted on the coastal plain of Florida and Alabama (Folsom, 1984), Platanthera chapmanii, like P. ciliaris, was found to be pollinated by long-tongued butterflies: Papilio troilus, P. palamedes, P. marcellus Cramer, and Phoebis sennae. It differs, however, from the butterfly-pollinated species discussed earlier in the manner of pollinaria attachment (Folsom, 1984). It will be recalled that the length of the spur in P. ciliaris approximately equals the length of the vectors’ probosci, that the anther locules diverge, and that the viscidia point upward and outward from the flower and attach to the eyes of the pollinator (Folsom, 1984). However, the spur in P. chapmanii is only 10 to 14 mm long (Folsom, 1984), and due to a bend in the column, the viscidia converge and face the


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Figure 2. Floral morphology and pollination in Platanthera chapmanii. Sketch adapted from figures 3 and 8 in Folsom (1984). A. The column in face view. Note position of viscidia. Scale line about 5 mm. B. Lateral view of flower with shortness of spur slightly exaggerated. Note positioning of viscidia and contact between viscidia and proboscis of butterfly. Scale line about 10 mm. Abbreviations as in figure 1. See text for explanation.


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Platanthera cristata orange crested orchis


29

labellum (Fig. 2a, b). This positioning and the short nectary result in an attachment of the pollinaria to the butterfly’s proboscis rather than to its eyes (Folsom, 1984).

The small flowers of Platanthera cristata have

an even shorter spur, 5 to 8 mm long (Folsom, 1984). The viscidia are closely spaced and face forward. Their alignment and positioning are said to be adapted for attachment of the pollinia to the head of a bee, and it is reportedly pollinated chiefly by the bumblebee, Bombus pennsylvanica Degeer (Folsom, 1984).

To be continued. Literature Cited Cole, R. F. and D. H. Firmage. 1984. The floral ecology of

Platanthera blephariglottis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 71: 700-710. Faegri, K. and L. van der Pijl. 1979. The principals of pollination

ecology. 3rd ed. Pergamon, Oxford. Folsom, J. P. 1984. A reinterpretation of the status and

relationships of taxa of the yellow fringed orchid complex. Orquidea 9: 321-346. Reprinted (1995) in North American Native Orchid Journal 1: 213-238.

Heath, J. E. and P. A. Adams. 1967. Regulation of heat production by large moths. Jour. Expr. Biol. 47: 21-33.

Howe, W. H.. 1975. The butterflies of North America. Doubleday, Garden City, NY.

Luer, C. A.. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY.


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Robertson, L. J. and R. Wyatt. 1990a. Evidence for pollination ecotypes in the yellow fringed orchid, Platanthera ciliaris. Evolution 44: 121-133.

______. 1990b. Reproductive biology of the yellow fringed orchid, Platanthera ciliaris. Amer. Jour. Bot. 77: 388-398.

Smith, G. R. and G. E. Snow. 1976. Pollination ecology of Platanthera (Habenaria) ciliaris and P. blephariglottis (Orchidaceae). Bot. Gaz. 137: 133-140.

van der Pijl, L. and C. H. Dodson. 1966. Orchid flowers: their pollinators and evolution. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, FL.

Wyatt, R. 1982. Inflorescence architecture: How flower number, arrangement, and phenology affect pollination and fruit-set. Amer. Jour. Bot. 69: 585-594

Charles P. Argue, Ph.D., Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108-1095. Dr. Argue last wrote for the Journal in December of 1995 on the pollination biology of Arethusa, Pogonia and Calopogon. Figures 1 & 2 drawn by Dr. Argue after Folsom, 1984.


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32

CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN

AND CYPRIPEDIUM PLECTROCHILUM

FRANCHET

Holger Perner

We had been traveling for several hours on our way to the northwestern part of New York State, up to the St. Lawrence River in the area of Lake Ontario. Here my friend Dr. Charles ("Chuck") J. Sheviak, curator for botany at the New York State Museum in Albany, wanted to show me the ram's-head lady's-slipper, Cypripedium arietinum, which is rare in the US. After lunch in a small restaurant we went to an area which is called "limestone barrens". Once there we were greeted by remarkably big swarms of black flies and mosquitoes, because usually nobody gets lost there to give them blood. The completely flat area—a former lakebed—showed a uniform substrate of limestone. There were deep gaps between the big flat blocks, some of them small, some of them over 0.5 m wide. A small layer of humus allowed only a few plants to grow, some of it was dropseed, Sporobolus heterolepis (a prairie grass), some of it was denser, and of several species which made up a diverse carpet together with field juniper, Juniperus communis (creeping and erect). There were deciduous


33

shrubs and woods dominated by northern white cedar, Thuja occidentalis. The rocks were eroded, concave and created shallow, flat, moist areas.

For a few hours we walked through this area and I

would have been completely lost without Chuck. Occasionally we found a single large yellow lady's-slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens, damaged by frost, and Chuck apologized for bringing me here. Completely an error, for I was excited about the rich flora including such interesting examples as rattlesnake fern, Botrychium virginianum, showy trillium, Trillium grandiflorum, bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadense and much more. Taxonomic History

For a little while I would like to leave the North American wilderness and enter the dusty study rooms of botany and talk about the problem of Cypripedium arietinum and its sister species C. plectrochilum of China.

In 1813 Robert Brown described Cypripedium arietinum of North America in "Hortus Kewensis". Five years later Rafinesque (1818) created the name, Criosanthes borealis, for the same species and, in 1837, enriched his new genus with the taxon Criosanthes parviflorum. Even the smallest differences, which can occasionally occur in one individual, were enough for Rafinesque to introduce a new species and even a genus into the literature.


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In the eighteen-eighties, a Frenchman, A. Franchet, received a small lady's-slipper from China, which fascinated him by the free-standing lateral sepals. In 1885 he described the plant as Cypripedium plectrochilum. Later on it was cited as C. plectrochilon, which was never used by Franchet. Right after he described it the first time, Franchet received a flower of C. arietinum from a cultivated specimen from Godefroy-Lebeuf, the editor of "L'orchidophile". Immediately Franchet realized the close similarity to C. plectrochilum and in 1886 he used this name as a synonym for C. arietinum and excused himself because Brown didn't talk about the free-standing sepals in his first description.

Franchet thought about putting Cypripedium arietinum into its own genus, because of the different shape of the lip, the different shaped staminodium and mainly because of the separate sepals. He did not formally publish this. In this context, he named the genus Arietinum. In 1833, Beck described C. arietinum as Arietinum americana. Criosanthes would have been the prior idea for the genus name, but obviously Franchet didn't know that name at all. Even if Luer (1975), in error, put the combination Criosanthes arietinum together crediting Franchet, this combination was only used by House in 1905.

In conclusion, I'd like to cite Atwood (1984) who

wants to re-introduce House's combination. His reason is based on a cladistical analysis in which he focuses on three primitive characters:


35

lateral sepals free standing

lip with a spur

staminodium barely different from a fertile anther.

These characters are supposed to characterize Cypripedium arietinum as the most primitive lady's-slipper, even more so than the tropical genus Selenipedium. Therefore, he names two more characters that are shared by C. arietinum and Selenipedium:

very small epidermal cells of the leaves

thickened cells of the pericycel (the layer around the central cylinder of the root.)

and one more character that is shared by C. arietinum and Phragmipedium:

sepals are rolled within the bud. The last three characters actually point to special patterns of C. arietinum. In my opinion, the first three characters are not as convincing as Atwood thinks to describe a new genus.

The degree of separation of the lateral sepals varies in the other species of the genus very strongly, so that you can find in the sparrow's egg lady's-slipper, Cypripedium passerinum, individuals with completely separate lateral sepals. Cypripedium passerinum is a lady's-slipper with very small flowers as is C. arietinum. The function of the synsepalum (fused sepals) is to strengthen the lip. Maybe that is also an explanation for the strangely expanded lower bottom side of the lip. It could contribute to the stability of the lip and, therefore, a synsepalum would not be needed any longer. Certainly


36

the bottom side of the lip is not a spur as far as the biology of the flowers is converned, because the flower of C. arietinum is an insect trap for the same pollinators as the small white lady's-slipper, C. candidum and C. parviflorum var. pubescens. The pollinators are two species of small bees of the families Halictidae and Andrenidae (Catling, 1984). Also, it can not be an original spur without function, because, referring to evolutionary knowledge, it then would have been degraded.

The staminodium of Cypripedium arietinum does have an external structure that strongly reminds one of the structure of an original anther. It is not such a primitive form like the very original C. subtropicum or the genus Selenipedium. In contrast, the staminodium is rather big in relation to the whole flower and completely developed as an attraction signal and landing place for pollinating insects. This is even clearer in the closely related C. plectrochilum.

There also is no biochemical argument to separate Cypripedium arietinum from the genus Cypripedium. The American botanist, Dr. Martha Case (1994), examined the isoenzymes of some North American Cypripedium species. She found that the isoenzymes of C. arietinum and C. parviflorum var. pubescens are more similar than those of the latter one and the pink lady's-slipper, C. acaule. Back to the limestone barrens

Meanwhile we were in an area, which had plenty of large and small groups of Cypripedium parviflorum var.


37

pubescens in flower and barely frost-damaged. While searching though the surrounding Thuja woods, we finally found the first C. arietinum. The plants were in the complete shade, very small and without flowers. There was barely a difference from the sterile broad-leaved helleborine, Epipactis helleborine, which also grow in the shade. Finally, we found some flowering C. arietinum in the margins of the woods, still under trees, but they were partly exposed to the sun. They were 20-25 cm high with flowers of 3 cm on average. Some of the plants were only 2 m away from the flowering plants of C. parviflorum var. pubescens.

The flower of Cypripedium arietinum only lasts for about one week. Once pollinated, the upper sepal comes down onto the opening of the slipper within one day. All of the 16 flowering ram's-head lady's-slippers we found on July 4, 1993, showed completely developed fresh flowers. Thus it must be the main flowering time for this area. The black-brownish soil had a pH of 5.87 (measured with 0.1 n KOH, pH 6.44 with H20) and a humus content of 78%. The water content is 62%.

We were not only there for observation, but also

we wanted to collect some material for comparative isoenzyme analyses of Cypripedium arietinum and C. plectrochilum for Martha Case. Therefore, we took only one leaf of each plant selected. We collected 34 leaves from the 80 plants so that we would get a representative average of the population.


38

In the late afternoon we were at the parking lot on the shore of Lake Ontario so as not to be bothered by the annoying insects. There we cut the leaves into halves, rolled them up and put them each into a plastic tube with a cover. Then everything was put into a Styrofoam box with ice. In the morning, we took leaves of Cypripedium plectrochilum that were cultivated in the museum in Albany and put them into the iced box. We were able to send the box to Martha Case at Michigan State University before the post office in Watertown, NY closed.

A few days later I visited another location of Cypripedium arietinum in a swampy area in the middle of the state. Here the plants are very rare. They grow on the hummocks above the swampy ground. The hummocks are elevations (around 1 m) that were built up by trunks, roots etc. The plants in the swamp don't occur in very moist or wet areas, unlike the northern small yellow lady's-slipper, C. parviflorum var. makasin (previously known only as C. parviflorum) which grows here as well.

The third, and most beautiful, location I got to know at the end of my visit to the state of New York was located on the western shore of Lake Champlain, only half an hour drive from the Canadian border. The substrate consists of marble, partly established as high cliffs above the lake. We passed cottages for miles - they were built close to the lake and have probably destroyed the habitat for many Cypripedium plants. Here you only find C. acaule and C. parviflorum var. pubescens. However,


39

on private property on a peninsula of the lake, you can find a large colony of C. arietinum that is protected by the owner. Chuck was allowed to have a look once. 'I'oday, he wanted to show me a colony on a steep slope. Therefore, we drove to the end of the slope and walked on the railroad track that lead along the shore. Occasionally there were deep, narrow gorges cut into the rocks for the railroad. I preferred to listen on the rail before walking into the gorges, who knows...?

There was a specific species of rattlesnake (timber rattlesnake ed.) in this area that I would have liked to see once, as a biologist. But I suppressed this wish while I was partly forced to climb on the steep cliffs. I did not feel well anyway, because I am scared of heights and did not at all want to imagine touching such a poisonous snake while seeking for holds on the cliff. I felt much better after standing on solid ground again. Then I could be impressed by the wonderful habitat. On the rock ledges pines grow (eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, and red pine, Pinus resinosa). The ledges collected bark and litter from dead needles. In the litter thick patches of common polypody fern, Polypodium virginianum, and Cypripedium acaule, with its gorgeous flowers, grew. The substrate here is extremely acid (pH 3.12) and less nutrient-rich. Cypripedium arietinum was only found in a location where the soil was enriched with more minerals and was deeper. Besides Thuja occidentalis, there were also found sugar maple, Acer saccharum, and other deciduous trees. The soil had a pH of 4.85 (measured with 0.1 n KOH, pH 6.42 with H20). The humus content was 59%, the water content, 62%.


