Manual Cws 1

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Computer Workshop-I

1Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

BY : Amit R. Khaparde

Dept: Information Technology

College: NYSS College of Engineering & Research , Nagpur

Practical –

01

Aim: To study the various hardware components of Computer.

Theory:

A computer is:

• An electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), and process it into usefulinformation (output). Data is put in secondary storage (storage) for safekeeping or later use.

• The processing of input into output is directed by the software, but performed by the hardware.

Computer systems consist of the following hardware components:

• Input devices accept data or commands in a form useable by computers. Data and commandscan also be sent to the processing unit; e.g., keyboards, mice, scanners, microphone, digitalcamera.

• Output devices display the processed information understandably and usefully; e.g. printers

monitors, speakers.

• Processing devices are contained in a computer’s system unit and are comprised of circuitry.The main circuit board is the motherboard, with its central processing unit (CPU) and memory.

• Storage devices include secondary storage for data and programs outside the computer’sprocessing unit; e.g., hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, Zip® drives, CD-ROM, CD-RW andDVD-ROM drives. Drives read from and write to storage media (the physical material that can

store data and programs).•

Communication devices provide connections between computers and communication networks

allowing for exchange of information and data with other computers via transmission media such

as cables, telephone lines, and satellites

Graphic Representation of Computer Components:The term computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, namely Motherboard,

CPU, Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse, and Printer, including the digital circuitry.

Motherboard



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The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC. It contains all the circuits and components

Major Components found on the motherboard are:

CPU - the Central Processing Unit is often an Intel Pentium or Celeron processor. It is the heart

of every PC. All scheduling, computation and control occurs here.

BIOS - Basic Input Output System is a non-volatile memory that contains configurationinformation about the PC. It contains all the code required for the CPU to communicate with the

keyboard, mouse video display, disk drives and communications devices.

RTC - the Real Time Clock chip keeps date, day and time in a 24 hour format just like your

watch. The PC uses this clock to 'time stamp' files as they are created and modified. When you

print a file it time stamps the pages as they are printed.

Chip Set - these are large chip(s) that integrate many functions that used to be found in separate

smaller chips on the motherboard. They save space and cost.

Primary Connectors found on the motherboard are: Power, Keyboard, Mouse, Display, IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics), FDD connector, DRAM

Serial Connectors found on the motherboard are: Standard Serial Connector, USB

Parallel Connectors found on the motherboard are: Centronix or Standard Parallel, SCSI, Expansion

Card Connectors – This includes ISA, PCI, AGP.

Input Devices: Keyboard and mouse are the most commonly used input devices.

Output devices: It is a device used to provide the processed data from the computer to the user.

Monitor (VDU/Screen) and printer are the most commonly used output devices.

Storage devices

Primary storageRAM is Primary Storage, also called internal storage. It serves as computer’s workspace. It storing all or

part of the program that is being executed, as well as data being used by the program.RAM stores the

operating system programs that manage the operation of the computer.RAM is Volatile storage, i.ePower goes, data goes!.RAM provides instructions and data to the CPU. These instructions/data are

coded in bytes. Each byte is placed in a precise location in memory, called an address. To access data

or instructions in memory, the computer references the addresses containing the bytes. Ram chips

consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to changes in electric current. When you turn on your

computer, operating system files are loaded from a storage device (the hard disk, usually) into RAM,and they remain there as long as your computer is running. RAM contents changes as programs are

executed.Two basic types of RAM are Dynamic RAM (DRAM), and Static RAM (SRAM). Mostcomputers today use DRAM (specifically, Synchronous DRAM or SDRAM), which is faster because it

is synchronized to the system clock.



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Secondary StorageStoring data is an important part of a computer system. So if there is a need to save data from getting

lost, it can be put on a storage device like floppy disk, hard disks and CD-ROMS before switching off

the Computer.

Working of a Floppy Disk

Conventional floppy drives contain the following basic components:

1. A spindle clamping mechanism to hold the diskette in place as it spins

2. Either one or two magnetic read/write heads mounted on a mechanism that moves the headsacross the diskette's surface

3. A sensor that detects the rotational position of the diskette via an index hole (or magnetic sensor

in 3.5 inch drives) on floppy disks.

