Bibliographic control features, or

MARC and access points

IST 603 September 20, 2006

Denise A. Garofalo

Bibliographic control features

Imposing bibliographic control in order to retrieve information packets requires a means of locating the desired information packet

Bibliographic control is most commonly achieved through access points

Choice of access points

Select all names and titles under which the user might look for the item

For each item there is one primary access point, a.k.a. the main entry

The other access points are called added entries

Main entry

Historically the one place the user could find all the information about the work in the printed catalog

Added entries could contain less information since you could refer to the main entry for the entire body of information

Technology and online catalogs has changed this situation, but card catalogs still follow this pattern

Main entry

In AACR2, 2002 revision, chapter 21, choice of access point and main entry are discussed

Concept of main entry still useful even in an online environment

Main entry helps in the creation of uniform titles

Main entry necessary to distinguish it from added entries when creating a listing with a single citation for each work, i.e. bibliography

Uniform title

Used when a work has appeared under more than one titleBrings all appearances of a work togetherTraditionally used for sacred scriptures, creeds, liturgical works, and anonymous classics, generally as main entries

BibleMother Goose

More on uniform titles

For music, laws, liturgical works, and translations there is a main entry with a uniform title

The problem with uniform titles is choosing which title IS the uniform title

Chapter 25 in AACR2, 2002 revision covers uniform titles in detail

Basic rules from AACR2, 2002 rev.

Access points are located in the chief source of information (rule 1.0A1)

Relative information may appear in locations other than the chief source of information, but stress is placed on the info located in the chief source—it’s the authoritative spot to find the information

General rule

A personal author is the person chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work

Personal author—general rule

Personal authors can be composers, writers, photographers, performers, cartographers, etc.

Rules for works of single personal authorship are found in 21.4

Rules for added entries are found in 21.29-21.30

Corporate bodies

A corporate body is an organization or a group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity

Corporate body—general rule

Litmus test of a corporate bodyDoes it have a name, a specific name and not just a description of the corporate body? (United Nations)Are the initial letters of important words in the name capitalized? (American Medical Association)Are the words associated with a definite article? (rarer)

Corporate bodies are institutions, business firms, associations, governments and parts thereof, conferences, ad hoc events such as festivals, and ships

Clues to corporate bodies

Work deals with the body itselfDeals with official pronouncementsIt’s a work of a collective nature such as the activities of conferences/expeditions/eventsPerformances that are the responsibility of the groupCartographic items for which the group does more than distribute and publish

If not a corporate body, then what?

If a work does not fit the corporate rules then the main entry is chosen as if no corporate body is involved

Added entry for the corporate body is madeIf a subordinate unit of the corporate body is responsible then the name of the unit and not the corporate body as a whole is used if the unit’s name and responsibility is stated prominently

Title main entry

Title main entry is used when there is no known author or personal authorship is diffuse and the work is not eligible for entry under corporate body, or when the work is a collection of multiple authorship or editorial direction, or the work is accepted as sacred scripture by a religious group

Changes--monographs

Monographs which have been modified by someone other than the person responsible for the original edition are treated according to rules 21.9-21.23

If nature and/or content has been changed, the main entry will be different than the original

If an abridgement the original main entry is used

Work where its nature changed

Look before you bounce : based on the original story by A.A. Milne / Walt

Disney Productions.

32 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm.

I. Milne, A. A. Hundred acre wood. II. Walt Disney Productions.

An abridged work

Grimes, Martha.

The case has altered [sound recording] / Martha Grimes ; abridged by Judith Benenson ; read by Tim Curry.

I. Benenson, Judith. II. Curry, Tim. III. Title.

Changes--serials

A serial requires a new entry for the following changes in persons or body:

Does the serial have a corporate body main entry and that corporate body has changed its name?

Does the serial have a corporate body or personal author as main entry and that body or person is no longer responsible for the serial?

Works of single person authors

If the item contains a work or works by a single personal author than the main entry is the heading for that person

Single corporate bodies

An item which has a work or works for which a corporate body is responsible should have the heading for that corporate body as main entry (if one or more of the categories of rule 21.1B2 apply)

Works of unknown origin

If the authorship of an item is unknown or of uncertain responsibility or the group responsible for the work lacks a name then the items will have a title main entry

Works of shared responsibility

In those situations where two or more persons or corporate bodies have made the same kind of contribution to a work, or when the same kinds of contributions come from one or more persons and one or more corporate bodies follow the rules (for mixed responsibility, rules 21.8-21.27; main rules are found at 21.6)

Editorial direction given

If contributions by different persons or corporate bodies are brought together either as collections of previously existing independent works or extracts from those works or as contributions produced under editorial direction, or as combinations of these two situations then use rule 21.7

Mixed responsibility

Determination of main entry in a work where the intellectual or artistic content contributions come from different sources and which did different tasks (illustrating, writing, translating, etc.) is based to a large extent on the relative importance of such contributions (rule 21.8)

Adaptations

Adaptations (where there are changes in literary form, such as a dramatization, or a paraphrasing or an adaptation for children) are entered under the heading for the adaptor or if the adaptor is unknown then under the title (rule 21.10)