40

Cypripedium arietinum grows in moderately acid to

neutral soils in shade or partial shade. In full shade it does not form flowers and stays small, like most of the other Cypripedium species. The soil is usually well drained. In the US, C. arietinum has its largest populations in sandy soils with limestone substrate in the upper Great Lakes of central North America (Fred Case, 1987). It can stand periodic drought better than constant wetness. The range of distribution is spread from Manitoba (Canada) over the northeast of the US from the Great Lakes to Nova Scotia (Canada).

The southwestern Chinese Cypripedium plectrochilum is very similar to C. arietinum. Its habitats are also on limestone substrate. It is found in northern Yunnan and in Sechuan in southwest China. There it grows at elevations of 2200-3000 m (Handel-Mazetti, 1936) in less shady pine woods and open areas. Looking at descriptions of habitats and mapped habitats, it seems to prefer more open habitats than C. arietinum. Phillip Cribb found C. plectrochilum at Yulongxue Shan (mountain range) in Yunnan growing between limestone rocks in a dark humus soil with pine needle litter. This soil should be quite similar to those I found in northeastern North America.

To distinguish species, Schlechter (1919) allowed Cypripedium plectrochilum to be a species. His reasons were: the less inflated labellum (in contrast to C. arietinum) which is more expanded to the front; and the much wider and bigger staminodium, which is more


41

expanded to the outside and less carinated in the inside. I also can see consistent color differences. Whereas the bottom part of the lip of C. arietinum is strongly red colored with a faint reticulated pattern and contrasting to the white surface, the lip of C. plectrochilum seems to be much lighter. There is only one, in comparison, slightly dark red pattern of vertical stripes, which goes down to the lip opening. The staminodium of C. arietinum is mainly tan to olive colored; that of C. plectrochilum is white with a strong red at the tip.


42

Cypripedium arietinum ram's-head lady's-slipper Windsor County, Vermont

photos by P. M. Brown 41

Cypripedium arietinum ram's-head lady's-slipper Windsor County, Vermont

photos by P. M. Brown 41

Cypripedium arietinum ram's-head lady's-slipper Windsor County, Vermont photos by P. M. Brown 41


43

top:

Cypripedium plectrochilum China photo by Phillip Cribb bottom:

Cypripedium plectrochilum in hort.

photo by Charles J. Sheviak


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Because there are distinct differences between both taxa, which allow a separation into two species, I've not yet found characters that would justify putting together both species into Cypripedium arietinum. In this context, the result of the isoenzyme analysis by Martha Case will be interesting. Literature Cited: Atwood, J.T. 1984. The relationships of the slipper orchids.

Selbyana 7:129-247. Beck, L.C. 1833. Arietinum americanum. Botany of the Northern and

Middle States. p. 352 Brown, R.1813.Cypripedium arietinum in Aiton, Hortus Kewensis, ed.

2, 5:222. Catling, P M. 1984. Distribution and pollination biology of

Canadian orchids in Proceedings of the 11th. World Orchid Conference-Miami. pp.121-131.

Case, F. 1987: Orchids of the western Great Lakes region. pp.73-75. Cranbrook Institute, Bloomfield Hill, MI.

Case, M. 1994, Extensive variation in the levels of genetic diversity and degree of relatedness among five species of Cypripedium. American Journal of Botany. 81 (2): in press.

Franchet, A. 1885. Cypripedium plectrochilum. Bulletin la Societe Botanique de France, T. 32, II Serie, 7:27.

Handel-Mazzet, H. 1936. Symbolae Sinicae, Teil VII. pp.1323-1324. House. H. 1905.Criosanthes arietina. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical

Club. 32:374. Luer, C.1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada.

New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY Rafinesque, C.S.1818. Criosanthes borealis. American Monthly

Magazine and Critical Review. 2:268.

- 1837. Criosanthes parviflorum. Flora Tellularia 4:46. Philadelphia

Schlechter, R. 1919. Orchideologia Sino-japonicae Prodomus. Fedes Rep. Sp. Nov. Beihefte 4. p. 84.


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Holger Perner, Reddarallee3, D-214834 Lütau, Germany Dr. Perner writes extensively on Cypripedium and recently contributed the horticultural section to Phillip Cribb's The Genus Cypripedium (reviewed in NANOJ Sept. 1997) This article originally appeared in Die Orchidee in German and in a different format. The Journal wishes to thank Ann Holmer and Stan Folsom for their valuable assistance in translating this article, and Chuck Sheviak and Phil Cribb for the loan of slides of Cypripedium plectrochilum.

Brown: NEW TAXA & COMBINATIONS

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NEW TAXA & COMBINATIONS

Paul Martin Brown Two new taxa and three new combinations are proposed. The new taxa both represent white-flowered forms, or those lacking in anthocyanins within the flowers. Cypripedium kentuckiense C. F. Reed forma pricei P.M. Brown forma nov. TYPE: United States, Arkansas, Montgomery County. May 8, 1984. (Holotype: N. A. Native Orchid Journal 4(1):47) A forma kentuckiense floribus sine rubellipigmento (sepalis et petalis albo-viridibus) labello et staminodio immaculato) differt. Differing from the forma kentuckiense in its flowers lacking all reddish pigmentation: sepals and petals clear green, lip pure white without any markings; staminode yellow without markings. Typical plants of Cypripedium kentuckiense vary from ivory-white to yellow lips but always with petals and sepals marked in some degree with dark reddish/purple pigmentation. Often this pigmentation


46

is also present on the underside of the lip and the staminode. Named for its discoverer, Jack Price, of Blanchard, Louisiana, who first brought this most unusual form to my attention. Jack tells of first finding the plants on a hillside in southern Arkansas near Collier Spring. He and his wife had been botanizing for yellow-flowered lady's-slippers that day and had encountered great numbers. At this point Jack ventured uphill and found this colony. There were seven flowering plants present with several others in bud that may also have been this form. A similar situation, with all pigmentation lacking, occurred in Cypripedium montanum forma praetertinctum Sheviak as described in Rhodora 92:47-49. 1990. Eulophia alta Fawcett & Rendle forma pelchatii P.M. Brown forma nov. TYPE: United States, Florida, Collier County. 3 Nov. 1996. (Holotype: N. A. Native Orchid Journal 4(1):48.) Forma floribus albido-viridis conspecibus diversa. Differing from the species by its white and green flowers.


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Cypripedium kentuckiense forma pricei ivory-lipped lady's-slipper, white-flowered form Montgomery Co., Arkansas

photos by Jack Price 47


48

top:

Eulophia alta wild coco typical coloration bottom:

Eulophia alta forma pelchatii green petals and sepals with white lip Collier Co., Florida photos by Cliff Pelchat


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Cliff Pelchat writes of the discovery:

There are about 200 species of orchids both terrestrial and epiphytic in the genus Eulophia and most of these are found in Africa. In Florida, Eulophia alta, commonly called wild coco, is a locally common terrestrial orchid found in most of the central and southern counties. We have observed it growing in Brevard and Collier counties. It has a reported range in the Western Hemisphere from Central Florida to South Florida, Mexico, the West Indian Islands, Central America and South America.

All of the plants we have observed from Brevard county south into Collier County have the typical color form as described in Carlyle Luer's book on native Florida orchids (1972). They typically have bronze colored petals and sepals with bronze to red and sometimes paler colored lips. At times they have been reported as having green sepals and petals with some pale colored forms of the lip. There are pictures (plate 72) in Luer's book illustrating two of the pale colored forms. These are known as Eulophia alta forma pallida (Brown, 1995). One picture shows a flower with green sepals and petals and the lip has a white center with a fringe of red.

We found a single plant in the Big Cypress Swamp Preserve on November 3, 1996 that is a white flowered form of Eulophia alta. It was growing near our campsite in a patch of woods that most likely had been disturbed by clearing carried out to create primitive campsites for hunters. The patch was approximately 60 feet long by 30 feet wide with a couple of slash pine trees and some palmetto bushes. In this same patch of woods we counted 14 plants, 3 in fruit with waning leaves, one in bud, and the white flowered form plant in full bloom. The plant in bud was 60 feet from the one in bloom and the buds showed potential for being white flowered also because there was a lack of the darker colors in the sepals. Most of the other plants had already set capsules that were well on their way to ripening. The white flowered plant, which was growing close to the base of a


50

Palmetto bush, had 18 flowers with all white lips, green sepals and petals, and not a trace of red. Needless to say we were very excited to find this plant because all of the Eulophia alta we have observed from Brevard County south have been red or some form of red color. On Bear Island we have found numerous plants of the red color form growing in the pinewoods usually close to pine trees. John Beckner, of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, has told me that this color form has been observed in the past and Ken Roberts has told me that Ken Anderson of Bradenton, Florida has white-flowered Eulophia alta in cultivation. Other than these reports I know of no other documented observation of this form growing in the wild, and, based on our observations I would be confident in stating that this was a rare find.

We have kept a close observation on this particular plant visiting it each time we've been in the area, On Thanksgiving weekend we visited the site to find that 13 of the 18 flowers had been successfully pollinated and there were ripening seed capsules. On February 23, 1997 the same plant had three capsules left at the very top of the raceme which looked to be about 2 -3 weeks away from full maturity. These three capsules were green and healthy, but there was no trace of any of the other capsules. Most of the other plants in the area had completely disappeared due to the deciduous nature of this species even though there were some racemes with seed capsules. Many of the seed capsules on other plants had turned brown and did not appear to have reached maturity. An inspection of one revealed that the seed inside was black and had evidently been attacked by some form of fungus. There was also evidence of the fungus growing on the outside of the capsules in the form of a black powdery coating. I suspect that the rest of the capsules on the white flowered plant we have been observing met a similar fate. Brown, P.M. 1995. New and recently published taxa. NA Nat.

Orchid J. 1(2): 132. Luer, C. 1972. The Native Orchids Of Florida, New York Botanical

Gardens, Bronx, NewYork.


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New Combinations Recent research and revisions necessitate several new combinations. Much confusion has existed in the correct generic names for many of the Spiranthiode species. Ackerman (1995) points out that Cyclopogon is preferred to Beadlea, based on the existence of intermediate species between the two genera, with Cyclopogon having priority. Cyclopogon cranichoides forma albolabia (Brown & McCartney) P.M. Brown comb. nov. Basionym: Beadlea cranichoides forma albolabia Brown & McCartney. North American Native Orchid Journal 1(2):8. From Wes Higgins at the University of Florida whose research on the genus Encyclia has resulted in extensive new combinations at the species level, the follow new combinations are needed for our Florida species. An ongoing systematic study of the genus Encyclia based on holomorphology has determined that the genus is neither morphologically cohesive nor monophyletic. In a preliminary molecular study, analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA supports the morphological conclusion that the Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum clade should be raised to the generic level because these species are sister to the Cattleya-Laelia clade not to Encyclia subgenus Encyclia. However, the monophyly of the three currently recognized subgenera of Encyclia i.e., Encyclia subg. Osmophytum, Encyclia subg. Encyclia, and


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Encyclia subg. Dinema, is supported by cladistic analysis of both morphological and molecular data. Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum is raised to generic level and treated as Prosthechea.

Prosthechea boothiana (Lindley) W.E. Higgins var. erythronioides (Small) W.E. Higgins comb. nov. Basionym: Epidendrum erythronioides Small, Fl. South-eastern US. 328, 1329. 1903. Synonym: Encyclia boothiana (Linnaeus) Dressler var. erythronioides (Small) Luer. Luer, Nat. Orchids of Fl. 204. 1972. Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W. E. Higgins var. triandra (Ames) W.E. Higgins comb. nov. Basionym: Epidendrum cochleatum Linnaeus var. triandrum Ames, Contrib. Ames Bot. Lab. 1:16. 1904. Synonym: Encyclia cochleata (Linnaeus) Dressler var. triandra (Ames) Dressler. Luer, Nat. Orchids of Fl. 202. 1972. Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W. E. Higgins var. triandra (Ames) W.E. Higgins forma albidoflava (P. M. Brown) P. M. Brown comb. nov. Basionym: Encyclia cochleata (Linnaeus) Dressler var. triandra (Ames) Dressler forma albidoflava P.M. Brown. Brown, P.M. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 131. 1995.


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In addition to general membership information it contains a full set of Tables of Contents for all issues - Volume 1, 1995-Volume 3, 1997 - and will be updated as each issue is published. Other information of interest and occasional articles will also be available on-line. Special thanks to the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida for hosting our website. We appreciate the assistance of Dick Ruble in the FLMNH Office of Museum Technology and Kent Perkins, Manager of the Collection, in the FLMNH/University of Florida Herbarium.

