Mara Z. Vitolins, Dr.P.H., M.P.H., R.D.: Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFU)

Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Trial: Baseline Evaluation of Selected Nutrients

and Food Group Intake

Mara Z. Vitolins, Dr.P.H., M.P.H., R.D.: Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFU)Andrea M. Anderson, M.S.: WFU

Linda Delahanty M.S., R.D.: Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes CenterHollie Raynor, Ph.D., R.D.: University of Tennessee Knoxville

Gary Miller, Ph.D., R.D.: WFUConnie Mobley, Ph.D., R.D.: University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Dental Medicine

Rebecca Reeves Dr.P.H., R.D.: Baylor College of MedicineMonica Yamamoto Dr.P.H., F.A.D.A., R.D., L.D.N.: Graduate School of Public Health

University of PittsburghCatherine Champagne Ph.D., R.D.: Pennington Biomedical Research Center

Rena R. Wing, Ph.D.: Brown UniversityElizabeth Mayer-Davis, Ph.D., R.D.: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Vitolins, M, et al.J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109 (August)

JOURNAL OF THEAMERICAN DIETETICASSOCIATION



Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Trial: Baseline Intakes of Selected Nutrients and Food Groups

Demographic and health characteristics of participants (N=2757) who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)

Completed FFQ: n (%)

Sex

Male 1122 (41)

Female 1635 (59)

Age (years)

45-55 1191 (43)

56-65 1183 (43)

66-75 383 (14)

Race

White 1758 (64)

African-American

414 (15)

Hispanic 350 (13)

Other 234 (8)

Completed FFQ: n (%)

Education (years)

< HS Degree 534 (20)

HS to Some College 1030 (38)

Bachelor’s Degree or More 1133 (42)

Income level

<$40,000 780 (31)

$40,00-69,999 736 (29)

>$70,000 996 (40)

Body Mass Index

25 - < 30 395 (14)

30 - <35 960 (35)

35 - <40 741 (27)

40 + 661 (24)

Completed FFQ: N (%)

Diabetes Treatment

No Medications 323 (12)

Oral Diabetes Medications

1858 (68)

Insulin only 117 (4)

Insulin and Oral Diabetes Medications

418 (15)

Diabetes Duration (years)

0-2 465 (17)

>2-5 793 (29)

>5 -10 790 (29)

>10 681 (25)




Recommended Daily Nutrient Intake by Sex and Gender and Overall Percent of Look AHEAD Participants Meeting Recommendations

NutrientRecommended Daily Intake

Actual Daily Intake (Median, IQRa)

% Meeting Recommendation

% Total Fat ≤ 30 40 (35-45) 7

% Saturated Fat ≤ 10 13 (11-15) 15

Cholesterol (mg/d) ≤ 300 297 (202-422) 51

Sodium (mg/d)

Age 31-50 ≤ 1500 2846 (2006-3910)

8Age 50-70 ≤ 1300 2551 (1895-3426)

Age >70 ≤ 1200 2026 (1400-2744)

Calcium (mg/d)

Age 31-50 ≥ 1000 744 (522-1087)

20Age 50-70 ≥ 1200 689 (484-1014)

Age >70 ≥ 1200 604 (409-839)

Fiber (g/d)

Age 31-50 – Male ≥ 38 20 (16-25)

20

Age 50-70 – Male ≥ 30 19 (14-25)

Age >70 – Male ≥ 30 16 (12-21)

Age 31-50 – Female ≥ 25 18 (13-22)

Age 50-70 – Female ≥ 21 17 (12-22)

Age >70 – Female ≥ 21 15 (12-19)

a. IQR=Interquartile range which shows the 25th to 75th percentiles of intake




Look AHEAD participants Food Guide Pyramid Food Group Consumption: Recommended daily servings versus actual servings

Food GroupMinimum

Recommended Servings per Day

Actual Servings Consumed per Day

(Median, IQRa)

% Meeting Recommendationb

Grains 6 3 (2 – 4) 7

Fruits 2 2 (1 – 3) 36

Vegetables 3 3 (2 – 4) 38

Dairy 2 2 (1 – 3) 40

Meat 2 2 (2 – 3) 82

Fats, Oils, Sweets

Limit 2 (1 – 3)28

a. IQR= Interquartile range which shows the 25th to 75th percentiles of intake.b. Percent consuming at least the recommended intake for grains, fruit, vegetables, dairy, and meat; % consuming no more than 1 serving for fats/oils/sweets.




