Manual Metrology
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MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT
AIM:
To measure the scale by using Linear variable differential transformer
Apparatus Required :
LVDT setup
Connecting rods
Theory:
Linear variable differential transformer is the most popular electro mechanical displacementInto electrical signal in effect is a transformer consisting of three symmetrical spaced coils
carefully
Wounded on insulation. It works on mutual inductance principle and consists of a primary coilsWound .AC carried excitation is applied to the primary and two secondary are connected
externally in aSeries opposition to it. A cylindrical shield of ferromagnetic material is spun over the washers.The devices also becomes extremely rugged and reliable. There is a non contacting magnetic
core,
Carefully annealed to improve the stability which moves in the centre of the core varies the
mutualInductance of each secondary to the primary,which determines the voltage inducted from the
primary
To the secondary.If the core is centered in the middle of the two secondary windings
If the core is moved off middle position then the mutual inductance of the primary with
secondaryWill be greater than the other and a differential voltage will appear across the secondary in
series
For off center displacement within linear range of operation the output is essential a linearFunction of core displacement
Procedure
1.Check the connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel
the display glows to indicate is ON.
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes.3. Rotate the micrometer till it reads 20
4. Adjust the CAL potentiometer at the front panel so the display reads the 10.5. Rotate the core of the micrometer till it reaches the 10 and adjust the zero potentiometer
6. Rotate back the micrometer core upto 20
7.As the core of the LVDT moves the display reads the displacement
8. Rotate the core of micrometer in steps of 2mm and tabulate the readings9. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading, Actual reading
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Vs error and Display the results.
RESULT :
Thus the Performace test on LVDT was conducted
CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER USING SLIP
GAUGE
Aim:
To calculate the Vernier Caliper using slip gauge
Apparatus requiredVernier Caliper
Slip gauge
Formula
Vernier scale reading = Vernier scale coincidence x least countTotal reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading
ProcedureClean the Vernier caliper fixed and movable jaws and Slip gauge to be measured with a fine
cotton
ClothVernier caliper was checked for the zero errorThe slip gauge was clamped between the jaws and the vernier scale was tightened by screws
Main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence were noted for five different slip gauges
Calculate the error and Percentage of errorPlot the graphs between
Slip gauges reading Vs Total reading ( Vernier Caliper )
Slip gauge reading Vs Error
Result :
Thus the Vernier Caliper was calibrated using Slip gauges
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TABULATION ( Vernier Caliper using Slip gauge )
S.NO Least Count of Vernier Caliper = 0.02mm
Slip gauge
reading
Vernier Caliper Reading Error % of
Reading
MSR VSC VSC =
VSC
X LC
TR =
MSR
+ VSR
1.
2.
3.
4.
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CALIBRATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
AIM :
To determine the height of the given specimen by using Vernier Height gauge
Apparatus Required :
Vernier Height gaugeFormula used:
Vernier scale reading = Vernier scale coincidence x least count
Total reading = main scale reading + Vernier scale reading
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the main scale,Vernier scale and measuring jaws of the Vernier Height gauge
2. The vernier height gauge is checked for zero error3. Place the job in Surface plate.
4. Place the measuring jaw such that it touches the surface to be measured from the
Smooth surface5. Measure the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the Vernier
Height gauge
Result:
Thus the working of Vernier Height gauge has been done.