Empiricist: SETTING GOALS

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SETTING GOALS

The Slow Empiricist

As spring slowly advances up the Northern Hemisphere, awakening the dormant flora with its gentle caress, the botanical enthusiast is also awakening from his/her long winter's nap. Of course this is not so much the case for those fortunate enough to live in the more southerly regions, or for those who can afford a mid-winter vacation to the south, where there is still evidence of things growing and blooming all season. For many, spring signals the beginning of another season of botanizing. This article aims at helping you to prioritize your activities and achieve a satisfying set of experiences for the 1998 calendar year. If you are like me, you probably try to crowd too much into your schedule and end up frustrated when you can't meet all of your plans fully. A calendar comes in very handy as you start to map out your year's activity. This way you can see what days and weeks are available to you for your intended activities. If you want to take a course, or plan an extended field excursion (if you know the approximate blooming times of the orchids you want to see), calendars will help you choose the correct dates for your activities. Once you have identified your needs


55

and wants, you have a variety of ways to organize yourself to meet those needs. I am going to deal mostly with ways to successfully plan your field experiences because once you have identified the courses you would like to enroll in for the coming season, you have most of the planning already done for you by the schedule of the course. If you read the rest of this article, however, the attitudes that I am trying to foster may help you get more out of the instruction you are receiving. The underlying principles that apply to fieldwork should have some carry-over for you in your course work.

Different people approach tasks in different ways. Some like to be totally organized with every minute accounted for. On the other extreme, there are individuals who hate to be constrained by schedules and rigid boundaries. The totally organized are like the tourists who visit a foreign country and have spent the entire year before their trip reading up on the place. They have set a schedule of visits to museums, galleries and note-worthy landmarks that cannot be easily breached. The free-spirited individual has a general idea of what is in the foreign country but cannot bring himself/herself to plan any kind of itinerary to follow. In both cases, they may miss important experiences: one, because their rigid schedule won't permit it; the other, because they hadn't done enough homework to be aware of what they were missing.


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For my own self, I like to have an underlying structure to base my plans on that allows me the freedom to take advantage of the unexpected occurrence. This approach avoids the pitfalls of being too lax or too tied to a goal. To me, you should always be open to the unexpected, weighing the possibilities and making a decision that will best answer the situation for you and your companions. I would like to go on record as saying that I don't always follow this advice I have freely shared with you, the reader. I have become so involved with my activity that time slips beyond my awareness and I have found myself far afield, enticed by the plants I am finding. Ruefully, I find myself running a race with the fleeting daylight to regain civilization.1 Usually, the next time I am botanizing I remember the last experience and don't over-extend myself.

Whatever type of organizer you are, you might be

more successful if you set down the goals you would like to attain this year on a sheet of paper. A list made on a computer is even better because you can rearrange the items with simple maneuvers as you think through what you really want to do with your time. So once you have set your activities in some kind of order of importance, it would be wise to look at the incidentals that can affect the success or failure of your quest.

For many of you, I suspect, the top priority is to locate a new member of the Orchidaceae that has eluded you in other years. This may entail travel, which may

1 See Flops and Failures, NANOJ 2(4): 350-360. 1996.


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require time, and other resources like monetary expenses as well as information as to the whereabouts of said plants. It may also encompass traveling companions who have to be considered. If you are using your computer to help set your goals, you can insert sections that cover these areas to help you see what is required of you in order to meet those goals. If you are more into making hand-written lists you might be wise to create a list in a loose leaf-leaf or spiral-bound notebook. If you put a heading at the top of each page of what you want to accomplish, you can add the things that need to be done to achieve your goal under the appropriate heading. I would suggest that you determine the order of importance of your goals for 1998. Then you can avoid over-crowding your schedule by having specific areas that you have set up in order of importance. By doing this kind of list-making you can weed out those things that take undue amounts of your time and attention and allowing the really important things to be concentrated on to become richer and fuller experiences.

This writing down of your goals may sound

daunting to the free-spirited individual, so I would suggest that if you are inclined not to be constrained by rigid plans, you might hold in your mind the following things as you lay your plans. The following suggestions are also important headings for the highly organized individual to include in his/her lists of things to take into consideration. A successful quest in the field will require an appropriate amount of time to complete it, so you should think about the time requirements. Location is another need that requires attention. Have you got


58

accurate information and good maps to guide you? Will your quest require an overnight stay? This can be especially true for distant sites that require four or more hours to reach. Traveling eight or more hours in one day, combined with fieldwork, usually makes the return trip very tiring. If this is a new site for you, it will probably take more time than you thought to find your quarry. It might be wise to set an early departure time to allow for exploration, or plan for an overnight near the site.

Finally, think of the needs that are important to

you. Are you a photographer? What do you need to include in your equipment to insure a successful session with the plants you are hoping to photograph? What about the weather? Have you included the appropriate clothing to give you comfort as you explore the territory? How far will you be from facilities that you require like bathrooms or restaurants? Keeping an awareness of your expectations will help you better meet them when you are in the actual situation.

If you do a little preparation before you venture

into new areas, the success rate for your adventure should be higher. You still need to be open to unexpected events that come across your path. I have seen single-minded individuals pass up plants that they have come upon accidentally, as they strive to reach their new enthusiasm. Conversely, I have seen people become so distracted by the unexpected that they lose sight of their intended goal. For me, I try to keep things in some kind of balance. If I consider the accidental discovery,


59

appreciate it for what it is, and weigh it against my goal for that day, I can make a reasonable judgement of what should be done. If I find that the quest to find that elusive orchid I have never seen before is becoming too complicated (by the new discovery), or if the weather, distance, or some other constraint is affecting my enjoyment, I can give up the attempt of reaching my goal. Although it has taken me a long time to realize the fact, I have come to know that by not succeeding, I will still have the goal to try for on another day or in another year.2 I can also rationalize that, although frustrated, all is not lost; I have not done my homework in vain for I have grown in knowledge and experience.

To summarize: If you can prepare yourself for the

coming season of exploration and grow in your understanding of what you need to put into such activities you will have a more successful time. Whether you keep detailed lists or just have a general idea in the back of your head as to what is required, by being aware of the possibilities, you should have a more rewarding year of botanizing. I approach my botanical work by using a little of both methods. That way, I can have what to me is the best of both worlds. Before I go out into the field to explore, I can be prepared with the correct information as to location and times of blooming. I try to know as well what I have to put into the effort as far as travel, expense and the physical effort needed to meet my goal while I still remain flexible enough to take

2 See Flops and Failures, NANOJ 2(4): 350-360. 1996.


60

advantage of the unexpected that I may encounter. Lastly, I try not to view a failed objective as something negative, but something I can learn from and, hopefully, grow from, to be more competent in the future.

The Slow Empiricist

CHECKLIST

61

CHECKLIST OF THE ORCHIDS OF NORTH

AMERICA north of Mexico

Since the publication of Carlyle A. Luer's two volume

work, (1972, 1975) on the orchids of the United States and

Canada much taxonomic work has taken place. Schrenk's (1977)

checklist was reasonably comprehensive, but in addition to being

generally unavailable to most orchidists, it contained some very

different concepts of genera and species. The 2nd edition of

Kartesz' (1994) Checklist of US and Canadian plants brought a

more realistic list of species, but did not deal with several newer

species, genera concepts or taxa at the forma level. This checklist

has been compiled in order to help coordinate all current North

American orchid taxonomic information. Literature citations are

given for recently described, little known or significantly revised

taxa.

Synonyms are given if the names differ from those used by

Luer.

Coleman (1995) should be consulted for the most current

information on the genus Piperia.

Garay (1982) and Catling (1989) are followed for most of the

generic changes in Spiranthes, although Ackerman (1995) is

applicable to all of the Florida taxa.

Sheviak's recent work on the green-flowered Platanthera has

helped considerably in sorting out these confusing taxa.

Wes Higgins' work on the genus Encyclia has resulted in

several new generic combinations.

The recent work for volume 26 of the Flora of North America,

which will contain the Orchidaceae has resulted in numerous

CHECKLIST

62

nomenclatural changes. Those changes appear in this edition of

the checklist. The publication of that volume is scheduled for

late in 2001.

White-flowered forms, often referred to as albinos, exist for

many of our native species.

Ranges given are for reference only and do not imply precise

distribution or extant populations.

Abbreviations for the states and provinces are standard and the

following should be noted: CtA=Central America; Mx=Mexico;

BA= Bahama Archipelago; WtI=West Indies; SA=South

America; RM=Rocky Mountains; AM=Appalachian Mountains;

* indicates species documented to be either introduced or

adventive

note: Chuck McCartney has recently called my attention to the

fact that several of the rarer 'lost' species in southern Florida may

represent waifs as the result of the efforts of past orchidists to

establish orchid gardens within the wild in tropical Florida. This

could easily account for the one-time records for several of the

more southerly species. One possible example could be Pelexia

adnata.

References:

Ackerman, J. D. 1995. An Orchid Flora of Puerto Rico and the

Virgin Islands. Memoirs Volume 73. New York Botanical

Garden, Bronx, NY.

Catling, P.M. 1989. Biology of North American representatives

of the subfamily Spiranthoideae, in North American Native

Terrestrial Orchid Propagation and Production. Brandywine

Conservancy. Chadds Ford, PA.

Coleman, R.A. 1995. The Wild Orchids of California. Piperia:

105-135. Comstock Publishing Associates/Cornell University

Press, Ithaca, NY.

Garay, L.A. 1982. A generic revision of the Spiranthinae,

Botanical Museum Leaflet, Harvard University 28: (4): 277-425.

CHECKLIST

63

Hammer, R. L. 1981. Finding New Orchids, a Contribution to

the Orchidaceae of Florida. Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin

36(3): 16-18.

1992. The Strange Case of Carter's Orchid.

Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin 47(2): 34-39.

2001. Status report on the orchids of southern

Florida. North American Native Orchid Journal 7(1)

Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular

plants of United States, Canada and Greenland. 2nd. ed. Timber

Press. 2 vols.

Luer, Carlyle A. 1972. The native orchids of Florida. New York

Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY

1975. The native orchids of the United States &

Canada excluding Florida. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx,

NY

McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1981. The orchids of Rabenau Camp -- 1.

The Epiphytes. American Orchid Society Bulletin 50(5): 527-

535.

1981. The orchids of Rabenau Camp -- 2. The

Terrestrials. American Orchid Society Bulletin 50(6): 653-660.

1985. The Orchids of Everglades National

Park -- 1. American Orchid Society Bulletin 54(3): 265-276.

1987. A thrice annotated checklist of the orchids

of southeastern Florida. (Revised edition.) Published privately.

2226 Lincoln St., Apt. 3, Hollywood, FL 33020.

1992. Orchids of south Florida's rock pinelands.

Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin 47(2): 12-33.

Schrenk, W.J. 1977. Zussammenstellung der Orchideenarten der

Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und der amerikanishen

Jungferninsein. Die Orchidee 28: 98-104.

CHECKLIST

64

Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks) Hulten

SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS

AK - NF s to MT, WY; MN - ME

forma angustifolia Rousseau - narrow-leaved form

beckettiae (Boivin) Hulten - white-flowered form

immaculata Mazurski & L.P. Johnson - white-lipped form

lineata (Mousley) Hulten - lined-lip form

Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 132.

Johnson, L.P. 1995. Lindleyana 10(1): 1.

Aplectrum hyemale (Mulhenberg ex Willdenow) Torrey

PUTTY-ROOT; ADAM AND EVE

MN - MA s to AR - GA

forma pallidum House - yellow-flowered form

Arethusa bulbosa Linnaeus

DRAGON'S-MOUTH

MN - NF s to NC

forma albiflora Rand & Redfield - white-flowered form

subcaerulea Rand & Redfield - lilac-blue flowered form

Basiphyllaea corallicola (Small) Ames

CARTER'S ORCHID

seFL; BA, WtI

Hammer, R. L. 1992. Fairchild Trop. Gard. Bulletin. 47(2): 34-39.

McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1991 . Florida Orchidist. 34(4): 136-157.

_______________ 1992. Florida Orchidist. 35(1): 195-211.

Beloglottis costaricensis (Reichenbach f.) Schlechter

SYN: Spiranthes costaricensis Reichenbach f.

COSTA RICAN LADIES'-TRESSES

sFL; CtA, nSA

Bletia patula Hooker

HAITIAN PINE-PINK*

se FL; WtI

Bletia purpurea (Lambert) de Candolle

PINE-PINK

forma alba (Ariza-Julia & J. Jiménez Alm.) P.M. Brown - white-flowered

form

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

CHECKLIST

65

Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):

Bletilla striata (Thunberg) Reichenbach f.

URN ORCHID*

wFL

Brassia caudata (Linnaeus) Lindley

SPIDER ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis (A. Richard) Grisebach

RAT-TAIL ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, SA

Calopogon barbatus (Walter) Ames

BEARDED GRASS-PINK

NC - FL w to LA

Calopogon multiflorus Lindley

MANY-FLOWERED GRASS-PINK

GA - FL w to MS

Calopogon oklahomensis D.H. Goldman

OKLAHOMA GRASS-PINK

s. IN, eKS, eOK, swMO, AK, eTX, wcLA


Goldman, D.H. 1995. Lindleyana 10(1): 37-42.

Goldman, D.H. and S. Orzell. 2000. Lindleyana 15(4): 237-251.

Calopogon pallidus Chapman

PALE GRASS-PINK

VA - FL w to LA

forma albiflorus P.M. Brown - white flowered form


Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg var.

tuberosus

GRASS-PINK

[including var. latifolius (St. John) Fernald]

MN - NF s to FL w to TX

forma albiflorus Britton - white flowered form

Catling, P.M. & Z. Lucas. 1987. Rhodora 89: 401-413.

