oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 88

zexrde zeaebz

m"anxl qgeind dpyd y`x zkqn yexit xaca cer

,e"kxz qixta lixa i"x i"r dpey`xl qtcp dpyd y`x zkqnl m"anxd yexit

ici lr lawzp m"anxl qegiid .zepey zexevae zetqep minrt qtcpe xfg f`ne

`ed m"anxl xeaigd qegii ok` m`d dl`yd dxxerzp xwgna la` ,miqitcnd

`vni epxec cr el` mixwgnl mipeivd z` .m"anxd epi` exagn `ny e` ,oekp

(h"lyz milyexi) zpwezn dycg dxecdn 'sl`d ixy'a oiirnd1oce ay dpexg`l .

xlqwit c"x jka2'nr [` ,p] r"yz ixyz) 'oirnd' ly mcewd 'lba mqxtzp dzre ,

zl`ye ,m"anxd zpyna ycegd icr zwica' xhl`e iy axd ly exn`n (21-3

yexitd ok` ik miwiqn mipexg`d ipy .'el qgeind d"x zkqnl cenlzl yexitd

m"anxd azk dfd yexitd z` ik (21 'nr) xeaq xhl`e y"xy `l` ,m"anxl `ed

.ezexgaa

enlrp iixacy daiqd efy d`xpe) `gxe` ab` df `yepa izazk ip` s`e li`ed

.dxrdk mewn mixacl cgiil i`ck ile` izxn` ,(jka miwqerd ipirn

ixard xtqd zecleza micenr' ixtqa-'nr (d"qyz ,milyexi) 'dwzrde daizk

,mipey`xd lv` miwxte zezkqn zenya diptdde oeivd jxc lr izazk 369-345

mi`ad mixacd z` izazk 370 'nra mye3dzr cr epipny mipencwd lk oian" :