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TABULATION ( VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE )
Least count = 0.02mm
S.NO Main scale
reading
( MSR ) mm
Vernier Scale
coincidence
( VSC )
Vernier scale
reading
( VSR )
VSC X LC
mm
Total
reading =
MSR +
VSR mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR
Aim:
To perform angular measurement by using Sine bar
Apparatus required :
1.Sine bar
2.Slip gauge3. work piece
Formula used :
Opposite side
Sin = _______________
Hypotenuse side
Procedure1. Claen the surface plate,Sine bar and Slip gauges using fine cotton cloth
2. Place the Job in the smooth flat surface
3. Place the sine bar in such a manner that the Lower surface of the Sine barWas uniformly touches the surface whose angle to be measured
4. Calculate the angle using the Formula
Sin = h / l
Where h is the Vertical height of the slip gaugeL is the Length of the sine bar ( 200 mm )
Result
Thus the angle in the work pieces were Determined using Sine bar
Angle measured in worpiece = 7.47
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TABULATION
CALCULATION
= Sin-1 ( h / l ) = Sin-1 ( 26 / 200 )
= 7.47
Workpiece Height h
(mm)
Length
(mm)
= Sin-1 ( h / l )
1. 26 200 7.47
2. 21.33 200 6.12
3. 19.44 200 5.58
4. 25.5 200 7.33
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ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING BEVEL
PROTRACTOR
AIM:
To measure the angle in the given workpiece using Bevel Protractor
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1. Workpiece
2. Bevel Protractor
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the Bevel protractor with the fine cotton cloth
2. The workpiece whose angle to be measured is placed between the stock and the blade3. Note down the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence
4. Tabluate the readings
One main scale division
Least count = _________________________No.of division on vernier scale
= 1____ x 50 = 5 mins
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12
RESULT:
The angle of the given workpiece was measured using Bevel protractor
Angle of the given workpiece =
TABULATION ( bevel protractor )
S.NO Least count = 5 mins
Main scale
reading
(MSR)
Vernier scale
coincidence
(VSC)
Vernier
Scale
reading
VSC X
LC
Total reading
MSR + VSR
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
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PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR
Aim: To conduct a Performance test on pneumatic comparator
Apparatus requied :
1. Pneumatic comparator kit2. Air compressor
Theory:
Comparator means compare the product to its standard and find the deviation form the
Standard value.There are different type of comparator to measure various dimensionsinDifferent method like pneumatic,electric,Mechanical and optical
Description of equipment:
The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and higher value limits
One is set to be lower limit let us 01 and another is higher limit let us 009,depend
Upon the pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns
Procedure
1.The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and Higher value limits2.One is set to be lower limit let us 01
3. another is higher limit let us 10.
4. Depend upon the pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns5. The variation is brought you by change value in CAL button in the display
6. Now using above do some drilling on the piece and Check whether they accepted or not.
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RESULT:
Thus the pneumatic comparator is studied and finded out the resolution
For various settings.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY THERMOCOUPLE
AIM:To measure temperature using thermometer and 3 type thermocouple apparatus and
Compare the results
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Temperature indicator
Temperature sourceThermocouple
Thermometer
FORMULA USED :
Error = Va Vi
% Error = Error
-------------- x 100
Va
Where Vais the actual temperature
Vi
is the thermocouple indiacted temperature
THEORY :
The basic principle of thermocouple is when two dissimilar metals are joinedtogetherAn e.m.f will exist between the two points A and B,which is primarily a function of the
junction
Temperature. The above principle is called see back effect
The thermocouple consists of one hot junction and one cold junction. The hot
junction will
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Be introduced into the place where temperature is to be measured.The other cold junction is
Maintained at constant reference temperature.Also one voltage measuring instrument is
connectedTo the free ends of the thermocouple.
In thermocouple the known temperature is called reference temperature.Thetemperature
Which is to be measured is introduced in the thermocouple hot junction
A common arrangementfor establishing the reference temperature is ice bath.Thereference
Temperature is controlled to be at a constant temperature is at 0 C
The temperature difference between the Ice bath and the Hot junction temperaturewill create
An e.m.f.This e.m.f production is measured in the mill voltmeter.So this change in e.m.f
Rate will give the measure of temperature.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by finecooton cloth.
2. Check connection made and switch on the instrumentby rocker switch.
3. The display glows to indicate is on.
4. Allow the instruments in on position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.
5. Fill around 3/4th full of water to the kettleand place the thermometer and and thermocouple
Inside the kettle
6.Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.Adjustthe initial set
potentiometerin the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature
7.Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils notedown the thermometer reading and set
Potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature.
8. Remove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the Kettle and change the water and
replaceThe thermometer reading and set final set potentiometer till the display reads boiling water
Temperature
9. Switch on the kettle and note down the reading for every 10 intervaland tabulate the
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readings
10. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading.
RESULT:
Thus the performance test on Thermocouple trainer has been Performed.
TABULATION
S.NO Actual
temperature
( Va )
Thermocouple
Indicated
temperature
(Vi )V
i
ViV
iV
i
Error
% Error
1.
2.
3.
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4.
FORCE MEASUREMENT USING LOAD CELL
AIM
To measure the force using load apparatus
.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Force measurement trainer Kit
2. Weight3. Load Cell
FORMULA USED :
Error = Calculated force Indiacted force
% Error = Force
______________ x 100 (Maximum force = 9.81 )
Maximum Force
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THEORY
Load cells are the force transducer intended for weight purpose.Various types of Load cells are
Used in practice which is classified on the basic of Elements used for measuring the Forces.