CHECKLIST

66

Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg var.

simpsonii (Small) Magrath

SIMPSON'S GRASS-PINK

sFL

forma niveus P.M. Brown - white-flowered form


Magrath, L.K. & J.L. Norman. 1989. SIDA 13(3): 371-372.

Calypso bulbosa (Linnaeus) Oakes var. americana (R.Brown) Luer

EASTERN FAIRY-SLIPPER

AK - NF s in the RM; s to upper GtL, n New Eng.

forma albiflora P.M. Brown - white-flowered form

rosea P.M. Brown - pink-flowered form

Brown, P.M.. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 17.

Calypso bulbosa (Linnaeus) Oakes var. occidentalis (Holtzman)Boivin

WESTERN FAIRY-SLIPPER

AK - CA e to ID

forma nivea Brown & Coleman - white-flowered form


Coleman, R.A. 1992. AOS Bulletin 61(8): 776-781/fc.

Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum (Reichenbach f.) Rolfe

CROOKED-SPUR ORCHID

sFL; WtI, nSA

Cephelanthera austiniae (A. Gray) Heller

PHANTOM ORCHID

sBC - CA e to ID

Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 79.

Cleistes bifaria (Fernald) Catling & Gregg

SYN: Pogonia bifaria P.M. Brown & Wunderlin

UPLAND SPREADING POGONIA

WV - FL w to eLA

Brown & Wunderlin. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(4): 450-452.

Catling, P.M. & K.B. Gregg. 1992. Lindleyana 7(2): 57-73.

Cleistes divaricata (Linnaeus) Ames

SYN: Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br.

SPREADING POGONIA

NJ - FL

forma leucantha P.M. Brown - white-flowered form


CHECKLIST

67

Catling, P.M. & K.B. Gregg. 1992. Lindleyana 7(2): 57-73.

Coeloglossum viride (Linnaeus) Hartman var. viride

NORTHERN BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS

[including var. islandicum (Lindley) Schulze and Habenaria viridis var.

interjecta Fernald]

AK - NF; Eurasia

Coeloglossum viride (Linnaeus) Hartman var. virescens (Mulhenberg) Luer

LONG BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS

AK - NF s to WA, NM, IA, NC

Corallorhiza bentleyi Freudenstein

BENTLEY'S CORALROOT

Bentley, S. 2000. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians, pp. 71-75.

Freudenstein, J.V. 1999. Novon 9(4): 511-513.

Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. maculata

SPOTTED CORALROOT

BC - NF s to CA, AZ, NM; AM to nGA

forma flavida (Peck) Farwell - yellow-stemmed form

rubra P.M. Brown - red-stemmed form

Brown, P.M..1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 8.

Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. occidentalis (Lindley)

Ames

WESTERN SPOTTED CORALROOT

BC - NF s to CA, AZ, NM, MN, New Eng., VA

forma aurea P.M. Brown - golden yellow/spotted form

immaculata (Peck) Howell - yellow spotless form

intermedia Farwell - brown-stemmed form

punicea (Barth.) Weatherby & Adams - red-stemmed form


Freudenstein, J.V. 1986. Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 16: 145-153.

1997. Harvard Papers in Botany 10:5-51.

Corallorhiza mertensiana Bongard

WESTERN CORALROOT

sAK - CA e to MT, wWY

forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white-flowered form

pallida P.M. Brown - pale colored form



CHECKLIST

68

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willdenow) Nuttall var. odontorhiza

AUTUMN CORALROOT

SD - ME s to OK - GA

forma flavida Wherry - yellow-stemmed form

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willdenow) Nuttall var. pringlei (Greenman)

Freudenstein

PRINGLE'S AUTUMN CORALROOT

IA - ME s to TN, NC; MX

Freudenstein, J.V. 1993. Dissertation. Cornell University.

1997. Harvard Papers in Botany 10:5-51.

Corallorhiza striata Lindley var. striata

STRIPED CORALROOT

BC - PQ s to CA, NY

forma eburnea P.M. Brown - yellow/white form


Corallorhiza striata Lindley var. vreelandii (Rydberg) L.O. Williams

SYN: Corallorhiza striata forma fulva Fernald

VREELAND'S STRIPED CORALROOT

CA - ND s to NM; PQ; MX

forma flavida (Todson & Todson) P. M. Brown -

yellow/white form


Corallorhiza trifida Chatelain

EARLY CORALROOT

[including var. verna Fernald]

AK - NF s to OR, s in RM e toWV; Eurasia

Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad

WISTER'S CORALROOT

MT - NJ s to AZ - FL; MX

forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white-flowered form

rubra P.M. Brown ined. - red-stemmed form

Brown, P.M.. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 9-10.

Cranichis muscosa Swartz

MOSS-LOVING CRANICHIS

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

CHECKLIST

69

Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlecter

SYN: Beadlea cranichoides (Grisebach) Small

Spiranthes cranichoides (Griesebach) Cogniaux

SPECKLED LADIES'-TRESSES

FL; BA, WtI, CtA, SA

forma albolabia (Brown & McCartney) P.M. Brown - white-lipped form


1998. NA Native Orchid Journal 4(1):52

Cyclopogon elatus (Swartz) Schlecter

SYN: Beadlea elata (Swartz) Small

Spiranthes elata (Swartz) L.C. Richard

TALL NEOTTIA

sFL; WtI, MX, CtA, nSA

Cypripedium acaule Aiton

PINK LADY'S-SLIPPER; MOCCASIN FLOWER

NWT - NF s to MN - GA

forma albiflorum Rand & Redfield - white-flowered form

biflorum P.M. Brown - two-flowered form


Cypripedium arietinum R. Brown

RAM'S-HEAD LADY'S-SLIPPER

MAN - NS s to MN - MA

forma albiflorum House - white-flowered form

biflorum P.M. Brown - two-flowered form


Cypripedium californicum Gray

CALIFORNIA LADY'S-SLIPPER

OR-CA

Cypripedium candidum Mulhenberg ex Willdenow

SMALL WHITE LADY'S-SLIPPER

SAS - MN - wNY s to MO, KY, NJ

Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson

CLUSTERED LADY'S-SLIPPER

WA - CA e to MT s to CO

Brownell , V.R. & P.M. Catling. 1987. Lindleyana 2(1): 53-57.

Elliman, T. & A. Dalton. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 59-73.

CHECKLIST

70

Cypripedium guttatum Swartz

SPOTTED LADY'S-SLIPPER

AK - NWT; Siberia

Cypripedium kentuckiense C.F. Reed

KENTUCKY LADY'S-SLIPPER

neVA; KY - eTX

forma pricei - white-flowered form

Atwood, J. T. Jr. 1984. AOS Bulletin 53(8): 835-841.


1998. NA Native Orchid Journal 4(1): 45.

Reed, C. 1981. Phytologia 48(5): 426-428.

Weldy, T. W., H. T. Mlodozeniec, L. E. Wallace & M. A. Case. 1996.

Sida 17(2): 423-435.

Cypripedium montanum Douglas ex Lindley

MOUNTAIN LADY'S-SLIPPER

sAK - CA e to ALB-WY

forma praetertinctum Sheviak - white-petaled form

welchii P.M. Brown - crimson edge-lipped form


Sheviak, C.J.. 1990. Rhodora 92: 47-49.

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. parviflorum

SYN: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus var. parviflorum Salisbury

SOUTHERN SMALL YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER

KS -MA s to LA - GA

forma albolabium Magrath & Norman - white-lipped form

Magrath, L.K. & J.L. Norman. 1989. SIDA 13(3): 371-372.

Sheviak, C.J. 1994. AOS Bulletin 63(6): 664-669.

__________. 1995. AOS Bulletin 64(6): 606-612.

__________. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(4): 319-343.

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak

SYN: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus var. parviflorum Salisbury

NORTHERN SMALL YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER

BC - nCA - NF s to IL - PA

Sheviak, C.J. 1993. AOS Bulletin 62(4): 403.

__________. 1994. AOS Bulletin 63(6): 664-669.

__________. 1995. AOS Bulletin 64(6): 606-612.


Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. pubescens (Willdenow) Knight

SYN: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus var. pubescens (Willdenow) Correll

CHECKLIST

71

LARGE YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER

(including var. planipetalum Fernald)

AK - NF s to AZ - GA


__________.1995. AOS Bulletin 64(6): 606-612.


Cypripedium passerinum Richmond var. passerinum

SYN: Cypripedium passerinum Richmond var. minganense Victorin

SPARROW'S EGG LADY'S-SLIPPER; FRANKLIN’S LADY’S-

SLIPPER

AK - PQ s to n MT

Cypripedium reginae Walter

SHOWY LADY'S-SLIPPER

SAS -NF s to AR, n. AL

forma albolabium Fernald & Schubert - white-flowered form

Cypripedium yatabeanum Makino

SYN: Cypripedium guttatum var. yatabeanum (Makino) Hulten

YELLOW SPOTTED LADY'S-SLIPPER

AK; Siberia, n Japan


Hybrids:

Cypripedium xalaskanum P.M. Brown

ALASKAN SPOTTED LADY'S-SLIPPER

(C. guttatum x C. yatabeanum)


Cypripedium xandrewsii Fuller nm. andrewsii

ANDREWS' LADY'S-SLIPPER

(C. candidum x C. parviflorum var. makasin)

Cypripedium xandrewsii Fuller nm. favillianum (Curtis) Boivin

FAVILLE'S LADY'S-SLIPPER

(C. candidum x C. parviflorum var. pubescens)

Cypripedium xandrewsii nm. landonii (Garay) Boivin

LANDON'S LADY'S-SLIPPER

(C. candidum x C. xandrewsii nm. favillianum)

CHECKLIST

72

Cypripedium xcolumbianum Sheviak

COLUMBIA LADY'S-SLIPPER

(C. parviflorum x C. montanum)


Cyrtopodium polyphyllum(Vell) Pabst ex F. Barrios

YELLOW COWHORN ORCHID*

FL; SA

in Luer, 1972 as C. andersonii (Lambert ex Andrews) R. Brown; p. 234,

pl. 71:1.

Menezes, L.C. 1995. AOS Bulletin 64(3): 248-251.

Hammer, R. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(2): 194-202.

Cyrtopodium punctatum (Linnaeus) Lindley

COWHORN ORCHID

FL; Mx, CtA, WI, SA

Dactylorhiza aristata (Fischer ex Lindley) Soo var. aristata

FISCHER'S ORCHID

AK; ne Asia

forma alba P.M. Brown - white-flowered form


Dactylorhiza aristata (Fischer ex Lindley) Soo var. kodiakensis Luer &

Luer f.

KODIAK ORCHID

AK

forma rosea P.M. Brown - pink form

perbracteata (Lepage) P.M. Brown - leafy, flowerless form

Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 199, 241.


Ospina H., M. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(3): in press

Dactylorhiza cf. fuchsii (Druce) Soo

TIMMINS MARSH ORCHID*

ON; Europe

in Luer, 1975 as D. maculata (Linnaeus) Soo; p. 160, pl. 39:8-9.

Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 80-81.

Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soo

SYN:Dactylorhiza majalis (Reich.f.) Summerhays subsp. praetermissa

(Druce) D.M.Moore & Soo

SOUTHERN MARSH ORCHID

CHECKLIST

73

NF; Europe

Catling,P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 80-81.

Meades, S. 1994. Saraccenia. 5(1): 13-15.

________ 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 245.

Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce)Soo var. junialis (Vermeulen) Senghas

SYN: Dactylorhiza majalis (Reich.f.) Summerhays subsp. praetermissa

(Druce) D.M.Moore & Soo var. junialis (Vermeulen) Senghas

LEOPARD MARSH ORCHID

NF; Europe

Clase, H.J. & S.J. Meades. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(3): 208-

217.

Deiregyne confusa Garay

In Luer as Deiregyne durangensis (Ames & Schweinfurth) Garay

SYN: Spiranthes durangensis Ames & Schweinfurth

DURANGO LADIES'-TRESSES

TX; MX

Dendrophylax lindenii (Lindley) Bentham ex Rolfe

SYN: Polyrrhiza lindenii (Lindley) Cogniaux

Polyradicion lindenii (Lindley) Garay

GHOST ORCHID; FROG ORCHID

sFL; CUBA

Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lexara) Garay

SYN: Spiranthes cinnabarina (Llave & Lexara) Hemsley

CINNABAR LADIES'-TRESSES

TX; MX

Eltroplectris calcarata (Swartz) Garay & Sweet

SYN: Centrogenium setaceum (Lindley) Schlecter

SPURRED NEOTTIA

FL; BA, WtI, nSA

Encyclia rufa (Lindley) Britton & Millspaugh

REDDISH EPIDENDRUM

sFL

Encyclia tampensis (Lindley) Small

FLORIDA BUTTERFLY ORCHID

FL

forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white lipped form

CHECKLIST

74


Epidendrum acuñae Dressler

ACUÑA'S STAR ORCHID

sFL; CtA; WtI

Epidendrum amphistomum A. Richard

DINGY-FLOWERED EPIDENDRUM

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

forma rubrifolium P.M. Brown - red-leaved form


Hagsater, E. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4): 300-310.