Hard Disk DriveIt is a storage device with very large capacity, which ranges from 1GB to Terabytes in the modern

scenario. Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexibleplastic film found in tapes and floppies. The working of a hard disk is similar to that of a floppy disk. In

order to increase the amount of information the drive can store, most hard disks have multiple platters.



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CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)It is a storage device with medium capacity i.e. to hold 650 MB/700 MB (60/80 Min. Audio/Video)

CD-Drive has a laser light source that reads data from the CD-ROM. The CD-ROM surface is a mirror

covered with billions of tiny bumps that are arranged in a long, tightly wound spiral track of datacircling from the inside of the disc to the outside. The CD-Drive reads the bumps with a precise laser

and interprets the information as bits of data. CD-ROMs are economical and easily available storage

media. CDs are available in variations such as CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) and CD-RW

(Compact Disk Rewritable).

Working of a CD-ROM Drive

When you play a CD, the laser beam passes through the CD's polycarbonate layer, reflects off thealuminum layer and hits an optoelectronic device that detects changes in light. The bumps reflect light

differently than the flat parts of the aluminum layer, which are called lands. The optoelectronic sensor

detects these changes in reflectivity, and the electronics in the CD-player drive interpret the changes asdata bits.

PC Ports and Connectors

Port is generally a place for physically connecting to some other device usually with a socket.



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Other important parts of computer are Motherboard, Processor, RAM, CMOS battery, Power SupplyHard Disk, Data bus, Address bus.

Conclusion:

The importance of various components is concluded.

Review Questions:

1. What is Von-Neumann architecture of computer?2. What do you mean by port? What’s the function of it?

3. Why you require fans on the CPU?

4. How does RAM influence speed of computer?5. What do you mean 600MHz CPU?

Practical –

02

Aim: To study PC construction and PC Assembly

Theory:

Step 1: open the case

When installing computer hardware always unplug the power supply and all peripherals connected to thecomputer. Also use caution because there are sharp edges in a computer system. It is a good idea to weara static electricity discharge wristband. The discharge strap will avoid damaging the components in the

computer. Some other tools that might be needed are a non magnetic screwdriver, a pair of tweezers andan anti-static bag.

Removing the front panel:

Once I have the side panels removed I have to remove the front panel. Front panels come off in a

variety of fashions. Sometimes they use screws, fasteners or clips. The case I am using has four



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fasteners holding the front panel to the case. By squeezing the fasteners together I am able to

unclip the front panel from the case.

The Front Panel Removed from the Computer Case

Step 2: Prepare the case

Next is preparing the computer case to begin installing all of the hardware purchased. The first thing I

will do is find the bag of accessories that came with the computer case (this should consist of themounting hardware for the motherboard, the screws or clips to mount the rest of the computer hardware

and other accessories that are needed to install the computer hardware), and the back IO shield that camewith the motherboard.

Step 3: Install the Motherboard

Now that I have prepared the computer case it is time to start installing the computer hardware. The firstthing I need to install is the Motherboard (Main Board). At this time I will use my anti-static wrist band

I use the band by strapping the Velcro side of the band to my wrist and clip the alligator clip end of the

band to a metal part of the computer case. I need to take the motherboard out of its packaging and

inspect it. I will inspect the front side of the case for any mis-manufactured items and the back side ofthe case for any visual cracks.

Now I have unpacked the motherboard and I will begin installing it.



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The motherboard has been unpacked and checked for any problemsand none were found. Notice the motherboard was placed on the tableusing the foam that it was packaged in.

It is time to pick the motherboard up and place it in the computer case. When handling the

motherboard, I hold it by the edges and am gentle when installing it into the computer case. I

need to line the motherboard up with the IO shield and the motherboard spacers.

Step 4: Install the CPU

Now that the Motherboard has been installed, I can move on to installing the processor. First, I will need

to locate the processor socket on the motherboard. In this tutorial I will be using an Intel Quad Coreprocessor with a LGA 775 socket. (Note: Using a different type of processor and socket type mayrequire a different installation. Please read the user manual that came with the Processor. )

Once the Processor socket has been located the load lever will need to be unlocked. This is done

by pressing the lever down, and then gently pulling out until it passes the retention tab.