eizeaeyze zeevnd xtq ,dpynd yexit zwica .m"anxd `ede ,otec `veid cg` yi

,ef jxc .ixeciqd mxtqna wxe j` `l` - mnya miwxtd z` dpkn epi` ik d`xn

ynn yi m` reawl epl zxyt`n ,b"alxle m"anxl wxe j` d`xpk zipiite`d

yexitd z` izwca z`f ceqi lr ."zenieqn zexivi ly oxagnk m"anxd qegiia

dl` miyecig qegii lr ewlgy yi ,recik" :371 'nra my iixac el`e ,dpyd y`xl

zligza ep`vn dpde .dl` miyeciga oeivd zhiy z` ,`et` ,wecap .m"anxl

1,h"lyz milyexi ,zpwezn dycg dxecdn ,sl`d ixy ,miealcpn c"ix-xyk n"nx d`x

fvwz 'nr zetqede zenlyda la` .zerha el qgein yexitdy eazk my ,9 'qn fhx 'nr

'xe li`ed m"anxl `ed yexitd ik iela i"nx ly ezrc mdipiae ,mitqep zexewn e`aed

.enya yexitd on hhvn xdd on mdxa`

2uaew=] (d"qyz) elw-dlw ipiq ,'m"anxl dpynd yexita dtiwz oeyl' ,xlqwit c"x

'nrae ,df oiipra `ed s` oc ,gvw-`pw 'nr ,[ezxihtl dpy ze`n dpeny z`lna m"anxd

cr `yepa miwqerd z` xwq 4 dxrd apw 'nra .m"anxd ly `ed yexitd ik wiqd gvw

.epnf

3oi`y oeik ,llkdn mi`vei ly hren xtqn izpiiv myy s` ,zexrdd z` izwzrd `l

.xtqa oiiri oda oiipernde ,eppiiprl jk lk zeizernyn

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a89

.'c wxt zexeka' :(bq 'nr ,b"kyz milyexi ,y"wf 'cdn) ibilt `le d"ca ,miyecigd

,dl` mipeiv ipy .'c"t miaexr zkqna' :(gt 'nr my) mixace d"c `"r ck sc lre

ked mda oi`y s`d`xpk ef xen`k ixdy ,mda yi xacl xkf dxe`kl ,dxenb dg

micwn eipeiv lkay oeeik ,dfa oiirl yiy `l` .m"anxd ly zicrlad ekxc

iriaxa' :xnel el dide ,zkqnd myl wxtd ly ixeciqd xtqnd z` m"anxd

x`ya mb .miptl jixv oiicr oiiprdy ok m` `vnp ;'oiaexirn iriaxa' ,'zexekan

'nr) mipeiv dyely cer ep`vn y"wf zxecdna eqtcpy cenlzl m"anxd iyecig

jixve ,xacd xyt rbxk izrci `le .d"xl eiyeciga oeivd jxc lr mleke ,(bw ,gk ,eh

zkqna od ,cenlzl eiyeciga ,xen`l ,mdixacl mihep epixac ik `vnp ."xexia

oeiv zhiy lr xagnd xney ,dlibne zay zezkqnl eiyeciga ode dpyd y`x

wx zipiite`e epl mirecid mipey`xd lk oian dpina zcgein `idy ,dcig`

.dpyd y`xl miyecigd xagn `ed `edy gipdl xiaq k"`e ,m"anxl

iznqxt `ly it lr s`) ixtq z` izazky zra izayg ,oeivd zhiy iepiy oiipra

wxtl xtqnd z` micwdl yi ok` ziaxra ik (dn meyn il xekf `l ,xtqa z`f

xyt` .wxtd xg`l xtqnd z` xnel laewn zixara la` ,m"anxd bdpy itke

zixara eazkp cenlzl eiyecigy `et`4.oeyld iepiyl daiqd efe ,

,epiptly `yepl qgia da izynzyd `l la` ,ixtqa izazky ztqep dpwqn

,ixeciqd xtqnd it lr llk jxca i"yx oiivi oey`x wxtl" :381 'nra dazkp

wxt' oiivl bdep i"yx ik mi`ex ep` oexg` wxtl qgia .wxtd my it lr `le

ep` miwxtd x`yl qgia .wxtd ly ixeciqd xtqnd itl oiivn `ed oi`e ,'`xza

itl didi oeivdy xzei xiaq ,dler wxtd ly ixeciqd extqny lkk ik mi`ex

ilra iabl mb dpekp ef dpwqn ,ab` .ixeciqd extqn itl `le wxtd ly eny

ef ik gipdl yi ik my iztqed ."dnec dwica izkxr mda mbe li`ed ,zetqezd

miyeciga mi`ex ep` dpde .z`f izwca `l la` ,mipey`xd x`y ly mkxc

ly enyl oiiv `le ,'c wxt' dpyd y`x zkqna miinrt oiiv xagnd ik epiptly

o`k s` ik `vnp .g wxt migqt :azk (bw 'nr dlibnl eiyecig) zg` mrt .wxtd

x`yle dpyd y`xl l"pd miyecigd xagn ly oeivd zhiya mieqn cegii miiw

extqn itl wxtd z` oiivn `ed zkqnd ly mixge`n miwxta mbe ,zezkqnd

.ixeciqd

ode i"yx od epiivi mixwnd aexa ik 163 dxrda izazk my ixtqa .ok lr xzi

.mlv` dxicp `id 'oey`x wxt' dxevd mb .`"t `le ,'`nw wxt' dxeva zetqezd

zkqn' ,'` wxt migqt' :(gk 'nr ,eh 'nr) mi`ven ep` zay zkqnl miyeciga dpde

.mipey`xd lv` zlaewn jxc ef oi` ,xen`k .'oey`x wxt cinz

4zixewnd dtyd xaca mixzeq zexewn `iady ,14-13 'nr ,y"wf l"inx ly ezncwda d`x

miieha dnk lr xeaicd z` y"wf l"inx cgii 22 'nra ,ab` .miyecigd eazkp day

.miwxtd oeiva m"anxd ly cgeind epepbql qgiizd `l `ed j` ,epiax oeyll micgeind

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 90

m` .miyecigd xagn ly oeivd jxca zecgein zecewp cer o`k epipn ik `vnp

`ed miyecigd xagn ok`y sqep mieqn wefig jka yi ixd ,lirl xen`l z`f sxvp

xyt`n `ed m` wtq ok lre ,hren mipeivd xtqn ik zecedl yi mpn` .m"anxd

.zi`ce dpwqnl ribdl epl

l b i ty l`eny awr i

äää

zeipeniin zexrd izy

m"anxly iaxrd dpynd yexita o"anx ly eyeniyl .`

miipiad inia mbxez ,ziaxr recik azkpy ,m"anxl dpynd yexit ly exwir

ly mznfeil zeprid jezn ,ececirae `"ayxd ly execa mipey minkg icia zixarl

`nex inkg1`et` did `l ,ziaxr erci `le ,minebxzd meqxtl encwy minkg .

1jli`e o`kne) a"px iletp ,oiwifpe miyp ,cren mixcqd inbxzn ly mdizencwda xteqnk

,cren xcq dpynd yexitl enebxz zncwda ,l`etl` sqei 'x .(migeexd cenlzd iqetca

yexit ly miiaxr miwzer=] mixtqd" :exn`a `"ayxd aibd mebxzd zywal ik xtqn

,eplv` miievn mpi` [m"anxl dpyndixbd oeyl cenll eplbxd `l epininelr lbx `le ,

,iaxr my ldi `le ,iavd ux` lka dxixty dhp ycwd oeyl m` ik eppeylepizea`ne

legp deplgp `l miyecwdmpn` jke .(`"r ftw `plie qetc ,zayl dpynd yexit y`x) "

:miyp xcql dpynd yexit mbxzn ,iq`ar oa awri 'xl eazkna `"ayxd oeyln rnyn

o`kn wiqd xpiixy .(a xeh 150 sc ,iletp qetc dpyna miyp seq) "epeyl z` oiap `l ik"

`"id d`nd oa inlqend cnelnd ibexhwy gipdl jxved jkle ,ziaxr rci `l `"ayxdy

ly ekEeiza el ercep ,el qgeind 'l`rnyi lr xn`n'a `"ayxd aiyn mdilry ,mfg oa`

:d`x ;edylk ixar mebxzM. Schreiner, “Die Apologetische Schrift des Salomo b.

Adret gegen einen Muhammedaner”, ZDMG, 48 (1894), p. 42migipn zei`x `lae ..

:d`x ,mitqep mixweg jkN. Roth, “Forgery and Abrogation of the Torah: A Theme

in Muslim and Christian Polemic in Spain”, PAAJR, 54 (1987), p. 223; D. Sklare,

“Responses to Islamic Polemics by Jewish Mutakallimun in the Tenth Century”, H.å

Lazarus-Yafeh et al. (eds.), The Majlis, Wiesbaden 1999, p. 137ik xyt` ,mxa .cere ,

mixac s`e ;mebxzd infeil `l` ,envrl `"ayx oeekzp `l iq`ar i"x `iady mixaca

sqezip dne ,envr itlke ,`"ayxd icia xn`p ok` mkezn dn wtq l`etl` i"x `iady

yexitn hhivy a"r el dcpl `"ayx iyeciga ,lynl ,epivn ixde .dvilnd zx`tzl

"l"kr" zneiqae "epeyl dfe" zneciwa (c ,c my) m"anxl dpynd-epeylk mpi` mixacde

;(iia` dil xn` d"c) a"r dv zenail eiyeciga mb a"eike ;epiciay miipiad ini mebxz ly

d`xe ,a"r `p oiyeciw ;`"r gw ;a"r fw`"ayxy `et` wiqdl yi dxe`kl .`"r q my mb

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a91

m"anxly df xeaiga yeniy zeyrl mcia2.

,m"anxly miiaxrd eiazka o"anxly eyeniy zece` lr ixwgnd oeica ,dpde

eyexita zg` mrt :dpynd yexitl o"anxd wwcfp mday cala zenewn ipy epiev

iazk ,lreery c"gx 'cdn) mc`d zxez exeaiga miinrte ,(` ,k xacna) dxezl

(fy ,avx 'nr ,b"kyz mlyexi ,o"anx3oiiczn o"anxd oi` dl` zenewna ,mxa .

dl` miwlg ipye ;(zea`l dncwdd) 'miwxt dpeny'ae wlg wxtl dncwda `l`

`"ayxd inia mbxzip dpynd yexity mcew cer mebxzl ekf dpynd yexitn

,o"anxl oaenk mcwy ,oeaz 'o l`eny 'x mbxz zea`l dncwdd z` :llek ote`a

'o l`eny 'xl qgein `ede ,elld mipnfa mebxzl dzkf wlg wxtl dncwdd s`e

ifixgl` dcedi 'xl e` oeaz4lr cnln epi` dl` ipya o"anx ly eyeniy ik `vnp .

eli`k ,gvy sl` 'iq ,eizeaeyza f"acx ixac aeyiil) envra enbxze iaxrd xewna oiir

cibnd axde `"ayxd e`x m`d" ,lbity y"ix d`x ,"zeipynd yexit d`x `l" `"ayx

'nr ,[`"ypz ixyz] h ,zepetv ,"?m"anxl zeipynd yexit z` zeipeniin zedbd lrae

,jli`e a"px iletpn qtcpy recid mebxzd calny itl ,rxkd xaca oi` ,mxa .(bt-at

on mdxa` 'x iptl dide qp`aexta mbxez cg`d :minebxz ipy cer miyp xcql mireci

dncwd ,iela i"nx d`x ;ixi`nd n"xl dxigad zia z` llekd dnxt i"ka ievne ,xdd

,xexia jixv cer eaih ipyde .16-15 'rd cil ,a"kyz wxei eip ,zenail xdd on `"x yexitl