Epidendrum floridense Hagsater

SYN: Epidendrum difforme Jacquin in part

Neolehmannia difformis (Jacquin) Pabst

FLORIDA UMBELLED EPIDENDRUM

sFL; WtI, CtA, n + cSA


Hagsater, E. & G. Salazar. 1993. Icones Orchidacearum

Romero, G.A.1994. A.O.S. Bulletin 63(10): 1168-1170.

Epidendrum magnoliae var. magnoliae

GREEN-FLY ORCHIS

NC s to FL w to LA


Epidendrum magnoliae var. mexicanum (L.O. Williams) P.M. Brown

BRONZE GREEN-FLY ORCHIS

FL; MX

Brown, P.M. 1998. NA Native Orchid Journal 5(1):3

2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4): 337-338.

Epidendrum nocturnum Jacquin

NIGHT-FRAGRANT EPIDENDRUM


Epidendrum radicans Paven ex Lindley

CLIMBING EPIDENDRUM*

sFL

Epidendrum rigidum Jacquin

RIGID EPIDENDRUM


CHECKLIST

75

Epidendrum strobiliferum Swartz

CONE-BEARING EPIDENDRUM


Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffman ex Bernhardii) Besser

RED HELLEBORINE*

VT; Europe

Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hooker

STREAM ORCHID

sBC - MT s to CA, AZ, NM - SD ; MX

forma citrina P.M. Brown - yellow-flowered form

rubrifolia P.M. Brown - red-leaved form


2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1) ined.

Coleman, R.A. 1995. Wild Orchids of CA. p. 75; pl. 13.

Epipactis helleborine (Linnaeus) Cranz

BROAD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE*

e US; se CAN; scattered w NA; Europe

forma alba (Webster) Boivin - white-flowered form

luteola P. M. Brown - yellow-flowered form

monotropoides (Mousley) Scoggin - albino form

variegata (Webster) Boivin - variegated form

viridens A. Gray - green-flowered form


Eulophia alta (Linnaeus) Fawcett & Rendle

WILD COCO

GA - FL; MX, WtI, CtA, SA, Africa

forma pallida P.M. Brown - pale colored form

pelchatii P.M. Brown - white flowered from

Brown, P.M. 1995 NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 131.


Galeandra bicarinata G.A. Romero & P.M. Brown.

TWO KEELED GALEANDRA

sFL; CUBA

Romero, G.A. & P.M. Brown. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(2):

Galearis spectabilis (Linnaeus) Rafinesque

CHECKLIST

76

SHOWY ORCHIS

MN - ME s to AR - GA

forma gordinierii (House) Whiting & Catling - white-flowered form

willeyi (Seymour) P.M. Brown - pink-flowered form

Brown, P.M. 1988. Wild Flower Notes 3(1): 20.

Goodyera oblongifolia Rafinesque

GIANT RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS

sAK - NF s to ME; CA, NM; MX

forma reticulata (Boivin) P.M. Brown - reticulated leaf form


Goodyera pubescens (Willdenow) R. Brown

DOWNY RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS

ON - NS s to AR - SC

Goodyera repens (Linnaeus) R. Brown

LESSER RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS

AK - NF s to WY, sRM, sAM

forma ophioides (Fernald) P.M. Brown - white veined leaf form


Goodyera tesselata Loddiges

CHECKERED RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS

ON - NF s to MN - MD

Govenia floridana P.M. Brown

FLORIDA GOVENIA

sFL

Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(3): 230-240.

in Luer, 1972 as Govenia utriculata (Swartz) Lindley; p. 243, pl.73:1-4.

Greenwood, E. W., 1991. AOS Bulletin 60(9): 867-869.

Greenwood, E.W. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(1):344-349.

Gymnadenia conopsea (Linnaeus) R. Brown

SYN: Habenaria conopsea (Linnaeus) Bentham

FRAGRANT ORCHID*

(CT)

Habenaria distans Grisebach

FALSE WATER-SPIDER ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

CHECKLIST

77

Habenaria macroceratitis Willdenow

LONG-HORNED HABENARIA

FL; MX

Habenaria odontopetala Reichenbach f.

SYN: Habenaria strictissima Reichenbach f. var. odontopetala

(Reichenbach f.) L.O. Williams

TOOTHED HABENARIA

FL; MX, WtI, CtA

forma heatonii P.M. Brown- albino form

Brown, P.M. 2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1): ined.

Habenaria quinqueseta (Michaux) Eaton

MICHAUX'S ORCHID

SC - FL w to TX

Habenaria repens Nuttall

WATER SPIDER ORCHID

NC - FL w to seAR, TX; MX, WtI, CtA

Harrisella porrecta (Reichenbach f.) Fawcett & Rendle

SYN: Campylocentrum porrectum Reichenbach f.

LEAFLESS HARRISELLA

FL; MX, CtA, WtI

Ackerman., J.D.. . 1995. Orchids of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. p.

87..

Hexalectris grandiflora (A. Richard & Galeotti) L.O. Williams

GREENMAN'S CRESTED CORALROOT

TX; MX

Hexalectris nitida L.O. Williams

SHINING CRESTED CORALROOT

TX; MX

Hexalectris revoluta Correll

RECURVED CRESTED CORALROOT

AZ,TX; MX

Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. spicata

CRESTED CORALROOT

AR, MO; sIL - MD s to FL - TX; MX

CHECKLIST

78

forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white flowered form


Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. arizonica (S. Watson) Catling &

Engel

ARIZONA CRESTED CORALROOT

AZ, TX; MX

Catling, P.M. & V.S. Engel. 1993. Lindleyana 8(3): 119-126.

Hexalectris warnockii Ames & Correll

TEXAS PURPLE-SPIKE

AZ; TX

Ionopsis utricularioides (Swartz) Lindley

DELICATE IONOPSIS

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Rafinesque

SMALL WHORLED POGONIA

MI - ME s to MO - GA

Isotria verticillata Rafinesque

LARGE WHORLED POGONIA

MI - ME s to TX - FL

Laelia rubescens Lindley

PALE LAELIA*

sFL

Lepanthopsis melanantha (Reichenbach f.) Ames

CRIMSON LEPANTHOPSIS

sFL; WtI

Lophiaris carthagenensis (Jacquin) G.A. Braem

SPREAD-EAGLE OORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Braem, G.A. 1993. Schlechteriana 4:17

Lophiaris maculata (Aublet) Ackerman

CHECKLIST

79

SPOTTED MULE-EARED ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

forma flavovirens (P.M. Brown) P.M. Brown - unspotted with a yellow-

green base

Ackerman, J. 2000. Lindleyana 15(2): 92-93.


2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):

Liparis elata Lindley

SYN: Liparis nervosa (Thunberg) Lindley in part

TALL TWAYBLADE

FL; WtI, MX

Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) Richard

LILY-LEAVED TWAYBLADE

MN - VT s to AR - GA

forma viridiflora Wadmond - green-flowered form

Liparis loeselii (Linnaeus) Richard

LOESEL'S TWAYBLADE; FEN ORCHIS

sWA, MT; MAN - NS s to MS, sAM; Eurasia

HYBRID:

Liparis xjonesii S. Bentley

JONES' HYBRID TWAYBLADE

Bentley, S. 2000. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians, pp. 138-

139.

Listera auriculata Wiegand

AURICLED TWAYBLADE

ON - NF s to MI - ME

forma trifolia (Lepage) Lepage - three-leaved form

Listera australis Lindley

SOUTHERN TWAYBLADE

PQ, NS, NB - FL w to TX

forma scottii P.M. Brown - many leaved form

trifolia P.M. Brown - three-leaved form

CHECKLIST

80

viridis P.M. Brown - green-flowered form


2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(1):

Listera borealis Morong

NORTHERN TWAYBLADE

AK - NF s to UT, CO

forma trifolia Lepage - three-leaved form

Listera caurina Piper

NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE

sAK - ALB s to CA, WY

Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Nuttall

BROAD-LIPPED TWAYBLADE

swAK; BC - NF s to CA, WY e to nMI - nME

forma trifolia P. M. Brown - three-leaved form

Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 11

Listera cordata (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. cordata

HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE

AK - NF s to CA, NM in RM; NC in AM; Eurasia

forma disjuncta Lepage - alternate-leaved form

trifolia P. M. Brown - three-leaved form

variegata P. M. Brown - variegated-leaved form

viridens P.M. Brown - green-flowered form

Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 11; 1(4): 288.

Listera cordata (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. nephrophylla (Rydberg) Hulten

WESTERN HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE

RM w to CA n to AK

forma rubescens P.M. Brown - reddish-flowered form

Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 240; 1(4): 288.

Listera ovata (Linnaeus) Aiton f.

COMMON TWAYBLADE*

ON

Listera smallii Wiegand

SMALL'S TWAYBLADE

nNJ; PA - GA

forma variegata P.M. Brown - variegated-leaved form


CHECKLIST

81

Hybrid:

Listera xveltmanii Case

VELTMAN'S TWAYBLADE

(L. auriculata x L. convallarioides)

Macradenia lutescens R. Brown

TRINIDAD MACRADENIA

sFL; WtI, nSA

Malaxis bayardii Fernald

BAYARD'S ADDER'S-MOUTH

NS; MA - NC w to OH

Catling, P.M. 1991. Lindleyana 6(1): 3-23.

Luer, C.A. 1975. Nat. Orchids US & Can. Pl. 79:5.

Malaxis brachypoda (Gray) Fernald

SYN: Malxis monophyllos (Linnaeus) Swartz. var. brachypoda (A. Gray)

Morris & Eames

WHITE ADDER'S-MOUTH

sAK - NF s to CA, CO, IN, PA

forma bifolia (Mousley) Fernald - two-leaved form

Malaxis corymbosa (S. Watson) Kuntze

CLUSTERED ADDER'S-MOUTH

AZ; MX

Malaxis diphyllos Chamisso

SYN: Malaxis monophyllos (Linnaeus) Swartz. var. diphyllos (Chamisso)

Luer

TWO-LEAVED ADDER'S-MOUTH

swAK

Malaxis paludosa (Linnaeus) Swartz

SYN: Hammarbya paludosa (Linnaeus) Kuntze

BOG ADDER'S-MOUTH

AK- wONT s to MN; nEurasia

Reeves, T. & L. M. Reeves. 1984. AOS Bulletin 53(12): 1280-1292.

CHECKLIST

82

Reeves, T. & L. M. Reeves. 1985. Rhodora. 87: 133-136.

Malaxis porphyrea (Ridley) Kuntze

PURPLE ADDER’S-MOUTH

AZ,NM; MX

in Luer, 1975 as Malaxis ehrenbergii (Reichenbach f.) Kuntze, p. 296,

pl. 81.

Todsen, T. SIDA 1997. 17: 637-638.

Malaxis soulei L.O. Williams

SYN: Malaxis macrostachys (Lexara) Kuntze

RAT-TAILED ADDER'S-MOUTH

AZ, NM, TX; MX

Malaxis spicata Swartz

FLORIDA ADDER'S-MOUTH

VA - FL; BA; WtI

Malaxis tenuis (S. Watson) Ames

THIN ADDER'S-MOUTH

AZ, NM; MX

Malaxis unifolia Michaux

GREEN ADDER'S-MOUTH

MAN - NF s to TX - FL; MX

forma bifolia (Mousley) Fernald - two-leaved form

Malaxis wendtii Salazar

WENDT'S ADDER'S-MOUTH

TX; MX

Salazar, G. 1993. Orquidea(Mex.) 13(1-2): 281-284.

Todsen, T. SIDA 1995. 16(3): 591.

Todsen, T. SIDA 1997. 17: 637-638.

Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindley) Reichenbach f.

FALSE BUTTERFLY ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Maxillaria parviflora (Poeppig & Endlicher) Garay

SYN: Maxillaria conferta (Grisebach) C. Schweinfurth ex Leon

DENSELY-FLOWERED MAXILLARIA

CHECKLIST

83

sFL; WtI, MX, CtA, SA

Attwood, J. T. Lindleyana 8(1): 25-31.

Hammer, R. 1981. Fairchild Trop. Gard. Bulletin 36(3): 16-18.

McCartney, C. 1993. Florida Orchidist. 36(3): 25-29.

Mesadenus lucayanus (Britton) Schlechter

(Syn: Ibidium lucayanum Britton; Spiranthes lucayana (Britton) Cogniaux

COPPER LADIES'-TRESSES

FL; MX, BA, WtI, CtA


Oeceoclades maculata (Lindley) Lindley

SPOTTED AFRICAN ORCHIS*

sFL; WtI, SA; Africa

Johnson, S.R. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 69-72.

Stern, W.S. 1988. AOS Bulletin 57(9): 960-971.

Oncidium floridanum Ames

SYN: Oncidium ensatum Lindley in part

FLORIDA ONCIDIUM

sFL; BA

see Lophiaris for additional species

Pelexia adnata (Swartz) Sprengl

SYN: Spiranthes adnata (Swartz) Bentham ex Fawcett

GLANDULAR LADIES'-TRESSES

sFL; WtI, CtA, MX, nSA

Hammer, R. L. 1981. Fairchild Trop. Garden Bulletin 36(3): 16-18.

McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1983. Florida Orchidist 26(3): 124-129.

Piperia candida Morgan & Ackerman

SLENDER WHITE PIPERIA

sAK - CA

Morgan, R. & J. Ackerman. 1990. Lindleyana 5(4): 205-211.

Piperia colemanii Morgan & Glicenstein

COLEMAN'S PIPERIA

CA

Morgan, R. & L. Glicenstein. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 89-95.

Piperia cooperi (S. Watson) Rydberg

COOPER'S STOUT-SPIRE ORCHID

CHECKLIST

84

CA

Coleman, R. A. 1992. AOS Bulletin 61(2): 130-135.

Coleman, R.A. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 75-78.

Piperia elegans (Lindley) Rydberg subsp. elegans

SYN: Piperia maritima Rydberg

ELEGANT PIPERIA

BC - CA; nID, wMT

Piperia elegans subsp. decurtata Morgan & Glicenstein

PT. REYES PIPERIA

CA

Morgan, R & L. Glicenstein. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 89-95.

Piperia elongata Rydberg

SYN: Piperia elegans var. elata (Jepson) Luer

LONG-SPURRED PIPERIA

BC - CA; nID, wMT

Piperia leptopetala Rydberg

LACE ORCHID

WA - CA

Piperia michaelii (E. Greene) Rydberg

SYN: Piperia elongata var. michaelii (Greene) Ackerman

MICHAEL'S PIPERIA

OR - CA

Piperia transversa Suksdorf

FLAT-SPURRED PIPERIA

BC - CA

Piperia unalascensis (Sprengel) Rydberg

ALASKA PIPERIA

AK - CA w. to MT; nNM ; ON, MI, PQ

Piperia yadonii R. Morgan & J. Ackerman

YADON'S PIPERIA

CA

Morgan, R & J. Ackerman. 1990. Lindleyana 5(4): 205-211.

Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak

CHECKLIST

85

SYN: Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley in part

NORTHERN GREEN BOG ORCHIS

AK - NF s to CA, NM, IA e to MA

forma alba (Light) P.M. Brown - albino form


Light, M.S. & M. MacConaill. 1989. Lindleyana 4(3): 158-160.

Sheviak, C.J. 1999. Lindleyana 14(4): 193-203

Platanthera blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley var. blephariglottis

NORTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS

MI - NF s to IL; OH - NJ

forma holopetala (Lindley) P.M. Brown - entire-lip form


Platanthera blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley var. conspicua (Nash) Luer

SOUTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS

se MA - FL w to TX

Platanthera brevifolia (Greene) Kranzlein

SYN: Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schlecter var. brevifolia (Greene)

Luer

SHORT-LEAVED REIN ORCHIS

NM; MX

Platanthera chapmanii (Small) Luer emend. Folsom

CHAPMAN'S FRINGED ORCHIS

seGA, nFL, eTX

Folsom, J.P. 1984. Orquidea (Mex) .9(2): 344.

Platanthera chorisiana (Chamisso) Reichenbach f.

CHAMISSO'S ORCHID

AK - WA; Asia

Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley

ORANGE FRINGED ORCHIS

MI - MA s to TX - FL

Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer var. clavellata

LITTLE CLUB-SPUR ORCHIS

WI - ME s to TX - GA

forma slaughteri P.M. Brown - white-flowered form


Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer var. ophioglossoides (Fernald) P.M.

Brown

CHECKLIST

86

NORTHERN CLUB-SPUR ORCHIS

ON - NF s to MI - MA


Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley

ORANGE CRESTED ORCHIS

MA - FL w to TX

forma straminea P.M. Brown - pale yellow form


Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley var. dilatata

TALL WHITE NORTHERN BOG ORCHIS

AK - NF so to CA - NM; MN -IN, PA

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley var. albiflora (Chamisso) Ledebour

BOG CANDLES

AK - WA e to UT, CO

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley var. leucostachys (Lindley) Luer

SIERRA REIN-ORCHID

sAK - CA e to WY - nAZ

Platanthera flava (Linnaeus) Lindley var. flava

SOUTHERN TUBERCLED ORCHIS

swNS; MO - MD s to TX - FL

Platanthera flava (Linnaeus) Lindley var. herbiola (R. Brown) Luer

NORTHERN TUBERCLED ORCHIS

MN - NS s to MO - GA; s in AM

forma lutea (Boivin) Whiting & Catling - yellow-flowered form

Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindley

LARGE PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS

MN - NF s to WV - NJ; s in AM to GA

forma albiflora (Rand & Redfield) Catling - white-flowered form

bicolor P.M. Brown - bicolor-flowered form

carnea P.M. Brown - pink-flowered form

mentotonsa (Fernald) P.M. Brown - entire-lip form


Brown, .M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 12.

Stoutamire, W.P. 1974. Brittonia 26: 42-58.

Platanthera hookeri (Torrey) Lindley

HOOKER'S ORCHIS

forma abbreviata (Fernald) P.M. Brown - dwarfed form

MAN - NF s to IA - NJ

CHECKLIST

87


Platanthera huronensis (Nuttall) Lindley

SYN: Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley var. huronensis (Nuttall)

Luer

GREEN BOG ORCHIS

AK - NF s to CA - PA

Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley var. gracilis (Lindley) Luer

LAXLY FLOWERED BOG ORCHIS

sAK - MT s to CA - CO

Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley var. viridiflora (Chamisso) Luer

SYN: Platanthera convallariifolia (Fischer) Lindley

TALL ALASKA GREEN ORCHIS

AK

Platanthera integra (Nuttall) Lindley

YELLOW FRINGELESS ORCHIS

NJ - FL w to TX

Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer

MONKEY-FACE

KY - NC s to MS - GA

Zettler, L.W. 1994. AOS Bulletin 63(6): 686-688

Zettler, L.W. & J.E. Fairey, III. 1992. Lindleyana 5(4): 212-217.

Platanthera lacera (Michaux) G. Don

GREEN FRINGED ORCHIS; RAGGED ORCHIS

MAN - NF s to OK - GA

Catling, P.M. 1997. Lindleyana. 12(2):79-88..

Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley

EASTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHIS

NE - ME s to OK - VA

Sheviak, C. J. & M. Bowles. 1986. Rhodora. 88: 267-290.

Platanthera limosa Lindley

THURBER'S BOG ORCHID

AZ-NM; MX

Platanthera macrophylla (Goldie) P.M. Brown

GOLDIE'S PAD-LEAVED ORCHIS

CHECKLIST

88

ON - NF s to MI - PA


Reddoch, A.H. & J. M. Reddoch 1993. Lindleyana. 8(4): 171-188.

Platanthera nivea (Nuttall) Luer

SNOWY ORCHIS

sNJ - FL w to TX

Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindley

BLUNT-LEAVED REIN ORCHIS

AK - NF s to CO, GtL, MA

forma collectanea (Fernald) P.M. Brown - dwarfed form

foliosa P.M. Brown - multiple-leaved form


Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindley

PAD-LEAVED ORCHIS

seAK, BC - NF s to WA - MD, s in AM to NC

forma lehorsii (Fernald) P.M. Brown - dwarfed form

trifolia (Mousley) P.M. Brown - three leaved form


Reddoch, A.H. & J. M. Reddoch. 1993. Lindleyana. 8(4): 171-188.

Platanthera pallida P.M. Brown

PALE FRINGED ORCHIS

eNY

Brown, P.M. 1993. Novon. 2(4): 308-311.

Platanthera peramoena (A. Gray) A. Gray

PURPLE FRINGLESS ORCHIS

MO - NJ s to MS - GA

Spooner, D.M. & J.S. Shelly. 1983. Rhodora. 85: 55-64.

Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & Bowles

WESTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHIS

WY - MN s to OK - MO

Sheviak, C. J. & M. Bowles. 1986. Rhodora. 88: 267-290.

Smith, W.R. 1995. Orchids of Minn. p. 136-137.

Platanthera psycodes (Linnaeus) Lindley

SMALL PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS

MN - NF s to OH - NJ, s in AM to GA

forma albiflora (R. Hoffman) Whiting & Catling -

CHECKLIST

89

white-flowered form

ecalcarata (Bryan) P.M. Brown - spurless form

rosea P.M. Brown - pink -colored form

varians (Bryan) P.M. Brown - entire-lip form



Stoutamire, W.P. 1974. Brittonia .26: 42-58.

Platanthera purpurascens (Rydberg) Sheviak & Jennings

SHORT-SPURRED BOG ORCHIS

CA - NM n to CO

Sheviak & Jennings. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(4): 444-449.

Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schlecter var. sparsiflora

FEW-FLOWERED REIN-ORCHIS

WA - CA; UT-NM; MX

Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schlecter var. ensifolia (Rydberg) Luer

NARROW-LEAVED REIN-ORCHIS

WA-CA

Platanthera stricta Lindley

SYN: Platanthera saccata (Greene) Hulten

SLENDER BOG ORCHIS

AK - ALB s to CA - WY

Platanthera tipuloides (Linnaeus). Lindley var. behringiana (Rydberg)

Hulten

BEHRING ORCHID

AK; neAsia

Platanthera zothecina (Higgins & Welsh) Kartesz & Ghandi

CLOISTERED BOG ORCHID

UT, CO, AZ

Higgins, L.C. & S. L. Welsh. 1986. Great Basin Naturalist. 46: 259.

in Long, J.C. 1970. Nat. Orchids Col. as Habenaria sparsiflora S.

Watson, p. 22.

Hybrids:

Platanthera xandrewsii (Niles) Luer

SYN: Platanthera lacera var. terrae-novae (Fernald) Luer

ANDREWS' FRINGED ORCHIS

(P. lacera x P. psycodes)

Catling, P.M. & V. Catling. 1994. Lindleyana 9(1): 19-32.

CHECKLIST

90

Platanthera xbicolor (Rafinesque) Luer

BICOLOR FRINGED ORCHIS

(P. blephariglottis var. conspicua x P. ciliaris)

Platanthera xcanbyi (Ames) Luer

CANBY'S FRINGED ORCHIS

(P. blephariglottis var. conspicua x P. cristata)

Platanthera xchannellii Folsom

CHANNELL'S FRINGED ORCHIS

(P. ciliaris x P. cristata)

Folsom, J.P. 1984. Orquidea (Mex) 9(2): 344.

Platanthera xcorrellii Schrenck

CORRELL'S REIN ORCHIS

(P. hyperborea x P. stricta)

Schrenck, W.J. 1975. Die Orchidee. 26: 258-263.

Schrenck, W.J. 1978. AOS Bulletin. 47(5): 429-437.

Platanthera xestesii Schrenck

ESTES REIN ORCHIS

(P. dilatata var. albiflora x P. stricta)



Platanthera xkeenanii P.M. Brown

KEENAN'S FRINGED ORCHIS

(P. grandiflora x P. lacera)

Brown, P.M. 1993. A Field Guide to the Orchids of N.E. & N.Y. p. 189.

Catling, P.M. & V. Catling. 1994. Lindleyana 9(1): 19-32.

Platanthera xlassenii Schrenk

LASSEN REIN ORCHIS

(P. leucostachys x P. sparsiflora)



Platanthera xmedia (Rydberg) Luer

INTERMEDIATE REIN ORCHIS

(P. hyperborea x P. dilatata)

Platanthera xreznicekii Catling, Brownell & Allen

CHECKLIST

91

REZNICEK'S ORCHID

(P. leucophaea x P. psycodes)

Catling, Brownell & Allen. 1999. Lindleyana 14(2):77-86.

Platanthera xvossii Case

VOSS' REIN ORCHIS

(P. blephariglottis var. blephariglottis x P. clavellata var.

ophioglossoides)

Case, F. W. 1983. Michigan Botanist. 22: 141-144.

Platytheles querciticola (Lindley)Garay

SYN: Erythrodes querciticola (Lindley) Ames

LOW GROUND ORCHID

TX - FL

Platytheles sagreana (A. Richard) Garay

CUBAN GROUND ORCHID

sFL; WtI


Pleurothallis gelida Lindley

FROSTED PLEUROTHALLIS

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker-Gawler

ROSE POGONIA

ON - NF s to TX - FL

forma albiflora Rand & Redfield - white-flowered form

forma brachypogon (Fernald) P.M. Brown - short-bearded form


Polyradicion see Dendrophylax lindenii

Polystachya concreta (Jacquin) Garay & Sweet

SYN: Polystachya flavescens (Lindley) J.J. Small

PALE-FLOWERED POLYSTACHYA


Ponthieva brittoniae Ames

SYN: Ponthieva racemosa (Walter) C. Mohr var. brittonae (Ames) Luer

MRS. BRITTON'S SHADOW-WITCH

sFL; BA

McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 106-116.