Number and Percent of Look AHEAD Participants Meeting Daily Recommended Servings of Food Guide Pyramid Food Group Intake

N Grain Fruit Vegetables Dairy Meat Fats, Oils, Sweets

Sex a a a

Male 1122 73 (7) 403 (36) 431 (38) 465 (41) 753 (67) 292 (26)

Female 1635 126 (8) 669 (41) 735 (45) 645 (40) 1005 (62) 466 (29)

Age (years) a a a

45-55 1191 119 (10) 422 (35) 517 (43) 494 (42) 810 (68) 308 (26)

56-65 1183 67 (6) 475 (40) 503 (43) 471 (40) 745 (63) 327 (28)

66-75 383 13 (3) 175 (46) 146 (38) 145 (38) 203 (53) 123 (32)

Race a a a a a a

White 1754 99 (6) 615 (35) 796 (45) 806 (46) 1106 (63) 417 (24)

African American

414 21 (5) 192 (46) 128 (31) 110 (27) 260 (63) 134 (32)

Hispanic 346 50 (14) 175 (51) 151 (44) 114 (33) 244 (71) 122 (35)

Other 233 28 (12) 84 (36) 89 (38) 76 (33) 141 (61) 83 (36)

a. Will indicate p<.05 based on Chi Square tests.





N Grain Fruit Vegetables Dairy Meat Fats, Oils, Sweets

Education (years) a a a

< High School Degree 534 48 (9) 248 (46) 211 (40) 192 (36) 316 (59) 169 (32)

High School- Some College

1029 69 (7) 370 (36) 417 (40) 390 (38) 652 (63) 277 (27)

Bachelor’s or More 1132 79 (7) 432 (38) 503 (44) 502 (44) 757 (67) 295 (26)

Income a a a a a

<$40,000 780 72 (9) 355 (46) 314 (40) 288 (37) 480 (62) 254 (33)

$40,000-69,999 736 53 (7) 276 (38) 316 (43) 298 (41) 457 (62) 197 (27)

$70,000+ 995 61 (6) 353 (36) 440 (44) 435 (44) 665 (67) 227 (23)

Body Mass Index a a a a

25-<30 395 18 (5) 168 (43) 152 (39) 153 (39) 233 (59) 141 (36)

30-<35 960 56 (6) 377 (39) 399 (42) 367 (38) 563 (59) 294 (31)

35-<40 741 53 (7) 282 (38) 319 (43) 293 (40) 498 (67) 172 (23)

40+ 661 72 (11) 245 (37) 296 (45) 297 (45) 464 (70) 151 (23)






N Grain Fruit Vegetables Dairy MeatFats, Oils,

Sweets

Diabetes Treatment a a a

No Medications 323

15 (5) 159 (49) 120 (37) 133 (41) 181 (56) 93 (29)

Oral Diabetes Medications 1858 134 (7) 752 (41) 715 (39) 754 (41) 1193 (64) 513 (28)

Insulin only 117 4 (4) 51 (44) 53 (45) 37 (32) 72 (62) 33 (28)

Insulin and Oral Diabetes Medications

418 40 (10) 190 (46) 170 (41) 169 (40) 288 (69) 109 (26)

Diabetes Duration

0-2 Years 460 36 (8) 207 (45) 174 (38) 194 (42) 295 (64) 140 (30)

2-5 Years 785 59 (8) 322 (41) 309 (39) 298 (38) 482 (61) 216 (28)

5-10 Years 784 56 (7) 326 (42) 279 (36) 327 (42) 498 (64) 209 (27)

10+ Years 677 43 (6) 288 (43) 282 (42) 269 (40) 448 (66) 183 (27)


Mara Z. Vitolins, Dr.P.H., M.P.H., R.D.: Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFU)

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