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Pressing down and pulling on the load lever so the load

lever passes the retention tab

Next, both the load lever and the load plate will need to be put into full open position.

The PNP cap will need to be removed from the load plate. (Note: Do not touch the socketcontacts.)

The processor can now be removed from its packaging. When handling the processor I alwayshold it by the corners, and am careful not to touch the gold pad or pin side of the processor.

Now it is time to install the processor. Holding the processor by the corners, I place it in themotherboard using the proper alignment procedure.

Placing the Processor into the motherboard socket

Step 5: Installing power Supply



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Installing a Power supply into a computer case is generally easy. First, the power supply will have to be

unpackaged and inspected for damage.

I am now ready to install the power supply. The power supply has to be aligned with the four

screw holes where the power supply mounts to the back of the computer case. While doing this, I

avoid hitting any of the other computer hardware already installed.

Installing the power supply in the computer case

Once I have the power supply aligned, I screw it into place using the mounting screws. I make

sure the power supply is held in place until the mounting screws have been installed to ensure

that no damage will be done to any of the other computer hardware already installed.

Now that this is done the plastic power supply holder will have to be reinstalled.

Step 6: Install RAM

Installing RAM is generally easy. The RAM needs to be unpackaged and checked for defects before

installation.

I locate the RAM slots on the motherboard so that the locking tabs can be pushed out.

Then I look for the alignment tabs on both the RAM sticks and the motherboard to ensure properinstallation. The RAM I am using was easy to align because the sets of pins were longer on one

side of the alignment tab than the other side. (Note: this will differ depending on the type of

RAM and how it is installed.) I will install the two RAM sticks in slots one and four as per theMotherboard user guide. Always check the motherboard user guide to get the information about

where the RAM is to be installed.

Now that the alignment slot on the RAM and the alignment tab on the Motherboard have been

located it is time to install the RAM stick. I make sure the RAM is facing the proper direction



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before installing it. Applying firm pressure, I slide the RAM stick into the proper slot. I continue

to apply pressure until the RAM sticks clicks into place.

After the RAM stick has clicked into place, I make sure the locking tabs are again locked in theupright position and that the RAM is fully seated in the slot.

Step 7: Install CPU cooler

Step 8: Various Motherboard connectors

Step 9: Install Video cards

Step 10: Install hard-Drive

It is now time to unpack the hard drive(s) and check them for physical damage. The hard drive(s) will

need to be installed in the hard drive slot(s) in the case.

I will be using two hard drives, so I will pick two accessible hard drive slots and begin sliding

the hard drives into them. Because this is only a mid tower case I have limited space as to where

they can be installed. As I stated in the beginning of this tutorial, I will be expanding to a fulltower case in the future, which will give me more room for cooling and components.

Each hard drive will be held in by 4 mounting screws and I will now secure the first hard drive.

To install the second hard drive, I will repeat the same procedure as the first hard drive, after

finding a second accessible slot.



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Installing the hard drive

Once both hard drives are installed, I will need to connect both the SATA power connectorsfrom the power supply, and the SATA cables from the motherboard, to the hard drive.

Step 11: Install CD/DVD Drives

In this step I will install the DVD Burner, DVD Drive and a floppy drive. Again, as always, I have to

unpack the items and check them for visual defects.

The first thing I will do is start installing the two DVD drives. I need to slide the drives into the

appropriate slots in the computer case and secure them using four screws.

Sliding the first DVD drive into a slot

The same procedure will be used as I install the second DVD drive.



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Next I have to install the SATA power cables from the power supply and the SATA connectors

from the motherboard.

Step 12: Installing case Fans

Step 13: Installing the Operating System

Conclusion:

PC construction & PC assembly is studied.

Review Questions:

1. What are the decisions to be taken while buying new PC?

2. What is Core-2 Duo Processor?

3. What is Graphics driver?

4. What is master-slave configuration?



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Practical – 03

Aim :- To execute internal commands of the disk operating system with the help of example.