CHECKLIST

92

Ponthieva racemosa (Walter) Mohr

SHADOW-WITCH

VA - FL w to TX; MX, WtI, CtA, SA

Prescottia oligantha (Swartz) Lindley

SMALL PRESCOTTIA


Prosthechea boothiana (Lindley) W.E. Higgins var. erythronioides (Small)

W.E. Higgins

SYN.:Encyclia boothiana (Lindley) Dressler var. erythronioides (Small)

Luer

FLORIDA DOLLAR ORCHID

sFL; CtA, WtI


Higgins, W.E. 1998. Phytologia 85(5):370-383.

Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W.E. Higgins var. triandra (Ames) W.E.

Higgins

SYN: Anacheilum cochleatum (Linnaeus) Small var. triandrum (Ames)

Saleuda et al.

Encyclia cochleata (Linnaeus) Dressler var. triandra (Ames) Dressler

FLORIDA CLAM-SHELL ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

forma albidoflava (P.M.Brown) P. M. Brown - pale colored form




Prosthechea pygmaea (Hooker) W.E. Higgins

SYN: Encyclia pygmaea (Hooker) Dressler

Hormidium pygmaceum (Hooker) Bentham ex Hemsley

DWARF BUTTERFLY ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA



Pseudorchis straminea (Fernald) Soo

SYN: Habenaria albida (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. straminea (Fernald)

Morris & Ames

Platanthera albida (Linnaeus) Lindley var. straminea (Fernald) Luer

CHECKLIST

93

Pseudorchis albida (Linnaeus) Love & Love subsp. straminea

(Fernald) Love & Love

NEWFOUNDLAND ORCHIS

NF; wPQ; Greenland, Iceland

Reinhammar, L. 1995. Nordic Journal of Botany 15(5): 469-481.

1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(4): 407-425.

Pteroglossaspis ecristata (Fernald) Rolfe

SYN: Eulophia ecristata (Fernald) Ames

CRESTLESS PLUME ORCHID

NC-FL w to LA; Cuba forma flava P.M. Brown - yellow-flowered form


Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay var. lanceolata

SYN: Spiranthes lanceolata (Aublet) Leon

Spiranthes orchioides (Swartz) A. Richard

Stenorrhynchos lanceolatum (Aublet) Richard ex Sprengel

LEAFLESS BEAKED ORCHID

FL; MX, BA, WtI, CtA, SA

forma albidaviridis Catling & Sheviak - white/green flowered form

folsomii P.M. Brown - golden-bronze form

FOLSOM'S GOLDEN LADIES'-TRESSES


Catling, P. M. & C. J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana. 8(2): 77-81.

Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay var. paludicola (Luer) Saluda,

Wunderlein et Hansen

SYN: Spiranthes lanceolata (Aublet) Leon var. paludicola Luer

FAHKAHATCHEE BEAKED ORCHID

sFL

forma lutea P.M. Brown ined. - yellow flowered form

Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 77-81.

Brown, P.M. 2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1): ined.

Sacoila squamulosa (H.B.K.) Garay

HOARY LEAFLESS BEAKED ORCHID

Syn: Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay var. squamulosa (H.B.K.)

Szlachetko

Spiranthes squamulosa (H.B.K.) Leon

Stenorrhynchos squamulosum (H.B.K.) Sprengel

FL; W Indies

Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):

CHECKLIST

94

Schiedeella arizonica P.M. Brown

RED-SPOT LADIES'-TRESSES

AZ - TX

in Luer, 1975 as Spiranthes parasitica (A. Richard & Galeotti) Schlecter;

p. 128, pl. 29:4-9.

Brown, P.M. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(1): 66-68. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(1): 3-17.

Spathoglottis plicata Blume

PURPLE JAVANESE ORCHID

ecFL

Spiranthes amesiana Eaton

AMES' LADIES'-TRESSES

FL; CtA

Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley

SHORT-LIPPED LADIES'-TRESSES; TEXAS LADIES'-TRESSES

TX - SC & FL

Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. casei

CASE'S LADIES'-TRESSES

ON - NS s to MI, PA, NY - ME

in Luer, 1975 as Spiranthes intermedia Ames; p. 108, pl. 23:3-5.

Catling, P.M. & J.E. Cruise. 1974. Rhodora 76: 256-536.

Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. novaescotiae Catling

CASE'S NOVA SCOTIAN LADIES'-TRESSES

NS

Catling, P.M. 1981. Can. J. Bot. 59: 1253-1270

Spiranthes cernua (Linnaeus) L.C. Richard

NODDING LADIES'-TRESSES

SD - NS s to TX - GA

Sheviak, C.J. 1991. Lindleyana 6(4): 228-234.

Spiranthes delitescens Sheviak

CIENEGAS LADIES'-TRESSES

AZ

in Luer, 1975. as Spiranthes graminea Lindley; p. 129, pl. 29:1-3

McClaren, M.C. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(2): 151-169.

McClaren, M.C. & P.C. Sundt.1992. Southwestern Naturalist 37: 299-333.

Sheviak, C.J. 1990. Rhodora 92: 213-231.

CHECKLIST

95

Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak

UTE LADIES'-TRESSES

WA; UT, NV, CO, WY, MT, NE

Arf, A. M. 1994. Aquilegia 18(2): 1,4-5.

________ 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 117-128.

Sheviak, C.J. 1984. Brittonia 36: 8-14.

Spiranthes eatonii Ames ex P.M. Brown

EATON'S LADIES'TRESSES

NC - FL w to eLA


Spiranthes. floridana (Wherry) Cory

FLORIDA LADIES'-TRESSES

TX - NC

Spiranthes infernalis Sheviak

ASH MEADOWS LADIES'-TRESSES

NV

Sheviak, C.J. 1989. Rhodora 91: 225-234.

Spiranthes lacera Rafinesque var. lacera

NORTHERN SLENDER LADIES'-TRESSES

ALB - NS s to MO - VA

Spiranthes lacera Rafinesque var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer

SYN: Spiranthes gracilis Bigelow

SOUTHERN SLENDER LADIES'-TRESSES

KS, MI - ME s to TX - GA

Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames

LACE-LIPPED LADIES'-TRESSES

sNJ - FL w to TX

Spiranthes longilabris Lindley

LONG-LIPPED LADIES'-TRESSES

VA - FL w to TX

Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames

SHINING LADIES'-TRESSES

WI - NS s to KS - WV

Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak

GREAT PLAINS LADIES'-TRESSES

CHECKLIST

96

ND - sON s to NM, TX - GA; swVA

Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydberg) Rydberg

YELLOW LADIES'-TRESSES

MI - NS s to KY - VA

Spiranthes odorata (Nuttall) Lindley

SYN: Spiranthes cernua var. odorata (Nuttall) Correll

FRAGRANT LADIES'-TRESSES

NJ - FL w to TX

Spiranthes ovalis Lindley var. ovalis

SOUTHERN OVAL LADIES'-TRESSES

AR - TX e to FL

Catling, P.M. 1983. Brittonia 35: 120-125.

Spiranthes ovalis Lindley var. erostellata Catling

NORTHERN OVAL LADIES'-TRESSES

WI - sON s to LA - FL

Catling, P.M. 1983. Brittonia 35: 120-125.

Spiranthes parksii Correll

NAVASOTA LADIES'-TRESSES

TX

Catling, P.M. & K. L. McIntosh. 1979. SIDA 8: 188-193.

Spiranthes porrifolia Lindley

WESTERN LADIES'-TRESSES

WA - CA e to NV

Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson

GIANT LADIES'-TRESSES

NY - FL w to TX

forma albolabia Brown & McCartney - white-lipped form

Brown,P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 13.

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Chamisso

HOODED LADIES'-TRESSES

AK - NF s to CA, nNM, IN, PA; Ireland

Spiranthes torta (Thunberg) Garay & Sweet

SYN: Spiranthes tortilis (Swartz) L.C. Richard

SOUTHERN LADIES'-TRESSES

sLA , sFL; BA, WtI, CtA

CHECKLIST

97

Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque

SYN: Spiranthes grayi Ames

LITTLE LADIES'-TRESSES


Spiranthes vernalis Engler & Gray

GRASS-LEAVED LADIES'-TRESSES

NE - NH s to TX - FL; MX

Hybrids:

Spiranthes xborealis P.M. Brown

NORTHERN HYBRID LADIES'-TRESSES

(S. casei var. casei x S. ochroleuca)

Brown, P.M. 1995. N.A Native Orchid Journal 1(4): 290. Spiranthes xfolsomii P.M. Brown (S. longilabris x S. odorata) FOLSOM"S HYBRID LADIES"TRESSES Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(1): 16.

Spiranthes xitchetuckneensis P.M. Brown

ITCHETUCKNEE SPRINGS LADIES'-TRESSES

(S. ovalis var. ovalis x S. odorata)

Brown, P.M. 1999. N.A Native Orchid Journal 5(4): 358-367.

Spiranthes xintermedia Ames

HYBRID LADIES'-TRESSES

(S. lacera var. gracilis x S. vernalis)

Catling, P.M. 1978. Rhodora 80: 377-389.

Spiranthes xmeridionalis P.M. Brown

SOUTHERN HYBRID LADIES'-TRESSES

(S. vernalis x S. praecox)

Brown, P.M. 1999. N.A Native Orchid Journal 5(4): 358-367.

2000. N.A Native Orchid Journal 6(2): 139.

Spiranthes xsimpsonii Catling & Sheviak

SIMPSON'S LADIES'-TRESSES

(S. lacera var. lacera x S. romanzoffiana)

Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana. 8(2): 78-80.

CHECKLIST

98

Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lexara) Lindley

SYN: Spiranthes michuacana (Lexara) Hemsley

MICHOACAN LADIES'-TRESSES

AZ, TX; MX

Coleman, R.A. 1996. Orchids 65(12): 1284-1287.

Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nuttall

CRANE-FLY ORCHIS


forma viridifolia P.M. Brown

Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):336-337.

Tolumnia variegata (Swartz) Braem

SYN: Oncidium varigatum (Swartz)

Oncidium bahamense Nash ex Britton & Millspaugh

Tolumnia bahamensis (Nash ex Britton & Millspaugh) G.J. Braem

FLORIDA VARIEGATED ONCIDIUM

se cFL, BA

Ackerman, J. 2000. Lindleyana 15(2): 93.

Sauleda, R.P. & R.M. Adams. 1989. Rhodora 91(866): 188-200.

Triphora amazonica Schlechter.

SYN: Triphora latifolia Luer f

WIDE-LEAVED TRIPHORA

FL; WtI

Ackerman, J. 2000. Lindleyana 15(2): 93-94.

Triphora craigheadii Luer

CRAIGHEAD'S TRIPHORA

FL

Triphora gentianoides (Swartz) Ames & Schlecter

LEAST FLOWERED TRIPHORA

seFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg subsp. trianthophora

THREE BIRD'S ORCHIS; NODDING POGONIA

[including var. schaffneri Campbell]

IA - ME s to TX - FL

forma albidoflava Keenan - white-flowered form

caerulea P.M. Brown ined.- blue-flowered form

rossii P.M. Brown - multi-color form

Brown, P.M. 1999. NA Native Orchid Journal 5(1): 5

CHECKLIST

99

2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1): ined.

Keenan, P. 1992. Rhodora 94: 38-39.

Medley, M.E. 1991. Selbyana 12: 102-103.

Triphora rickettii Luer

RICKETT'S TRIPHORA

FL

Tropidia polystachya (Swartz) Ames

MANY-FLOWERED TROPIDIA

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Vanilla barbellata Reichenbach f.

WORM-VINE; LEAFLESS VANILLA

sFL; WtI

Vanilla dilloniana Correll

DILLON'S VANILLA

sFL; WtI

Vanilla mexicana Miller

SYN: Vanilla inodora Schiede

SCENTLESS VANILLA

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA

Vanilla phaeantha Reichenbach f.

OBLONG-LEAVED VANILLA

sFL; WtI

Vanilla planifolia Jackson in Andrews

COMMERCIAL VANILLA

sFL; WtI, CtA, n + wSA

Vanilla pompona Schiede

SOUTHERN VANILLA*

sFL

Zeuxine strateumatica (Linnaeus) Schlechter

LAWN ORCHID*

GA - FL; PR; se Asia

ANNOTATIONS TO THE CHECKLIST

100


Paul Martin Brown

The following annotations are designed to help the reader with recently revised taxa, call attention to significant range extensions and clarify some finer points of taxonomic controversy. Full reference citations are included within the Checklist. Several persons contributed to the information in the annotations including (but not limited to) Chuck Sheviak, Paul Catling, Dick Wunderlin, Bruce Hansen, Bob Dressler, Chuck McCartney and John Beckner. Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. occidentalis (Lindley) Ames Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei (Greenman) Freudenstein Freudenstein's recent mongraph on Corallorhiza details the differences and ranges. 1997.