`i ,xtq ilr ,"miyp xcq dpynl m"anxd yexitl wizr ixar mebxz" ,xttew '` d`x

migewl miyp xcqn lirlc `"ayx ihehivy `et` xyt` .151-149 'nr ,(m"ycz)

did zexdhl mb `ny ,xacd jky zn`zi m`e .dwica oerh xacde ,elld minebxzn

xn`n' ly eqegii zl`y mekiql) dcpn lirlc `"ayxd hehiv gewl epnne ,sqep mebxz

'nr ,g"qyz wxei eip ,`"ayxl l`rnyi lr xn`n ,xe`p 'a d`x ,`"ayxl 'l`rnyi lr

zwqerd ,fkz 'iq b"g ,`"ayxd zaeyza mi`a eppiipra miyxetn mixacy `l` .(37-16

jeza ."eppeyll axrd oeyln dwzredy xg`" ,miqn oerxita ecleh ldw zpwz gqepa

on zg` daiz zernyna `"ayxd oiiczn eixaciaxrd xewndzeiexyt` izy dlrne ,

z`vn `ly iptn" `l` ;dzpadloecl izleki `l ,dfd oeyld wtqn ip`ivedl iwa o`k i

,`"ayxl dyibp ok` dziid ziaxrdy micnl epivnp ."elld mikxcd on zg`a czi rewzle

.dkxev lk da iwa did `ly `l`

2mbxez xak mdiniay ,ixi`nd n"xe `"ahixd eli`k xwgna elredy zeprhd zlilyl

g"q ,zepetq ,"envr ixac yxtnk m"anxd" ixn`na d`x ,edexikfd `l ,dpynd yexit

oebk ,siqedl yi `"ahixd on my ccead oeivl) 130 ,129 'rd 150-149 'nr ,b"qyz ,(bk) g

.(a"r ak zekn ;a"r bq ;a"r dn zeaezk ;a"r eh ziprzl eiyecig

3`"ahixl oexkifd xtq ,`pdk w"x :d`x2o"anxd" ,dtyi 'x ;2 'rd n 'nr ,b"nyz mlyexi ,

ezaiyg ,meldi 'y ly zetl`nd eizeiptd .80-79 'nr ,(g"nyz) fp ,uiaxz ,"ziaxrde

,oli` xa zhiqxaipe`a xehwec zcear ,milqpaextd eizexewn xe`l o"anxd ly zikldd

izcez .dpynd yexitn o"anx ly ze`ad zellek opi` ,19 'rd 3 'nr ,b"qyz obÎznx

.df exeaigl ipptdy meldi x"cl dpn`pd

4,miqegiid ipya wtq lihn ,fkw 'nr ,a"pyz mlyexi ,dpynl m"anxd zencwd ,zliy i"x

xcql sqei x"a dnly 'x ly llekd enebxzl d`xpd lkk mecw df mebxz ezrcl mb j`

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 92

oiir `l o"anxdy oerhl orehd lkei ik ,dpynd yexitl zirvn` izla zewwfid

xeaigd inebxza `l`5.

yeniy ,zepexg`d eizepya mpn` ,o"anx dyr eay ,epicia ievn sqep mewn ,mxa

oeyl yexita my wqer o"anxd .dpyd y`xl ezyxca `ede ,dpynd yexita

zwelgn z` `iane ,"dpicna `l la` ,oirwez eid ycwna" (`"n c"t d"x) dpynd

la`" :eyxit zetqeza la` ,mlyexi z` s` zllek "dpicn" i"yxl :zetqeze i"yx

"dpicna `l-mlyexi hrnl ,oileab ly6x"d yxit jke" :o"anxd siqen jk lre .

it lr ,ux`eey 'cdna epeyl `ed jk ."dpicna `l la` :zeipynd iyexita dyn

eiptl ecnry cid iazk7'nr ,o"anx iazk) lreery 'cdna s` qtcp jk eizeawrae ,

xi ,xlyxd 'cdn o"anxd iyecig zxcq jeza) obeaplpvw 'cdnae (cnx,f"nyz mlye

oeyld :mipaen mpi` mixacdy ,exird `l mixicdnd dl` lk ,mxa .(arw 'nr

;dpynd oeyl `l` epi` ixd ,m"anxl dpynd yexit mya lekiak ,o"anxd hhivy

?m"anxd `et` siqed dn

zyxc ly ,1323 bxeavpib ,dawqen i"k jezn mdil`n mixdazn mixacd j`

o"anxd8:

dpicna `l la` :dpynd yexita dyn x"d yxit jke-'yi c`la xi`q9.

y`xl dpynd yexita yeniy o`k dyr o"anxdy xac seq `l :micnl epivnp

epeyla e`ian `edy `l` ,einia llk mbxzip `l oiicr recid lk itly ,dpyd

mebxz" ,xttew '` dlib ,oiwifp xcq ly llekd enebxzl mcw `ed s`y ,sqep mebxz .oiwifp

.80-59 'nr ,(d"lyz) ` ,xtq ilr ,"'wlg' zpynl m"anxd yexit ly wizr

5o"anxd z`ad oia d`eeyd jxr dtyi ik xirdl yi .3 'rd lirlc dtyie `pdk jk lr d`xe

sqei oa dnly 'x ly enebxzl wlg wxtl dncwdd on-`l cer df mebxz :mrh oi` jkae

mitqepd minebxzd ipyl `id zihpeelxd d`eeydd ;o"anxd inia xagzp-zcnln efe

.hrna e` axa m` ,mipey o"anxd ihehivy

6'cdn ,mipyi zetqeza miievn mixacd j` ,epiptly dl` opi` o"anx `iady elld zetqez

z` ekra eyxca o"anx iptl ecnry zetqezd ivaw lr .dn 'nr ,m"ycz mlyexi ,xlyxd

o"anxd zyxca ixehqidd aihxpd :ekra zetqezd ilrae o"anxd" ,meldi 'y d`x ,ezyxc

.110-108 'nr ,(h"qyz) g ,mly ,"dpyd y`xl

7eixack ;53 'nr ,(a"rxz) a ,xbd ux`n dtevd ,"dpyd y`xl o"anxd zyxc" ,ux`eey 'f

,okpin i"kae dfphpfw dnex i"ka yeniy uxeey dyr ,137 'nr ,(`"rxz) ` my ,ezncwda

.szeyn xewn mdipyl yi eixacle

8,belhwd itl ;milyexia zine`ld dixtqay miixar ci iazk inelvzl oekna 48409 hxq

exn`nl eaeha ipptd e"xp lbity y"ix 'textd .e"h-c"i d`nd on icxtq ci azka xaecn

'nr ,(d"qyz lel`) fh ,oexeyi ,"dninz 'c zxez o"anxd zyxc" ,hkilxalif i"ix ly

.`idd dyxcl micray aehd `ed ocic ci azky rawp my ,ixz-hxz

9,c"pyz awri oexkf ipxezd fkxnd 'cdn o"anx iyeciga dlelkd dyxcd gqepa qtcp jke

.oiev `l gqepd xewn ;dtw 'nr

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a93

ixewnd iaxrd10,odilr eblic dl` zeaiz epiad `ly cid iazk x`y ixteq ,mxa !