Theory:

Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command line user interface.MS-DOS 1.0 was released in

1981 for IBM computers and the latest version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22, which was released in1994. While MS-DOS is not commonly used by itself today, it still can be accessed from every version

of Microsoft Windows by clicking Start / Run and typing "command" or by typing "CMD" in Windows

NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP.

1) CD:

CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS. For example, if youneeded to run Windows 3.11 from DOS, you would type:

cd windows - Changing the directory to Windows;win - To run the win.com file within the windows directory.

CD SYNTAX:

CHDIRCHDIR[..][drive:][path]

CD[drive:][path]

CD[..]

EXAMPLES:-

cd\ :Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive. cd.. :Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the

C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\WINDOWS>

cd windows : If present, would take you into the Windows directory. Windows can be substituted with

any other name.

cd\windows :If present, would first move back to the root of the drive and then go into the Windows

directory.

cd windows\system32 :If present, would move into the system32 directory located in the Windowsdirectory.If at any time you need to see what directories are available in the directory you're currently in

use the dir command.

2) DIR:

The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent directories.

DIR SYNTAX: Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.

DIR [drive:][path][filename]



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EXAMPLES:

Dir: Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.

dir /ad :List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into one of the directories

listed use the cd command.

dir /s :Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that directory, if you areat root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to you every file and directory on the C: drive of the

computer.

dir /p :If the directory has a lot of files and you cannot read all the files as they scroll by, you can usethis command and it will display all files one page at a time.

dir /w :If you don't need the info on the date / time and other information on the files, you can use this

command to list just the files and directories going horizontally, taking as little as space needed.

dir /s /w /p :This would list all the files and directories in the current directory and the sub directories

after that, in wide format and one page at a time.

dir /on :List the files in alphabetical order by the names of the files.

dir /o-n :List the files in reverse alphabetical order by the names of the files.

3) COPY:

Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.

EXAMPLES:

The below example would copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk in drive a:

copy *.* a:Copy the autoexec.bat, usually found at root, and copy it into the windows directory; the autoexec.ba

can be substituted for any file(s).

copy autoexec.bat c:\windowsCopy the win.ini file, which is already in your windows directory, to the windows directory, without

prompting if you wanted to overwrite the file or not.

copy win.ini c:\windows /y

Copy the contents in myfile2.txt and combine it with the contents in myfile1.txt.

copy myfile1.txt+myfile2.txtFinally, a user can create a file using the copy command. In the below example we create the file called

"test.txt".

copy con test.txtOnce the above command has been typed in, a user could type in whatever he or she wishes. When you

have completed creating the file, you can save and exit the file by pressing CTRL+Z, which wouldcreate ^Z, and then press enter. An easier way to view and edit files in MS-DOS would be to use the edit

command.

4) DEL:

Del is a command used to delete files from the computer.

SYNTAX :Deletes one or more files.

DEL[drive:][path]filename

ERASE [drive:][path]filename



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EXAMPLES:

Notice: Users who are running Microsoft Windows 95 and are used to deleted items going to the recyclebin need to keep in mind that deleting files from MS-DOS does not send files to the recycle bin.

del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists.

del c:\windows\test.tmp = Delete the c:\windows\test.tmp in the windows directory if it exists.

del c:\windows\temp\*.* = (* is for wild character(s)) *.* indicates that you would like to delete allfiles in the c:\windows\temp directory.

RESULT:- Thus the above given experiment is studied and performed successfully.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Which MS-DOS commands are used to get back into windows?

2. Which MS-DOS commands are used to delete a file or folder?



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Practical – 04

Aim:- To work in MS-DOS Editor and execute external command of Disk operating system.

Theory:

A MS-DOS command is not included in command.com. External commands are commonly external

either because they require large requirements and/or are not commonly used commands. Below are

examples of MS-DOS external commands currently listed in the Computer Hope database.