The load cells using Hydraulic pneumatic and Strain gauges are common. The hydraulic andPneumatic load cells are works on the principle of that if a force is applied to one side of a
Piston diaphragm and pressure is applied on the other side.
Force transducer intended for weighing are called Load cells.Instead of using total deflection asa primary transducer and strain gauges as the secondary transducer. If strain gauge elastic
member combination is used for measuring the force it is called load cell.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth.2. Check connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.
The display glows to indicate is ON.
3. Allow the instrument is on ON position for 10 mins for initial warmuop
4. adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads Zero
5. Apply the ON load sensor using the weight blocks and note down the readings.6. The Maximum load carrying capacity of a Sensor is 1 kg
RESULT
The performance test on Force measurement trainer is performed.
TABULATION
S.NO ACTUAL
LOAD
CALCULATED
FORCE
F = m x g (N)
INDICATED
FORC (N)
ERROR %
ERROR
1.
2.
3.
4.
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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETER USING PROFILE
PROJECTOR
AIM
To measure the thread parameter of given screw thread using Profile projector
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Profile projector
2. work holding Center
PARAMETER TO BE MEASURED
1. Major and Minor diameter
2. Depth and Pitch of thread
3. Addendum and dedendum.
THEORY
Minor diameter
It is the diameter of an Imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touch the root of
external
Or internal thread.
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Major Diameter
It is the diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touchthe crest of
external
Or internal thread.
Depth
The distance between the crest and root of the thread is called Depth of Thread
Pitch of Thread
The distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to theCorresponding next point
Addendum
For external thread it is the radial distance between major and pitch cylinders.
Dedendum
For external thread it is the radial distance between the Pitch and Minor cylinders
For internal thread it is the radial distance between major and Pitch cylinders
Helix angle
The helix angle is made by the thread at the pitch line with axis.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth
2. Clamp the specimen in between the jaws present in the profile Projector
3. Switch on the power and adjust the degree of magnification in profile projector
4. The magnification depends upon the distance between the Local plane of the lens and
The screen
5. Bring the specimen image to the screens axis by adjusting the micrometer and rotation
Of screen
6. Now the parameter of threads are measured and tabulatethe readings.
RESULT:
Thus the thread parameters of given screw thread was found using profile projector
Major diameter of the screw = 6 mm
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Minor diameter of the screw = 4.80 mm
Pitch of screw = 1 mm
Depth of screw = 1.2 mm
Angle of thread = 60 mm
TABULATION ( Profile Projector )
S.NO Major
diameter
D1 (mm)
Minor
Diameter
D2 (mm)
Pitch
(mm)
Angle
()
Depth
(mm)
1. 6 4.80 1 60 1.2
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TABULATION ( PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR )
S.NO JOB NAME DISPLAY
VALUE
TOLERANCE REMARKS
1. Bearing 0.00 Accepted
2. Bearing 2 5 --------- Accepted
3. Bearing 3 42 Upper Accepted4. Bearing 4 16 Lower Accepted
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VIBRATION MEASUREMENT TRAINER
AIM
To Conduct the performance test on the Vibration measuring Set up.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1. Vibration measurement trainer Kit
2. Power supply
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the sensor to the instrument through the BNC socket provided on the back panel
Mentioned SENSOR2. Connect the vibration generator to the instrument through the cable provided at the
rear panel of the instrument marked EXCITER
3. Connect the instrument to the 230V 50HZ. Supply through cable provided at the rear panel.
4. Keep the FREQ,pot and the VOLT pot in the minimum position.
5. Switch on the instrument,The display glows to indicate the Power is ON. In this position
Press the TARE button to make the readings Zero.
6. Turn the VOLT pot to the max position.
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7. Now turn the FREQ pot in steps of 100Hz.And note down the readings of acceleration ,
Velocity and Displacement
8. Tabulate the readings in the tabular column .Experiment can be repeated for different
voltage levels settable through the VOLT knob provided.
RESULT
Thus the Performance test on Vibration measurement was Performed.
TABULATION ( VIBRATION )
S.NO Frequency Calculated readings Indicator readings
Velocity Displacement Accel. Velocty
1.
2.
3.
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Formula
Velocity V = A X 100
__________
2X 2 X F
Displacement D = A x 100 x 2
____________
4 2 x 102
TORQUE MEASUREMENT TRAINER
AIM:
To conduct the performance test on the torque measurement trainer Kit
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1. Torque measurement trainer Kit.2. Power supply
PROCEDURE
1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front
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Panel.