.epiptly xytd xqg gqepd xvep jke

hly eizerici iaex x`y oia ik zecnlnd zei`x x`yl `et` sxhvn eppiipr

ziaxra s` o"anxd11,ziaxra dwinrn drici lr zecnln opi` dl` zeaiz ,ixa .

oiirl epax did cEnl eiig ly ef dtewza zegtly ,xxazn dzrn ik `ed aeygde¨

d exewnae ,m"anxly dpynd yexitaiaxr12.

m"anxl dpyd y`xl cenlzd yexit ly eqegiil cer .a

ccgl jxev yi oiicry dnec j` ,miax miqenlew exazyp xak zxzekay dl`ya

oiiprd xexiaa meik ep` micner eay mewnd z`13cbpk elred miperih ipin ipy ik .

qegiid-ixac lr riavnd oerihd `ed oexg`d beqd on .miizexazqde miizcaer

okzi `l hlgda rpnp dfy" :(gt`w i"x 'cdn) h ,a d"xl dpynd yexita m"anxd

epi`y ,zeipendd lk llekd ipend mc` `l` jka oin`i `le ,mipt meya ixnbl

dnry drcd ,dpde !"xengde xeyd biyny dn `l` milblbd jldnn biyn

,y"wf l"inx) dpyd y`xl cenlzd yexita epiptl dievn m"anxd o`k qnltzd

zrcd lr lawzn melk ;(`v-ht 'nr ,b"kyz mlyexi ,cenlzl m"anxd iyecig

jk ick dievn izla zetixga `hazi m"anxdy-dlrd envr `edy yexit lr

ly dfd qrkd lk xac ly ezn`l" ik onxail y"x aiyd df oerih lr ?ezexirva

azk n"xd ixde .ezeclia eze` mb liykd dfd yexitdy gipp m` dti x`azn epax

eze`ay xyt`e ,c`n xirv oiicr didyk ,n"dit z` xagy iptl cenlzl eyexit z`

"ux`d zricie dpekzd znkg z` cenll cer witqd `l onf14zeybcd ,mpn`e .

`edy mixac zlily `ed mrwx mrt `l ,ezlef ixac cbpk m"anxly zenrhde

10z`ada dpexg` daiz melk ;"m`yl` c`la xi`q" :gt`w i"x 'cdn ,iaxrd xewna

?daizk ick jez ,ely enebxz `id (l`xyi="'yi") o"anxd

11.3 'rd lirl ,dtyi d`x

12on hhivy ,a"r h d"xl o"anxd iyeciga epivn a"eikiaxrd xewndipeilb"a `vny

,daiyid a` ozp axl dpynd yexit md dl` "zepeilb") "l`xyi ux` ly zepyi zeipyn

;4 'nr ,e"hyz mlyexi ,'zexewnd l`' zeipyna df yexitl y"wf l"inx ly e`ean d`x

lirl) meldi d`xe ;(1271 'nr ,g"yz mlyexi ,dpynd gqepl `ean ,oiihyt` p"i deeyd

o"anxd ziilr xg`l dtqezip miyeciga ef dwqt ik xyt`y ,27 'rd 108 'nr ,(6 'rd

.ux`l

13cenlzl yexitd zl`ye m"anxd zpyna ycegd icr zwica" ,xhl`e y"x ixac xe`l z`f

.25 'rd oldl d`xe ,21-3 'nr ,(r"yz ixyz) ` ,p ,oirnd ,"el qgeind d"x zkqnl

14.ai 'nr ,g"yz wxei eip ,l"f m"anxdl inlyexid zekld ,onxail 'y

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 94

xara mdl mikqd envr15ze`hazd dl` mixwna epivn `ly dnec ,ok it lr s` .

raewd oerihd `ed a"eik .`et` mirxken izla mixacde ;epiptly efk dtixg dk

,m"anxd on dtevnd dfl m`ez epi` df xeaign swzynd inepexhq`d rcidy

zil`ehwlhpi`d ezegztzd ly df mcwen alya elit`16dlelk onxail ixaca ;

.mirxken mpi` mixacd o`k s`y ixa j` ,jkl s` daeyz

mi`iand ,mipey`xa mipey zexewn lr riavnd df `ed miperih ly dpey beq

ok` eli` ;epiptly yexita opi`y ze`aen dpyd y`xl m"anxly cenlzd yexitn

xexial izycwdy xwgna ,mxa .dcaeray miperih o`k ixd ,mixacd ipt eid jk

cenlzl m"anxd iyexit lelkn ly mqegii17,cg`l cg` dl` miperih ewcap

yexitd qegii z` zlleyd zecr lk oi`y xac seq `l :ynn mda oi`y xxazpe

z` zeqgiind ,b"id d`nd ipey`xn lgd ,zeiecr oeebn yiy `l` ,m"anxl epiptly

m"anxl epiptly yexitd18y`x yexit ly ezrbd jxc epl dreci :z`fn dxzi .

liiwy l`eny 'x ,b"id d`nd oa iqp`aext mkg :dtexi`l m"anxd zian dpyd

enr e`iade yexitd z` wizrd ,oekizd gxfnl eirqn lbxl ribd ,eny did

qp`aextl19.

iptn ,i`ce jxc jk xnel oi` ?xeaigd ly eqegiia wtq lk `et` wlzqp m`d

yexit ly ezizyz .mllka m"anxl cenlzd iyexit ly mziipa jxc z` epzrici

eribdy itk ,ybin i"x ly eixeriye eiyexitn zewzrd `l` dpi` ,exagn zecrk ,df

,micinlz x`y zewzrdne ,ybin i"x ly ecinlz ,oeniin 'x eia`n m"anxd icil

oteqi` lr cwy m"anxdy20eay ,ely exeaig z` m"anxd dpa ef zizyz iab lr .

ifkxn ok` ybin i"xd zxez ly dnewn21zexagnd lelkny xzeia `et` xiaq .

llM ,cenlzl m"anxd iyexit eid milelk eay-eiyexit cva-oxwiry zexagn mb ¨

15ezaiyg zegztzdl iehiak m"anxl zeevnd xtq :xabznd oiirnk" ixn`n lynl d`x

zaygnae zicedi zebda mixwgn :x`ad itÎlr ,(mikxer) mixg`e jilx` '` ,"zizkldd

.my 84 'rda oievnae 173 'nr ,g"qyz ray x`a ,oiihycila awril miyben dkldd

16:lynl d`xH.A. Davidson, Moses Maimonides: The Man and his Works, New York

2005, pp. 144-145.150 'rd 155 'nr ,d`ad dxrda oievnd mewna izaebz d`xe ,

17.159-146 'nr ,2 'rd lirlc ixn`nl gtqp ,"cenlzl m"anxd yexit ly eicixy swidl"

18.155-151 'nr my d`x

19`le ,liiwy y"x icia wzred d"x yexit `weecy daiql .zexrdae 152-151 'nr my d`x

.159-158 'nr my izrvd d`x ,zezkqn x`y iyexit

20miyexit" xeaiga ezcear jxc xe`iza ,dpynd yexitl ezncwda m"anxd ixack

icil `ay dn izvaiwe" :"mixcqd zyelyaezlefe l"vf ia` iyexitnield sqei epax itn

ok mb ip` il d`xpy dne ,envra eyexita el iz`vny zekldd ok mb izvaiwe ,'eke l"f

;aq-`q 'nr ,a"pyz mlyexi ,dpynl m"anxd zencwd ,zliy i"x) 'eke "miyexitn

.(56 'rd 129 'nr ,my ixn`na d`x ,df htyna 'l"f'a 'l"vf' iteligl

21.56 'rd 130 'nr ,my ixn`na epiciay yexitd irhwa ybin i"xd ze`aen zniyx d`x

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a95

wizrdl m"anxd i`v`vn zeyx laiwy iny `vnp .eincew iyexit olek e`

,m"anxly exeaig eiptly zerha xeaql did leki cenlzl eiyexit zexagnn

miyexitd sqe`n `l` ,envr m"anxl dpi`y zxagn ef dziidy xyt` zn`ae

.m"anxd ly ezcear ogley lr evawpy

rxi` jky xxazp xak ixdy ,`nlra zihzetid zexyt`k xzep `l df xac ,ok`e

yexitn rhw lr oky .dpyd y`xl yexitd wizrn ,envr liiwy l`eny 'x mr

dibdy dnn iz`vn df d`x cer" :owihe i"ka xn`p dlibn zkqn cenlzl m"anxd

"l"fna m"xd epiax axd ixacn ,mixvna l`eny 'x cakpd22eyibxd xak mixweg .