EDIT:

Edit, also known as MS-DOS Editor, is a text editor which comes with MS-DOS (since version 5) and

Microsoft Windows. Originally (up to MS-DOS 6.22) it was just a stub that started QBasic in editor

mode, but since DOS 7 (Windows 95) it is a standalone program. Although it kept the COM file

extension, it is actually an EXE. edit.com is sometimes used as a substitute for Notepad on Windows 9x,

where Notepad is limited to small files only. edit.com can edit files that are up to 65,279 lines and up toapproximately 5MB in size (MS-DOS versions are limited to approximately 300 – 400KB, depending on

how much conventional memory is free). edit can be launched by typing it into the RUN box onWindows, and by typing edit into the command line interface.

Edit allows a user to view, create and or modify their computer files.If you are unable to get this

program to work, try typing in "path c:\windows\command"

SYNTAX: Allows a user to modify the files.

EDIT [drive:][path]filename

EXAMPLES:

edit c:\autoexec.bat = This would look at the autoexec.bat; However, if the file is not found, you willhave a blank blue screen. When editing this or any file, ensure that you know what you are placing in the

files. Using edit you can also create files; for example, if you wanted to create a file called myfile.txt

you would type:

edit myfile.txt <press enter>This would bring up a blank edit screen, as long as the file is saved upon exit this will create the file

myfile.txt.

DELTREE:

Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and directories permanently from thecomputer.

SYNTAX : Deletes a directory and all the subdirectories and files in it.

DELTREE [drive:][path]filename

EXAMPLES:

deltree c:\windows\fake010 = Deletes the fake010 directory and everything in it.



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3) FORMAT:

Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive.

SYNTAX:

Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS.FORMAT drive name

EXAMPLES:When using the format command, remember all information on the drive you wish to format will be

completely erased.

format a: - Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not beenformatted or on a diskette you wish to erase.

format a: /q - Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly erase all

information on the diskette.

format c: - This would erase all the contents of your C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless you wish

to erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless you're planning tostart over.


VIVA QUESTIONS:

Which MS-DOS commands are used to determine the size of the file?

Which ms-dos commands are used to execute a file from MS-DOS?

What is Edit Editor?

Explain the difference between Edit Editor and line editor?



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Practical – 05

Aim:- Write an experiment to create a batch file and describe the commands used in batch file.

Theory:

Batch files are files that allow MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows users to create a lists of commands

and/or programs to run once the batch file has been executed. For example, a batch file could be used to

run frequently run commands, deleting a series of files, moving files, etc. A simple batch file does notrequire any special programming skills and can be done by users who only know DOS commands.

A good example of a batch file for someone who is more familiar with Windows is to think of a batch

file as a shortcut in Windows. Much like a shortcut, batch files could be used to run one or morecommands and/or programs through the command line.Another example of a very well known batch file

is the autoexec.bat, which is a simple boot file loaded each time the computer is loaded on MS-DOS and

early Windows computers. This batch file contained all the necessary commands and programs used to

run MS-DOS and Windows each time the computer booted.

CREATING A BATCH FILE:

Microsoft Windows and other usersA Windows user can still use the above MS-DOS steps if they wish to create a batch file. If, however

you're more comfortable using Microsoft Windows or your operating system, you can use any text

editor, such as notepad or wordpad, to create your batch files, as long as the file extension ends with.bat. In the below example

we use the Windows notepad to create a batch file.

• Click Start

• Click Run

• Type "notepad" and press enter.

• Once notepad is open, type the below lines in the file or copy and paste the below

lines into notepad.@echo off

echo Hello this is a test batch file

pausedir c:\windows

• Click File and click Save; browse to where you want to save the file. For the file name, type "test.bat",

and if your version of Windows has a "Save as type" option,choose "All files", otherwise it will save asa text file. Once all of this has been done click the Save button and exit notepad.

• Now, to run the batch file, simply double-click or run the file like any other program. Once the batch

file has completed running it will close the window automatically.

BATCH COMMANDS:

Just like all MS-DOS commands, all batch file commands are not case sensitive. However, in the below

listing we have listed commands in all caps to help you identify what is a command and what is not.



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HOW TO START WINDOWS FILES AND PROGRAMS FROM A BATCH FILE:

To run Microsoft Windows programs or files use the START command. The below example would run

Windows Notepad.