101

Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlechter Cyclopogon elatus (Swartz) Schlechter At one time viewed as Spiranthes, more recently as Beadlea and, currently by Ackerman (1995) as Cyclopogon; based on the presence of intermediate taxa between Beadlea and Cyclopogon, with the latter name having priority Cypripedium kentuckiense C. F. Reed PURLOINED LADY'S-SLIPPER; IVORY-LIPPED LADY'S-SLIPPER Well known, but recently described species with a long (and convoluted) taxonomic history. See Brown, 1995 for details. Sheviak suggests purloined lady's-slipper for the common name in reference to the original discovery and subsequent publication! Recent range extension to eastern Virginia Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. parviflorum Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. pubescens Again a long, and often confusing, taxonomic history, but Sheviak (1996) has apparently sorted this out with a great degree of satisfaction. Cyrtopodium paranaense Schlecter This is the only correct identification of the 'other Cytopodium' in Florida See Roger Hammer's excellent and detailed article of misidentification and eventual determination (1997). Cyrtopodium andersonii does not occur - either native or introduced - in Florida.


102

Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soo One of two taxa of dactylorchids present in Newfoundland. Some taxonomic confusion, but recent European work uses this epithet rather than D. majalis var. praetermissa. D. praetermissa var. junialis Recent discovery in eastern Newfoundland. Meades, 1995; Clase & Meades, 1996. Encyclia rufa Based upon a collection of Small from Brevard Co., Florida. Epidendrum floridense Hagsater After years of confusion with the genus Hagsater (1993) has sorted them all out and described a number of new taxa, most of them geographically isolated. Epidendrum floridense is endemic to Florida and all specimens of E. difforme are E. floridense. Govenia sp. See Ed Greenwood's work in for details of why this is not G. utriculata and perhaps cannot be accurately identified. 1991/1996.


103

Habenaria odontopetala Reichenbach f. SYN: Habenaria strictissima Reichenbach f. var. odontopetala (Reichenbach f.) L.O. Williams Habenaria floribunda Lindley Although some Florida botanists are using Habenaria floribunda based on the possibility that there may be several taxa (3 in Florida) present within what most are calling H. odontopetala. If this is correct and there are also additional taxa in the Caribbean and Central and South America, until all of these can be sorted out they would fall under the oldest name for the group, which is H. floribunda. Much work is needed to resolve this situation. Liparis nervosa (Thunberg) Lindley SYN: Liparis elata Lindley in part A simple case of lumping and splitting. The broader taxon is L. nervosa. If one recognizes New World plants as separate from Old World plants, L. elata is applicable. Garay (1971) concluded that they are synonymous. Malaxis porphyrea (Ridley) Kuntze Malaxis wendtii Salazar Malaxis ehrenbergii (Reichenbach f.) Kuntze A tale of three red-flowered adder's-mouths from the Southwest U.S. A bit confusing to follow because of several publications and subsequent reassessments. Here is the recent chronology:

red-flowered Malaxis from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Mexico all known as Malaxis ehrenbergii

Salazar (1993) publishes Malaxis wendtii to separate two taxa in Mexico.


104

Todsen (1995) reassesses the US plants and publishes note that they should be referred to M. wendtii as are those in northern Mexico.

Closer examination by Coleman and Todsen of Arizona and New Mexico material show they are not M. wendtii nor are they the more southerly M. ehrenbergii. Subsequently they are identified as M. porphyrea, with the type specimen from Arizona. These include plants from Arizona and New Mexico. 1997.

Todsen determines that plants from the Big Bend area of west Texas are actually M. wendtii. 1997.

Malaxis soulei L.O. Williams Prior and valid name for M. macrostachya Platanthera pallida P.M. Brown Recently describe from eastern Long Island and part of the P. cristata/blephariglottis/ciliaris complex. Plants reduced to synonymy with P. cristata and at one time with P. xcanbyi (hybrid between P. cristata and P. blephariglottis). Recent unpublished work form the University of Wisconsin shows that they have parentage with P. cristata and P. blephariglottis, but not in the same proportions as P. xcanbyi. P. pallida forms large, reproducing colonies whereas P. xcanbyi occurs as scattered individuals with both parents. A similar situation can be found in P. chapmanii and P. xchannellii. 1993. Platanthera purpurascens (Rydberg) Sheviak & Jennings


105

See Sheviak and Jennings (1997) recent article on this new combination Prosthechea boothiana (Lindley) W.E. Higgins var. erythronioides (Small) W.E. Higgins Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W.E. Higgins var. triandra (Ames) W.E. Higgins Prosthechea pygmaea (Hooker) W.E. Higgins All formerly in the genus Encyclia. From Wes Higgins at the University of Florida: An ongoing systematic study of the genus Encyclia based on holomorphology has determined that the genus is neither morphologically cohesive nor monophyletic. In a preliminary molecular study, analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA supports the morphological conclusion that the Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum clade should be raised to the generic level because these species are sister to the Cattleya-Laelia clade not to Encyclia subgenus Encyclia. However, the monophyly of the three currently recognized subgenera of Encyclia i.e., Encyclia subg. Osmophytum, Encyclia subg. Encyclia, and Encyclia subg. Dinema, is supported by cladistic analysis of both morphological and molecular data. Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum

is raised to generic level and treated as Prosthechea. 1998. Pseudorchis straminea (Fernald) Soo Recent analysis by Lars-Gunner Reinhammar (1995/1997) indicates that two distinct species should be recognized. Ours in North America is the above. Schiedeella fauci-sanguinea (Dod) Burns-Balogh Although plants of Schiedeella parasitica in the southwestern US may be referable to this taxon, research is underway that indicates that it most likely is neither S.


106

fauci-sanguinea nor S. parasitica and may be in need of a new description. 1996. Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon) Ames Recent and most curious addition to the orchid flora of North America. See John Beckner's detailed account. 1996. Spiranthes amesiana Schlechter Included by Wunderlin et al. in the Florida Atlas based upon the single specimen at AMES. Included in synonymy with S. torta by most other authorities. Whether it was a single anomaly or has simply been overlooked remains to be determined. Fieldwork in south Florida should help to solve this mystery. 1996. Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley Spiranthes floridana (Wherry) Cory Recognized by Wunderlin et al. as separate species. If based purely on degree of pubescence and range, that hardly seems sufficient. If there are other characters that separate the taxa, then perhaps they can be viewed as two species. Has been suggested that perhaps S. brevilabris is a hybrid of S. vernalis and S. floridana. 1996.

RECENTLY DESCRIBED OR TRANSFERRED TAXA

In the past 25 years many new species have been

described for North America, as well as several varieties elevated to species level. The following lists them with


107

their date of publication. This list does not include forma.

New Species Calopogon oklahomensis 1995 Cypripedium kentuckiense 1981 Malaxis wendtii 1993 Piperia candida 1990 Piperia colemanii 1993 Piperia elegans subsp. decurtata 1993 Piperia yadonii 1990 Platanthera pallida 1993 Platanthera praeclara 1986 Platanthera zothecina 1986 Spiranthes casei var. casei 1974 Spiranthes casei var. novaescotiae 1981 Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata 1983 Spiranthes delitescens 1990 Spiranthes diluvialis 1984 Spiranthes inferrnalis 1989 New status Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei Hexalectris spicata var. arizonica Restored to the species level, from either varietal status or synonymy Cleistes bifaria Cypripedium yatabeanum Malaxis bayardii Malaxis diphyllos


108

Malaxis porphyrea Malaxis soulei Platanthera macrophylla Platanthera purpurascens Ponthieva brittoniae Pseudorchis straminea Spiranthes amesiana Spiranthes floridana Spiranthes odorata Spiranthes ochroleuca From the hybrid level Platanthera chapmanii New Hybrids Cypripedium xalaskanum Platanthera xchannellii Platanthera xkeenanii Platanthera xvossii Spiranthes xborealis Spiranthes xsimpsonii Excluded species: In the Spring 1997 issue of The Palmetto Chuck McCartney deals will a number of Florida species which have had dubious documentation in the United States. Those species are excluded from the checklist. Brassavola nodosa Leochilus labiatus Maxillaria sanguinea Restrepiella ophiocephala Tetramicra caniculata


109

Those species which are considered introduced or adventive: This often becomes a difficult assessment. Some species are well documented, such as an escaped Bletilla or Cyrtopodium, others are more difficult to assess. There could perhaps be additional species listed here, such as Pelexia adnata, if we consider that they simply may have 'blown over' from the Caribbean. See note on Spiranthes sinensis in the next article. Bletilla striata Cyrtopodium paranaense Dactylorhiza cf. fuchsii Epidendrum radicans Epipactis atrorubens Epipactis helleborine Gymnadenia conopsea Listera ovata Oeceoclades maculata Zeuxine strateumatica Those species formerly included in the genus Habenaria and most often found within that species in the majority of the literature. It is implied that all subspecies and varieties are included within the species, and are listed only if the name is significantly different. This list is not meant to be exhaustive, but contains the vast majority of synonyms used with Habenaria in the bulk of the literature. Habenaria albida var. straminea = Pseudorchis straminea Habenaria blephariglottis = Platanthera blephariglottis


110

Habenaria brevifolia = Platanthera brevifolia Habenaria chorisiana = Platanthera chorisiana Habenaria ciliaris = Platanthera ciliaris Habenaria clavellata = Platanthera clavellata Habenaria cooperi = Piperia cooperi Habenaria correlliana = Platanthera integrilabia Habenaria cristata = Platanthera cristata Habenaria dilatata = Platanthera dilatata Habenaria elegans = Piperia elegans Habenaria elegans var. elata = Piperia elongata Habenaria elongata = Piperia elongata Habenaria flava = Platanthera flava Habenaria grandiflora = Platanthera grandiflora Habenaria hookeri = Platanthera hookeri Habenaria huronensis = Platanthera huronensis Habenaria integra = Platanthera integra Habenaria integrilabia = Platanthera integrilabia Habenaria lacera = Platanthera lacera Habenaria leucophaea = Platanthera leucophaea Habenaria leucophaea var. praeclara = Platanthera praeclara Habenaria limosa = Platanthera limosa Habenaria macrophylla = Platanthera macrophylla Habenaria maritima = Piperia elegans Habenaria michaelii = Piperia michaelii Habenaria nivea = Platanthera nivea Habenaria obtusata = Platanthera obtusata Habenaria orbiculata = Platanthera orbiculata Habenaria peramoena = Platanthera peramoena Habenaria psycodes = Platanthera psycodes Habenaria purpurascens = Platanthera purpurascens Habenaria saccata = Platanthera stricta Habenaria sparsiflora = Platanthera sparsiflora


111

Habenaria stricta = Platanthera stricta Habenaria straminea = Pseudorchis straminea Habenaria tipuloides var. behringiana = Platanthera tipuloides var. behringiana Habenaria unalascensis = Piperia unalascensis Habenaria unalascensis var. elata = Piperia elongata Habenaria unalascensis var. maritima = Piperia elegans Habenaria viridis = Coeloglossum viride var. viride Habenaria viridis var. bracteata = Coeloglossum viride var. virescens Habenaria zothecina = Platanthera zothecina Hybrids: Habenaria xandrewsii = Platanthera xandrewsii Habenaria xbicolor = Platanthera xbicolor Habenaria xcanbyi = Platanthera xcanbyi Habenaria xmedia = Platanthera xmedia Those species formerly included in the genus Spiranthes and most often found within that species in the majority of the literature. Spiranthes adnata = Pelexia adnata Spiranthes cinnabarina = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus Spiranthes costaricensis = Beloglottis costaricensis Spiranthes cranichoides = Cyclopogon cranichoides Spiranthes durangensis = Deiregyne durangensis Spiranthes elata = Cyclopogon elatus Spiranthes lanceolata = Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata Spiranthes lanceolata var. paludicola = Sacoila lanceolata var. paludicola Spiranthes michuacana = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum Spiranthes orchioides = Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata


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Spiranthes parasitica = Schiedeella fauci-sanguinea Spiranthes polyanthus = Mesadenus polyanthus Other genera often used Stenorrhynchos lanceolatum = Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata Beadlea cranichoides = Cyclopogon cranichoides Beadlea elata = Cyclopogon elatus

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LOOKING FORWARD

JUNE 1998

Historical Orchid Collections from Brooklyn, New

York

Amerorchis rotundifolia forma lineata

Trifling with Triphora and Silly Ciliaris

The Growing Season

New Chromosome Number Determinations in Platanthera

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5th

ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN

NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE Lake Itasca State Park, Minnesota

July 8, 9, 10 & 11, 1998

We will begin at noon on July 8th and continue with speakers'

meetings and a wide variety of programs and workshops on July 9th•

Field trips on the 10th & 11

th present an opportunity to see a diversity

of native orchids in full flower. The two specialties of the conference

will be

Malaxis paludosa BOG

ADDER'S-MOUTH and a special trip to the international boundary in Manitoba to see

Platanthera praeclara WESTERN

PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHIS in one of the largest stands known-

in 1996 over 20,000 flowering stems were seen

Speakers include:

Welby Smith, author, Orchids of Minnesota Bill

Steele, Spangle Creek Labs Larry Zettler,

Illinois College Lorne Heshka, Orchids of

Manitoba Dianne Plunkett, photographing

orchids Mark Larocque, Piperia mysteries

Paul Martin Brown, Color Variation and Form

Margaret From, Platanthera praeclara Nancy Cowden,

Platanthera ciliaris complex

March 1998 North American Native Orchid Journal

Documents

Transcript of March 1998 North American Native Orchid Journal