m"anxl df rhw ly eqegii zeiziiraa23envr rhw eze`l dvpxit i"ka dpde ,

yxit jk" :aezk `vnpoeniin epiax"l"f ield sqei epiax eax itn cnly ,24!

d`na :dpyd y`x cenlzl m"anxd yexit zl`ya epizerici avn `et` edf

m"anxd iyexit zexagn jezn liiwy l`eny 'x icia df yexit wzred b"id

iptl df yexit cnr jke ;xaecn m"anxd yexitay dgpdd ceqi lre ,cenlzl

zexyt`d z` lke lkn lelyl dyw ,elredy zewtqd lya j` .mipexg`e mipey`x¥

`ed `l j` ,eizexagn sqe`a did lelke ,m"anxd iptl cnr mpn` df yexity

.rxkd oi` dry itle .exaigy

zeliawn zcnrd jezn m"anxl xeaigd qegii z` gikedl jxc oi`y dler dzrn

m"anxly mipey`xd ezaiyg ialyl xeaigd wtqny25mpn` xeaigdy ixa ixd : §

m` dl`yd zrxkd ;mipey mipiipr epnid uni`y gipdl lwpe ,m"anxd iptl cnr

cer dl`ky xyt`e ,mitqep miizcaer miielib d`xpk dperh xagnd envr `ed

.cizra mipetv

dwypd c e c

22,my ixn`n d`xe ;11 'rd bw 'nr ,b"kyz mlyexi ,cenlzl m"anxd iyecig ,y"wf l"inx

.135 'rd 152 'nr

23ixn`n d`xe ,176-177 'nr ,o"yz mlyexi ,wqetke seqelitk m"anxd ,xbpiel 'i :d`x

hi-gi ,ixard htynd oezpy ,"o"anxl m"anxd oia :dne` byend ly ihtynd eceqil"

.47 'rd 196 'nr ,(c"pyz-a"pyz)

24hp ,ipiq ,"a"r `l dlibna iia`c `xnin lr oencw yexit ly exagn xaca" ,xttew '`

.vx 'nr ,(e"kyz)

25,2 'rd lirlc ixn`na d`x ,dkldd megzn dnbecl ;(13 'rd lirl) xhl`e y"x ly ekxck

.139 'rd 152 'nr

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 96

ixewnd i"dzk t"r mipewize zenlydlbcd lr l"vf wew axd zyxcl

"oirnd"a il`xyid lbcd zeaiyg lr wew axd zyxc meqxt zeawra1`vn ,

axd ly w"izka aezk dyxcd ly ixewnd gqepd z` oniep a`f axd icici ixear

rbepa epizexryd lk hrnk d"a .daizk zpekna dyxcd dqtced epnn ,l"vf

milydl xzep z`f lka j` ,exye` zeyhyehnd e` zekezgd milind znlydl

.i"dzk t"r zeierh dnk owzle mihxt dnk

wew axd ly w"izka lbcd zyxc ly oey`xd cenrd

1oqip) b ,hn oirnd ,"il`xyid lbcd zeaiyg lr l"vf wew axd zyxc" ,hay wgvi ix`

wiz ,axd zia ly icerizd fkxna z`vnp zqtcend dyxcd meliv .55-68 'nr (h"qyz

.429/h/`

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a97

dnke ,i"dzkay gqepdn dpeya oeyl ipewiz dnk clwend gqepa miniiw .`

ile` e` axd ly ezricie exeyi`a i`ceea eyrp el` ;ze`wqtl dwelga miiepiy

.o`k mizipn `le ,envr axd ici lr s`

.(mlyed `ly '_"txz' qtcen aezik miiw azknd qteha) jix`z oi` i"dzka .a

daizk zpeknay gqepd y`xa ciÎazka dneyxd 'd"txz' dpydy xxazd liawna

il .ecia did qtcend wzerdy in ici lr ,dxrydk ,zepexg`d mipya wx dtqed

zcwtd lbxl elqk 'la jxrpy qwhl jenq ,e"txz elqka dazkp dyxcdy d`xp

dyxcd d`yip eay 'daxegd' p"kdiaa miixard micecbd lbc2.

axdy clwend gqepay mipewizde ze`ibyd it lr 73Îe ,70 ,58 zexrda epxriy .b

ielib mr .dazkdd ugl zngn zeax minrt drhy ,cilwnl dyxcd z` aizkd

d`xpk zeraep zeierhde ,i"dzkn gqepd z` wizrd cilwndy xxazn i"dzk

.ziplyx dwzrdn heyt

dxeva zgzetnd" i"dzka aezk ok` 63 dxrd cil hqwha .cdlv`pitk "

`yepa xiardy xeriya e`h i"vxd mb gipdy itke) lheb p"xd icici xriyy

`le ,('xend xd' zaiyia"dvl`p"57 zexrd z` owzl yie ;qtcena riteny itk

.m`zda 63Îe

.epxriyy itk "iliv`d" `le ,"liv`d ybxd" l"v 64 dxrd cil .d

qitcnde ,"epidl`"e "midl`" dyxcd jxe`l i"dzka azk axd - 67 dxrd .e

."epiwl`" minrtle "micl`" minrtl azke dpiy

.qtcenak `le ,(miinrt) "milbc milbc miieyr" l"v 68 dxrd cil .f

zerha qitcnd ici lr htyndn aeyg wlg hnyed 66 'nra 16Îd dxeya .g

i"dzkn ztqezd) l"v jke .(dqtcd ick jez zedf milin izy oia belic) 'zenecd'

:(weqita iepiyl mb mxb gqepd iepiy ;dybced

deg`d lr sgxne jled cg` 'c gex seq lk seqy ok mb eprci df znerle

mipeyd mirfbd lke miaxd minrd lke ,ziyep`dzexve` mlek zn`a mpid

236Îe ,19 ,12 ,2 zexrda epazky dn zepyl ie`x df it lr .dxrdd lr oniep f"xl izcez

ly izxcqd xetqnd it lr) zaha 'ea axd zkyla dwiez zclwend dyxcd .m`zda

axd zkyla eyrp ,miknqnd weiz mb d`xpke ,xetqndy oiivl yi .(345 'qn - jnqnd

xcqa cgeina dpiihvd `l dkyldy d`xpe ,meid laewny dnl iqgiÎxegi`a

,epnfa exxerzdy zenieqn zedinz lr (!zekf cenil s`e) xaqd jka yie okzi .zeirevwnae