START /MAX NOTEPAD

You can also specify the direct location of the file by typing the below command.

@

Does not echo back the text after the at symbol. This is most commonly used as @ECHO

OFF to prevent any of the commands in the batch file from being displayed, just the

information needed.

%1

The percent followed by a numeric value, beginning with one, allows users to add variables

within a batch file. The below line is an example of what can be used in a batch file.

echo Hello %1When the above one-line batch file is created, add your name after the batch

file. For example, typing myname (being the name of the bat file) and then

your name:

myname bobwould output:

Hello bob

Note: This can be extended to %2, %3, and so on.

:LABLE

By adding a colon in front of a word, such as LABEL, you create a category, more

commonly known as a label. This allows you to skip to certain sections of a batch file such

as the end of the batch file. Also see GOTO.

CALL

This is used to run another batch file within a batch file. When the batch file

that is called is completed, the remainder of the original batch file is

completed. Note if the batch file does not exist it will give an error message.

CHOICE

See running different programs for an example of how to use this command.

• Additional information and the syntax of this command in each version of Windows andMS-DOS can be found on our CHOICE command

page.

CLS

Just like the DOS command would clear your screen. • Additional information and the

syntax of this command in each version of Windows and MS-DOS can be found on our CLS

command page



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START /MAX C:\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE*Windows users who have a different directory (i.e. Windows 2000 users) would need to substitute

WINNT or the name of their directory in place of WINDOWS in the above example. The /m

representing it to start the window Maximized. See our start command page for additional information

about this command.

CREATING A BATCH FILE DELAY:

Below is an example of how to delay a batch file any where from 5 to 99 seconds. In the below examplewe illustrate a 5 second delay.

TYPE NUL | CHOICE.COM /N /CY /TY,5 >NUL

Additionally, you could use the sleep file found on our utility download section.


VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1) How to start windows files and programs from a batch file?2) How to Create a batch file delay?



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Practical - 06

Aim: BIOS and CMOS settings

Theory:

The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also known as the System BIOS, is a de facto standarddefining a firmware interface.

The BIOS is boot firmware, designed to be the first code run by a PC when powered on. The initial

function of the BIOS is to identify, test, and initialize system devices such as the video display card,

hard disk, and floppy disk and other hardware. This is to prepare the machine into a known state, so that

software stored on compatible media can be loaded, executed, and given control of the PC. This processis known as booting, or booting up, which is short for bootstrapping.

What BIOS Does?

Some of the common tasks that the BIOS perform include:

A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to makesure everything is working properly

Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI

and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips.Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different

hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name. They manage things like the

keyboard, the screen, and the serial and parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting.

Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.

The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the

operating system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes thechip is another type of ROM.



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Configuring BIOS

To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or combination of keys during the initia

startup sequence. Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter

setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells you "Press ___ to Enter

Setup."

Once you have entered setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of options. Some of theseare standard, while others vary according to the BIOS manufacturer. Common options include:

System Time/Date - Set the system time and date

Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system

Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to "Yes" if your

computer and operating system both support it

Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect Mouse"...

Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives

Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory addressSecurity - Set a password for accessing the computer

Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount of

time for standby and suspend

Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings

CMOS Setup

Be very careful when making changes to setup. Incorrect settings may keep your computer frombooting. When you are finished with your changes, you should choose "Save Changes" and exit. TheBIOS will then restart your computer so that the new setting can activate.



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CMOS

If your computer is older and begins losing BIOS configuration settings, it's probably time to replace the

CMOS battery.

CMOS is an abbreviation for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor.

Locate your CMOS battery

Open the computer case and find the battery on the computer

motherboard, verify that it will be accessible and that it can be removed.

Most computers today use a coin cell CMOS battery as shown in the

image to the right.

If you are unable to locate your CMOS battery you will need to refer to

your motherboard or computer documentation and/or contact your

computer manufacturer for additional assistance in locating it.

Users with computers that do not have removable batteries only options to install a new battery will

most likely also need to set a jumper when adding the new battery into their computer.