Illustrated texts

Works of collaboration between a writer and an artist are found under rule 21.24

If an illustrator adds illustrations to a text then the main entry is the heading appropriate to the text and an added entry for the illustrator may be given (rule 21.11)

Revisions of text

If either the name of the original author appears in a statement of responsibility in the revision or the name of the original author appears in the revision’s title proper and no other person is named in a statement of responsibility or other title information, then the main entry for the original work is used (rule 21.12)

Texts with commentaryIf the chief source of information presents the work as a commentary then the entry is under the heading appropriate to the commentaryIf the chief source of information presents the work as an edition of the original then the entry is under the heading for the original workIf the information is hazy then determine entry based on emphasis in the preface, typographical presentation or the extent of text and commentary (rule 21.13)

Translations

A single translation is entered under the heading appropriate for the original work, with an added entry for the translator (rule 21.14)

Texts with bio or critical material

If an item consists of a writer’s work or works accompanied by biographical or critical material written by someone else then the heading determination is based on how the item is represented in the chief source of information –if presented as a bio or criticism then the ME is for the biographer/critic; if an edition with editor, compiler, etc. then ME under the original writer (rule 21.15)

Break time

Art works

Includes paintings, engravings, photographs, drawings, sculptures, etc., and any other creative work that can be reproduced pictorially (e.g. ceramic design, tapestries, fabrics)

Art works—adaptations (21.16)

If an art work is adapted from one medium to another, the main entry is the adaptor; if the adaptor is unknown then use a title main entry, i.e. a reproduction of a sculpture is an adaptation and would most likely be a title main entry

If an art work is reproduced the main entry is the heading for the original

Art work reproductions (21.17)

If there is no text in the item and it consists of reproductions of an artist’s works the main entry is the heading for the artistIf text accompanies the reproductions of an artist’s works then the entry is under the personal heading for the author of the text if in the chief source of information that person is represented as author; otherwise the entry is under the artist

Musical works

All types of arrangements of musical works where the medium of performance has changed, the original has been simplified, the new work states “based on”, etc., new material has been incorporated or the harmony or style of the original has been changed are included in rule 21.18

Musical works with words

If a musical work includes words then the main entry is under the composer with an added entry for the writer of the words if the writer’s work is represented as in a full score or vocal score (rule 21.19)

This rule does not include librettos—see rule 21.28; footnote 7 contains an alternative rule

Sound recordingsRule 21.23 only applies to sound recordings which are modifications of other works—readings of texts like a book-on-tape/CD or performances of musical worksFor oral history and other interviews, rule 21.25Communications presented as having been received from a spirit are in rule 21.26Academic disputations (defense of a dissertation) are covered under rule 21.27Lectures and improvisations should be handled under the general rules

Chapter 21—the remainders

Provides detail on broad areas for dealing with choice of access points

Related works

Added entries

Special rules for special materials

MARC……………

What is a record?A record is a collection of fieldsA field contains a single unit of information within a recordA field may have one or more subfieldsTags (3-digit numeric codes) identify each fieldEach field ends with a field terminatorEach subfield is preceded by a deliminator sign followed by a single character codeEach record has the same components: leader, record directory, control fields—fixed fields, and variable fields

MARC

Once access points and main entry are determined, filling in a MARC record becomes less complicatedA MARC record can have 999 fields, the majority of which are variable in length and contentIt is the MARC record upon which all standard library automation is built

MARC anatomy

LEADERThe leader identifies the beginning of a new recordThe leader is fixed in lengthThe leader contains 24 characters

RECORD DIRECTORYContains a series of fixed length entries which identify the tag, length and starting position of each field in the record

More MARC anatomy

CONTROL FIELDS

Carry alphanumeric, often encoded, data elements

Always begin with a 0 (zero)

Many are fixed in length

They include: 007, 008, 010, 020, 022, 040, 041, 043, 045, 050, 082, 090, 092

And more MARC anatomyFIXED FIELDS

The two fixed length control fields which are commonly called fixed fields are 007 and 008

• 007 carries encoded data about the physical description of bibliographic items and is used predominantly for nonbook materials

• 008 carries general information about the content of the bibliographic record and is usually displayed in a single paragraph at the top of the screen with mnemonic tags. There are 40 character positions in this field

Still more MARC anatomy

VARIABLE FIELDSCarry alphanumeric data of variable length which is the traditional cataloging data elementsThree-digit number tags from 100-999 identify the variable fieldsDiscussion of variable fields is generally done in groups—the 1xx fields, the 2xx fields, the 6xx fields, and so on

MARC

Review the MARC record information handout sheet

Note the indicators between the 3-digit field number and the first subfield

Format integration

MARC and formats

MARC was developed for English-language monographs

Different formats for MARC were developed to handle different materials

Serials

Sound recordings

Manuscripts and so on

Format integration

With the various formats for MARC records there were instances where a field or subfield was valid for one format but no others, or indicators or subfield codes would vary

In 1993 MARC format integration was implemented—one format for all materials

Questions?

Assignment

Read Chapters 8, 14, & 17

Attempt to review the corresponding sections in a library’s copy of AACR2, 2002 revised

Complete the homework assignment

Locate a MARC record, print it out and bring to class. Be prepared to discuss the record (you can generally get to a MARC record display in most Web-available OPACs)