xac ,iwqpifcexb r"gxbd ly zexb` dnke dnk lr axd zkyln daebz xcrid lynl enk

cqz ,hpz ,fpz ,dpz 'nr d"i`xl zexb` 'ir ,r"gxbd z` `iltdy-dcaerl sxvl ozip) dqz

zilbp`d z` mbe ,jenqa oldl gkeny itk i"dzkn ziplyxd dclwdd z` mb ef

zxb`a lynl oiir ,axd zkyln e`viy miinyx miknqn mizirl enbxez da zyaeynd

dhiqxaipe`d znwdl wew axd zyib oipra zeycg zecerz" ixn`na iznqxty efk

.(5 dxrda cgeinae ,13-24 'nr [f"qyz fenz] c ,fn oirnd ,"zixard

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 98

mipey miig ipeeb ly mipeyly d`ltpd dipenxdd x`tzz cgi mlekny ,

.uxrpde lecbd enlva mc`d xvei `xa xy` milecbd miigd xyer

.("fpbp" `le) "fepb" l"v 76 dxrd cil .h

.epxriyy itk "epzxezle" `le ,"dyecwd ezxezle" l"v 7 dxeya ,67 'nra .i

zerh `ed "xev`d") "zexev`d zeyecwd zexhnd liaya" l"v 20 dxeya my .`i

.(qitcnd

y"iir) zqpkd ziaa milbc ztpdn oiihypiit n"xbd ly ezebiizqdl rbepa .ai

"daxeg"d p"kdia yny ly epa 'i"p oniixt oxd` 'x il xtiq ,(44 dxrd 62 'nr3,

jeza exny (yecwd lbcd = "o`t xrbiliid xrc" dpekW) ixard cecbd lbc z`y

3) deabe xv lerp oex` jeza ,dqipkl l`nyn zqpkd zia mle`Úurn (jxra 'n 0.4

`ed j` ,lbcd z` etipdy d`x `l mlern envr `ed .ohw lqtq b"r cnry xcedn

p"kdiaay dlrd sqep xexia ,z`f znerl .ceak z`xia eil` eqgiizdy xkef

lbcd dniad oinin xzeia zhlea dxeva meid cr spen b`xtay "leyÎiepÎhl`"

lr dkxrd ze`k g"z zpya micedid elawy ,cec obnd lnq mr iwprd mec`d

,mitxevnd mineliva d`xe ,l"pd 'rda 'ir) miceeyd iptn xird zpbda mzetzzyd

zhleaÎzeilnqay iceeyd raekd z` lbcd lr ze`xl xyt` ;ycg cg`e oyi cg`

.(cec obnd jeza "rlap"

hay wgv i i x`

3.r"yz oeygxna 'da enr izkxr oei`xd z` .a"vxz cili

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a99

zxzgna `ad apb oipra cer

mialry ,'dxez ipeibd' xtq=] jli`e 9 'nr b oeilb ,fn jxk) f"qyz oqip oirnda .`

zbixd xzid oipra ywp dyn axd z`n siwn xn`n qtcp ([jli`e dt 'nr ,r"yz

dnz xake ,df oic hinyd s"ixdy azek `ed .dfd onfa bdep m` zxzgna `ad apb

oic azk xaky iptn ehinydy s"ixdy d`xpy azk o"anxde .xe`nd lra df lr

`vnpy s`e .eiwqtn ehinyd y"`xd mb .w"aa enewna milkd z` xaiye scex

oekn zxecdna ,xefpvd i"tr `yx`ee qetcn hnypy t"r`) dkz 'iq n"eg xeha

`"nxd wxe ,dfd oicd z` xikfd `l r"eya xagnd df lk mr ,(xacd owez milyexi

.c"kr .eytpa elivdl ozipe scexk epic k"b aepbl zxzgna `ad azek

dfi`e ,mlyln xehty apb yi' ,l"dfa xeha aezk `py 'iq n"ega mby siqedl yi

xeqi`e zay xeqi`y ...zaya qik apebd oebk ,dzin aeig oinelyzd mr `ay df

t"r` xeht oxaye o`ivede milk apbe zxzgna `ad oke ...cg`k mi`a daipb

z` xzegy drya apbd z` `vend lky ,milrad zeyxn o`ivedy xg` oxayy

`ad azek epi` zaya apbc oicd azeky t"r` r"eyde .'ebxedl xzen aepbl ziad

.zxzgna `ad oebk - yxtn r"nqde ,dfa `veik lk oke miiqn wx ,zxzgna

okziy xn`nd lra azek zxzgna `ad ly oicd miwqetd aex ehinydy dfne

oic dfl dnec .zeytp ipic ocd oixcdpq meid epl oi`y oeik ,dfd onfa bdep epi`y

'rq eh 'iq xfrd oa` r"eya mle` ,m"anxd ewqty ea oirbet oi`pwy zinx` lrea

edewld `le oi`pw ea erbt `l m` ,diebd lr `ad azk `l` ,yexita exizd `l a

oic hinyd dnl izrci `l' wwegn zwlgd dnze .dlaw ixaca yxetn eyper ,c"ia

bdep df oicc uxizy in yiy `iane .'xehde m"anxd eazky ea oirbet oi`pw ly

dfd onfa la` ,oixcdpqk epic i`pwd f`e ,zeytp ipic mipcy oixcdpq yiyk wx

.n"aad apb oicl yiwdl xyt` o`kne .bexdl xeq` i`pw elit` oixcdpq oi`y

bdep epi`y ezrcy iptn r"eya eazk `l xagndy drcd z` lawp m` c"prtl

oia f"dfa `picl `pin `wtp `viy xnel xyt` ,eilr wleg zn`a `"nxde ,f"dfa

`"nxa aezk f 'rq epy oniqac .`"nxdl xagndgaya dpew one` c"nl elit`e'