Insert the new battery

Once you have purchased a new battery, remove the old battery (as instructed above) and replace it with

the new battery.

Conclusion:

BIOS and CMOS settings are configured.

Review Questions:

1) What is role of BIOS in DOS operation?2) How to update the BIOS?

3) How to change the system password?

4) What are different vulnerabilities of BIOS?

5) How can you infect BIOS?



Computer Workshop-I


Practical – 07

Aim: Introduction to MS-office and Windows System configuration

Theory:

Ms-Office provides various tools such as Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Access, Front Page etc.

Microsoft Word is Microsoft's word processing software. There are commercially available add-ins that

expand the functionality of Microsoft Word. Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a.doc or .docx file extension.

Normal.dot - Normal.dot is the master template from which all Word documents are created. It

determines the margin defaults as well as the layout of the text and font defaults.

Macros - Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. This extensive

functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents.

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft. PowerPoint is widely used by

business people, educators, students, and trainers. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of

individual pages or "slides". PowerPoint provides three types of movements:

1. Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls

Custom Animations2. Transitions, on the other hand are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety

of ways

3. Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or

move

Presentations can be saved and run in any of the file formats: .ppt, .pptx,.pot

Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a spreadsheet-application written and distributed

by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tablesand a macro programming language called VBA (Visual Basic for Applications).

Programming

Excel offers users the useful ability to write code using the programming language Visual Basic for

Applications (VBA). Programmers write this code using an editor viewed separately from thespreadsheet. VBA also supports simple GUI forms based programming embedded in the spreadsheet so

that entire forms based applications can be written in Excel.

Bullets and numbering, creating tables, Sub and superscript issues are some of the features of MS-

Office.



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Windows System Configuration:

The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows graphical user interface which allows users to

view and manipulate basic system settings and controls via applets, such as adding hardware, adding and

removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options. Additional applets can

be provided by third party software.

The Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating systems. It allows usersto view and control the hardware attached to the computer. When a piece of hardware is not working

the offending hardware is highlighted for the user to deal with. The list of hardware can be sorted by

various criteria.

For each device, users can:

Supply device drivers for the hardware

Enable or disable devices

Tell Windows to ignore malfunctioning devicesView other technical properties

Accessing the Device Manager

1. Click Start, then select Settings -> Control Panel2. Select System applet, then Device Manager tab.

Disk Defragmenter is a computer program included in Microsoft Windows designed to increase accessspeed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique

commonly known as defragmenting. The purpose is to optimize the time it takes to read and write files

to/from the disk by minimizing head travel time and maximizing the transfer rate.

The Windows Registry is a database that stores settings and options for Microsoft Windows operating

systems. It contains information and settings for hardware, operating system software, most non-operating system software, and per-user settings. The registry also provides a window into the operation

of the kernel, exposing runtime information such as performance counters and currently active

hardware.

Conclusion: Windows registry is configured and various features of MS-Office are explored.

Review Question:

1. What is a windows Registry editor?

2. How to de-fragment a drive in windows?3. How to load device drivers?

4. What is concept of hyperlink in Ms- Office?



Computer Workshop-I


Practical - 08

Aim: UNIX Operating System

Theory:

UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees atBell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna.

Overview

UNIX operating systems are widely used in both servers and workstations. The UNIX environment andthe client-server program model were essential elements in the development of the Internet and the

reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual computers.

UNIX was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration. Unix

systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical filesystem; treating devices and certain types of inter-process communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a

large number of software tools, small programs that can be strung together through a command lineinterpreter using pipes, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same

functionality. These concepts are known as the UNIX philosophy.

Components

The UNIX system is composed of several components that are normally packaged together. Byincluding — in addition to the kernel of an operating system — the development environment, libraries

documents, and the portable, modifiable source-code for all of these components, UNIX was a self-

contained software system. This was one of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching andlearning tool and has had such a broad influence.

The inclusion of these components did not make the system large — the original V7 UNIX distribution

consisting of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of the source code and documentation

occupied less than 10MB, and arrived on a single 9-track magnetic tape. The printed documentation

typeset from the on-line sources, was contained in two volumes.