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up
3. Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads 00.0
4. Apply load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weights in steps of 100g
5. The instruments reads the load on the sensor and displays through LED
6. Readings can be tabulated
RESULT
Thus the performance test on the Torque measuring setup was performed.
TABULATION ( TORQUE )
S.NO Actual load Indicatorreadings Error % Errror
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FORMULA
% Error = Error
_______ x 100Max error
CALIBRATION OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
AIM
To determine the Depth of the given specimen to accuracy using Vernier Depth gauge
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Vernier depth gauge
2. Vernier Capier
3. Surface plate
PROCEDURE
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1. The depth gauge is checked for Zero error
2. It is placed on the surface Plate
3. Thus the given specimen is placed on the surface plate
4. The workpiece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument
5. The main scale reading and vernier scale reading are noted
6. The readings are tabulated.
RESULT
Thus the Depth of the given Specimen is determined using vernier depth gauge
TABULATION ( VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE )
S.NO Main
scale
reading
Vernier scale
Coincidence
Vernier scale
Readings
Total
reading
Mean value
1.
2.
3.
4.
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CALIBRATION OF GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
AIM
To determine the Chordal thickness of spur gear using gear tooth Vernier
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Spur gear
2. Gear tooth Vernier
PROCEDURE
1. The addendum to the gear tooth is done in such a way the vertical scale of the
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Vernier is adjusted
3. The gear is placed between the fixed gear. The horizontal moving scriber
4. The horizontal scriber is clamped that main scale reading and Vernier scale
Reading is noted
5. The reading are tabulated
RESULT
Thus the calibration of gear tooth vernier has been done.
TABULATION ( GEAR TOOTH VERNIER )
No.of teeth Module Addendum Theoretical
width of gear
Tooth (nth
)
Actual width
Of gear tooth
( nact
)
Difference
nth
- nact
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FORMULA
M.A.R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
VIRALIMALAI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
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SUBJECT ME1307, METROLOGY AND
MEASUREMENT LAB
YEAR IIISEMESTER V
ACADEMIC
YEAR
2010 - 11
STAFF
NAME
M.h.Mohammed shanawaz
INDEX
S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT PAGE NO
1. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER
CALIPER
2. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT
GAUGE
3. CALIBRATION OF SINE BAR
4. CALIBRATION OF BEVEL
PROTRACTOR
5. CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER
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6. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER DEPTH
GAUGE
7. CALIBRATION OF GEAR TOOTH
VERNIER
8. LVDT MEASURENT TRAINER
9. PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR
10. THERMOCOUPLE TRAINER11. FORCE MEASUREMENT USING
LOAD CELL
12. PROFILE PROJECTOR
13. FLOATING CARRIAGE
MICROMETER
14. TORQUE MEASURING SETUP
15. VIBRATION MEASURING SET UP
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LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING MICROMETER
AIM
TO Determine the diameter of the given Job an to accuracy of 0.01mm by using micrometer
And checking the micrometer using Slip gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Micrometer
Specimen
Slip gauge
PROCEDURE
1. The micrometer using slip gauge is checked for Zero error
2. The given Job is placed between the handle and Spindle
3. The spindle is moved by rotation
4. The main scale reading and Thimble scale reading are noted and tabulated
RESULT
Thus the Micrometer is made by a micrometer at an accuracy of 0.01mm
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TABULATION ( MICROMETER )
FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
AIM
S.NO MAIN
SCALE
READING
THIMBLE
SCALE
COINCIDENSE
THIMBLE
SCALE
READING
TOTAL
READING
MEAN
VALUE
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To determine the effective diameter of thread by three wire Method
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Floating carriage micrometer
2. Standard gauge
3. Screw thread4. Three wire
PROCEDURE
1. The effective diameter of a screw thread may be as certained by placing three wire on rods
Indential diameter is placed between the flank and the Thread
2. Measure the distance over the outside diameter.
3. Then the micrometer reading are taken and effective diameter readings are taken and
Calculated using the formula
RESULT
Thus the effective diameter of a thread by using three wire method using floating carriage
Micrometer was determined
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TABULATION ( STD SPECIMEN )
( GIVEN SPECIMEN )
S.NO MAIN
SCALEREADING
VERNIER
SCALEREADING
MICROMETER
READING
VERNIER TO
VERNIERREADING
S.NO MAIN SCALE
READING
VERNIER
SCALE
VERNIER TO
VERNIER
READING
MICROMETER
READING