gkn milral exifgdl jixv n"nc ,milra ly `le one` ly `ed ixdc xn`p `l ilk

iepiye ye`i xg`l elit` daipb lk xifgdl eiykr bedp ikdc ,`pic `zeklnc `pic

b"r`' azek j"yde .oycd znexza dkldd xewn .'`pic `zeklnc `pic gkn zeyx

xity ikd opipiic n"n ,epizxez zc cbp `edy dn c"cc opixn` `lc izgkedc

`edy rexb bdpnc b"r`e ...ok ibidp l`xyia mbc xnelk ,eiykr ibidp ikdc `pyila

cia yic `hiyte ,jk owzpy `ed bdpn i`dc l"i ,dixza opilf` `l dxez oic cbp

wx dpwz dze` `aed gqy oniqa oldl mby xacd oiiprn .'eke 'zepwz owzl xecd

apbd on dpewd ok m`e ,ieba elit` ye`i ied daipb mzqe' l"fe ,xagna `le `"nxa

ye`ia d`pw `dc ,y`izp `lc opirci ok m` `l` daipbd xifgdl jixv did `l

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 100

oycd znexz) daipb lk xifgdl ebdp edin .b"py 'iq lirl x`azpy enk zeyx iepiye

welg oi`e .e"py oniq lirl x`azpy enke ,(xeh) bdpnd on zepyl oi`e ,(h"y 'iq

d`xp ok' `"nxd wiqne .'ely z` lhepe einc xifgn oipr lkac ,olfbl apb oia dfa

.'il

epi` zxzgna `a oicy `id xagnd zhiyy lawp m`y ,`picl `paz dzre

zxzgna `aa d"d k"` ,oxnl l"q `l `"nxd ly dpwzd mb m`e ,f"dfa bdep

ye`i yi m` la` ;daipbd xifgdl apbd aiig `linn f"dfa minca edppw `lc oeik

zxzgna `a oicc `"nxde xehd itl mle` .xifgdl xeht apbd didi zeyx iepiye

dpwzd itl mle` .minca edppwc ,apby mivtgd xifgdl xeht apbd f"dfa mb bdep

iepiye ye`i mr apby enky ,exneg didi elewy `vi `"nxa z`aend c"dexzd ly

aiig milk mr `viy zxzgna `ad didi o`k mb ,dpwzd cvn xifgdl aiig zeyx

.oira opi` m` minc mlyl t"kr e` ,oira milkd m` od ,dpwzdn mxifgdl

bxacleb dingp onlf axd oe`bd zaeyz z` ywp axd qitcd exn`nl gtqpa .a

,f"dfa mb n"aad apb zbixd oic bdepy heyt d`xpy ezrce ,df oipra eil` `"hily

xac la` ,f"dnfa mipc oi` mikenq oic zia jixvy dn wxy `ed xacd llkc

xagnde y"`xde s"ixd edehinydy dne .mipnfd lka bdep oic zia jixv epi`y

oi` `giky `lc `zliny e` ,e`iad `l dxeza yxetny dn lky xyt` r"eya

`ad apb oic f"dfa bdep `ly zrcd lr zelrdl oi` t"kr la` ;e`ian s"ixd

.c"kr .zxzgna

zywa ixg` ,dxeza yxetny iptn edhinyd xagndy xyt`y azky dn ,dpd

lawzn df oi` d"zkn dligndmiyxetn dlifbe daipb xeqi` mb ixdy ,zrcd lr

mb ok enke ,r"eya mdil` xywa zekld iliz iliz yi df lk mre azkay dxeza

dxez yxetn oicd xwiry iptn wxe ;xeha mixkfend mipic dnke dnk ef dklda

.xagnd oxn i"r mzhnydl witqn mrh epi`

`yiy i e ld sq e i

äää

'l`xyil zekln dxfge'?!

dxeza `xew mc` didiy' eizexecl l`xyi mr lk iptl aiigzdy ,m"anxd epiax

dt lray dxez epnn rceie [dxez dpyn xtq=] dfa `xew jk xg`e dligz azkay

extqa xiaqdle gexhl did 'ul`p' - 'mdipia xg` xtq zexwl jixv epi`e ,dlek

eklnyk ipy ziaa' :(`"d b"t dkepge dlibn 'ld) l"fe .dkepgd bg z` mibbeg recn

mcin mriyede epizea` idl` mdilr mgixy cr ...l`xyi lr zexifb exfb oei

,mcin l`xyi eriyede ,mebxde milecbd mipdkd i`penyg ipa exabe ,mlivde

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a101

,mipdkd on jln ecinrdeoaxegd cr dpy miz`n lr xzi l`xyil zekln dxfge

'ipyd1.

hexitd .'ek dpy mipenye d`n ziad ipta oei zekln :` ,h f"rae2xcpqkl` :

exfb eixg` eiyxeie ,(-332) g"kz `"b zpya miqxtd icin i"` z` yak oecwen

l`xyi lr zexifb3,(-164) e"vwz zpya rxi` iaknd dcedi i"r ycwnd xedih .

weica ,(-152) g"xz zpya dzid micedid `iype b"dkl i`penygd ozpei zklnde

(+70) l"zz `"b zpya recik rxi` ipy zia oaxeg .xcpqkl` yeaik ixg` dpy 1804,

dxfg' mpn`d .dpy 220Îk epiid 'ipyd oaxegd cr dpy miiz`n lr xzi' ok m`

?el` mipya 'l`xyil zekln

xirvd eig` ozpeiy ixg` b"dke `iypk yniy i`penygd oerny epl recid itl

gvxp `ed mb .mipeeid i"r gvxp5odk opgei' `ed - epa qepwxed opgei jln eixg`e ,

jln eixg` .(-104) e"pxz zpya xhtp ;iwecv didp eini seqay l"fg micirny 'lecb

jlne oeivnely ezpnl` z` i`pi eig` maii zny xg`le ,qeleaehqix` dcedi epa

dkln ezen ixg` .l`xyi leab z` ce`n aigxde ,(-76) c"txz zpy cr zeax mipy

lnd oeivnely dpnl`d mipy xyrzia ztewz ly 'adfd xez' ini md ,dwicvd dk

`"b zpyay cr ,qeleaehqix`e qepwxed dipa ipy dfa df englp dzen ixg`e ,ipy

i`nexd `iavnd yak k"g` miizpye ,dpenzl inex mzeaic`a dqpkp (-65) d"vxz

eixferyk ,`nex zeqga `iype b"dk x`yp qepwxed .milyexi z` qeitnet

d`xpk egwlpy oexag xd iayei minec`d on ,qecxed epae xhtihp` md miaexwd

1h"t daeyz 'ld) giynd zeni ly zil`ici`d zeklnl mb m"anxd ynzyn ea iehiad edf

`l` ,jled ebdpnk mlere ,dfd mlerd `ed giynd zeni la`" :(a"dxefgz zeklndy

l`xyil."

2zene`le l`xyil minid ixac' l"f x`iexa ikcxn 'text ly `ltpd extq it lr xwira

zepeaygl midf mpi` miixehqidd zepeaygd mpn` ;e"lyz wew axd cqen ,'mlerd

.eppiiprl n"tp jkl oi` j` ,(l"nk`e) mler xcq t"r my 'nbay

3lbxl ,(-312) g"nz `"b zpya ,qecxed yeaik ixg` dpy mixyr ligzn 'zexhyd oipn'

'ixard gell mixry' extqa mely xy x"x y"n 'ir mle`) ziwe`lqd dklnnd ly dceqii

dxivil oipnd oial epia yxtdde ,p"z `"b zpy `id zexhyd oipn ly '` dpyy 164 'nr

.(mipy 3449 `ed bedpd

4.l"nk`e ;mcew dpy - m"anxd zrcl

5mipy mipeeid mr zeaxwa ebxdp ,xfrl`e opgei dcedi ,mixg`d mig`d zyely !epzg i"r

izrc itle" :(i ,hn ziy`xa) 'dcedin hay xeqi `l' t"dr o"anxd ixac mirecie .mcew

mdia` zrc lr mixaer cec ixg` mihayd x`yn l`xyi lr miklend miklnd eid

,oeilr iciqg eid ik ,ipy ziaa eklny mi`penygd yper did dfe ...dlgp mixiarne

zrax` ik ,lecb yper eyprp ok it lr s`e ,l`xyin zeevnde dxezd egkzyp md `lnl`e

cia eltp mzglvde mzxeab lk mr df xg` df miklend miciqgd owfd i`penyg ipa

zian xn`c o`n lk (a ,b a"a) l"fx exn`y dnl seqa yperd ribde ,axga mdiaie`

..."dfd oeera mlek ezxkpy ,`ed `car `piz`w i`penyg

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a 102

;i`penyg zia ly mdicar ex`ype (miprpk micark) exiieb ,i`pi inia micarl

zklnn ihilyl qecxede xhtihp` dyrnl ektd (-47) b"iyz `"b zpya jxra

oa qepebihp` edizzn gilvd (-40) j"yz `"b zpya .'jelni ik car' ,dcedi

iaie` mizx`td zxfra eixfer z`e qepwxed ecec z` gicdl qeleaehqix`

jlnl mi`nexd i"r qecxed dpen k"g` xvw onf j` ,dcedi lr jelnle mi`nexd

jlnd - qepebihp` edizzn z` bxde milyexi z` ycgn yak mzxfrae ,dcedi

cre (-37) b"kyz zpyn dcedi lr jln 'inec`d card' qecxed .oexg`d i`penygd

,ei`v`v oia `nex zeqga ux`d lr zeklnd dwleg eixg` .(-4) e"pyz zpya zny

zipexneyd ezy`n qecxed ly epa ,qel`ikx` hly dnvr dcediayk6xyr xg`l .

mi`nexd ehly (+6) e"qyz zpyne ,mi`nexd i"r dlbede qel`ikx` gced mipy

xg` oa mipy mze`a helyl jiynd lilba .dixeq aivp zxfra dcedi ux`a zexiyi

dixeq aivp oehlyl lilbd mb xar ezen ixg`e ,qtihp` qecxed ,qecxed ly

,l`xyi ux` lr ,(oey`xd) qtixb` ,qecxed ckp jlned (+41) `"zz zpya .i`nexd

'dpexg`d xe`d ztewz' eid (+44) c"zz zpya ezen cr jln mday zexvwd mipyde

.dcedia mi`nexd miaivpd ehly ef dpyn .(x`iexa 'text ly epeylk) oaxegd iptl

miwlg ly hily (+50) i"zz zpyn jxra did oey`xd qtixb` oa ipyd qtixb`

`ed j` ,ycwnd zia lr mi`nexd mrhn i`xg`e lilbde ocxid xar ly mipey

zpya .dcedi ux`a dyrpd lr drtyd lk hrnk el dzid `le mrdn wegx did

axgp (+70) l"zz zpy a`a dryzae ,mi`nexd cbp lecbd cxnd lgd (+66) e"kzz

(+73) b"lzz zpyae ,ux`d ly mixg` miwlga jynp cer cxnd .epycwn zia

.cxnd dyrnl miizqde dcvn dcklp

În zegt ux`d lr micedi ehly el`d mipyd lk jeznmikln mlek ,dpy 170

f`n) mlek hrnke ,dkelnl miie`x `l dligzkl zegtl maexe cec zian mpi`y

dpw lk itl miryx (oey`xd qtixb` ile`e dklnd oeivnely hrnl ,opgei ini seq

ze`vezd zg` lr m"anxd ixac qpxtp ok m` cvik .zecaerd el` .ipxez dcin

?'dpy miz`n lr xzi l`xyil zekln dxfge' ,dkepg qp ly zeixwird zeiaeigd

.r"ve

zekln mb ,dnebt zekln mb ,ziwlg zekln mby m"anxd itl xexa ote` lka

my ± xf oehlyl dtetk zxg`Îe`Îef dcinay zekln elit` ,l`xyi iryx dy`xay

mrd lr zeniieqn zepigan zhley `id dyrnl cer lk dilr 'l`xyi zekln'

oehly ± zeaihpxhl`d len zegtl ,dneiw lr r"yaxl zecedl yiye ,ux`de

z` llk xzeq df oi`e ;zelb e"we ,l`xyi ux`a l`xyi mr lr mixf ly hlgen

dkfpy cr z`f lk .dxezl micbepnd diyrna swezd lka mglidl yiy dcaerd

dM" :(jli`e bl ,el) l`wfgi z`eap zenlya epa miiwzze ,giynd jlnd zeklnlŸ

6lld ztewz) dxez icnel eaxzde ,oeilrd icedid sebd zeidl oixcdpqd dxfg mipy mze`a

.(mdizae i`nye

oirnd,p] r"yz zah,[a103

Epape mixrd z` iYaWFde mkizFpFr lMn mkz` ixdh mFiA ,miwel` 'd xn`©§©£¦¤§¤¦Ÿ£¥¤§©§¦¤¤¨¦§¦§

,Exn`e .xaFr lM ipirl dnnW dzid xW` zgY ,carY dOWPd ux`de .zFaxgd¤¢¨§¨¨¤©§©¨¥¨¥©©£¤¨§¨§¨¨§¥¥¨¥§¨§

zFxEvA - zFqxdPde zFOWpde zFaxgd mixrde ,ocr obM dzid - dOWPd EfNd ux`d¨¤©¥©§©¨¨§¨§©¥¤§¤¨¦¤¢¥§©§©§©¤¡¨§

iYrhp zFqxdPd izipA 'd ip` iM mkizFaiaq Ex`Xi xW` miFBd Ercie !EaWi¨§¨§©¦£¤¦¨£§¦¥¤¦£¦¨¦¦©¤¡¨¨©§¦

l`xUi zial WxC` z`f cFr ,miwel` 'd xn` dM .iziUre iYxAC 'd ip` ,dOWPd©§©¨£¦¦©§¦§¨¦¦Ÿ¨©Ÿ¦¨¥§¥¦§¨¥

oM ,dicrFnA mlWExi o`vM ,miWcw o`vM .mc` o`SM mz` dAx` ,mdl zFUrl©£¨¤©§¤Ÿ¨©Ÿ¨¨§Ÿ¨¨¦§Ÿ§¨©¦§£¤¨¥

'd ip` iM Ercie ,mc` o`v zF`ln zFaxgd mixrd dpiidY.aixw onfae `lbra ." ¦§¤¨¤¨¦¤¢¥§¥Ÿ¨¨§¨§¦£¦

ohw l` e i

äää

dkepg zexp zwlcd ipiipra zeaeyz rax``"hily iwqaiipw miig iax x"en z`n

,zxgnl zexp el eidi m` wtqe dkepg ly ipy meia zexp ipy el yiy in :dl`y .`

?xgnl cg` xp xi`yiy sicr e` - zexp ipy meid wilci m`d

xi`yiy sicr :daeyz1.

wqt `"hily axd :dl`y .a2ezy` zia zrk el oi`y oeeik - qehna qhy iny

?weex bdpi cvik .eziaa exear wilcz

.eia` eilr wilci ile` :daeyz

`"hily axd mya `aen :dl`y .b3lhlhl oi`y e w"q drxz 'iq a"nd zpeeky ,

mle` .gth ly dffdl `id - dwlcdd onf xeriy mlyeiy cr onewnn zexpd

,oey`xd iyrn edl ewlzqi` `l migth dyely cry a ,hk w"an gken dxe`kl

?dkepg xp `py i`n k"`

.gztl jenqd gth oicn cnlp ,gth jez exeriy dkepga :daeyz

ilr m`d .ziaxr zlitz xg`l dkepg xp wilcdl iizea` zia bdpn :dl`y .c

?aixrn iptl meid mibdepy itk wilcdle zepyl

aixrn iptl wilcdl ie`x :daeyz4.

u i p i i x lt`w awr i

1.zexp izy meid wilciy sicr `"hily lvpap `"xbd zrcl

2.eq ze` uiaepiax odkd l`ilnb 'xl `"g dkepgl 'jce` ip` mb'a `aen

3.fq ze` my

4.eizea` bdpnk bedpl eziaa wilcnl dxed l"vf jaxie` f"yxbd