The names and file system locations of the Unix components have changed substantially across the

history of the system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation is considered by many to have the canonicalearly structure:

Kernel — source code in /usr/sys, composed of several sub-components:

o conf — configuration and machine-dependent parts, including boot code

o dev — device drivers for control of hardware (and some pseudo-hardware)

o sys — operating system "kernel", handling memory management, process schedulingsystem calls, etc.

o h — header files, defining key structures within the system and important system-specific

invariables



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Development Environment — Early versions of Unix contained a development environment

sufficient to recreate the entire system from source code:

o cc — C language compiler (first appeared in V3 Unix)

o as — machine-language assembler for the machine

o ld — linker, for combining object files

o

lib — object-code libraries (installed in /lib or /usr/lib) libc, the system library with Crun-time support, was the primary library, but there have always been additional libraries

for such things as mathematical functions (libm) or database access. V7 Unix introduced

the first version of the modern "Standard I/O" library stdio as part of the system libraryLater implementations increased the number of libraries significantly.

o make — build manager (introduced in PWB/UNIX), for effectively automating the build

process

o include — header files for software development, defining standard interfaces and system

invariants

o Other languages — V7 Unix contained a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable arbitrary-

precision calculator (bc, dc), and the awk "scripting" language, and later versions and

implementations contain many other language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD releasesincluded Pascal tools, and many modern Unix systems also include the GNU Compiler

Collection as well as or instead of a proprietary compiler system.

o Other tools — including an object-code archive manager (ar ), symbol-table lister (nm)

compiler-development tools (e.g. lex & yacc), and debugging tools.

Commands — Unix makes little distinction between commands (user-level programs) for

system operation and maintenance (e.g. cron), commands of general utility (e.g. grep), and moregeneral-purpose applications such as the text formatting and typesetting package. Nonetheless,

some major categories are:

o sh — The "shell" programmable command line interpreter, the primary user interface onUnix before window systems appeared, and even afterward (within a "command

window").

o Utilities — the core tool kit of the UNIX command set, including cp, ls, grep, find and

many others. Subcategories include:

System utilities — administrative tools such as mkfs, fsck , and many others

User utilities — environment management tools such as passwd , kill, and others.

o Document formatting — Unix systems were used from the outset for documentpreparation and typesetting systems, and included many related programs such as nroff

troff , tbl, eqn, refer , and pic. Some modern UNIX systems also include packages such as

TeX and Ghostscript.

o Graphics — the plot subsystem provided facilities for producing simple vector plots in a

device-independent format, with device-specific interpreters to display such files

Modern UNIX systems also generally include X11 as a standard windowing system and

GUI, and many support OpenGL.

o Communications — Early UNIX systems contained no inter-system communication, but

did include the inter-user communication programs mail and write. V7 introduced the

early inter-system communication system UUCP, and systems beginning with BSD

release 4.1c included TCP/IP utilities.

The 'man' command can display a manual page for every command on the system, including itself.



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Documentation — UNIX was the first operating system to include all of its documentation online in

machine-readable form. The documentation included:

o man — manual pages for each command, library component, system call, header file, etc.

o doc — longer documents detailing major subsystems, such as the C language and troff

Conclusion:

The Unix OS studied and Linux- RedHat is installed successfully.

Review Questions:

1. What is Open Source operating system?

2. What are different editors supported by UNIX?3. Explain the storage structure of UNIX file system

4. How UNIX is different from Windows?

5. What is the role of DOS in UNIX operating system?



Computer Workshop-I


Practical - 9

Aim: Installing LINUX and differentiate Linux with Windows

Theory:

Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers, although it is installed on a wide variety ofcomputer hardware, ranging from embedded devices and mobile phones to supercomputers. Linux

distributions, installed on both desktop and laptop computers, have become increasingly commonplace

in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu distribution and the emergence of netbooks.

LINUX vs. WINDOWS

Flavors Both Windows and Linux come in many flavors. All the flavors of Windows come from

Microsoft; the various distributions of Linux come from different companies (i.e. Linspire, Red HatSuSE, Ubuntu, Xandros, Knoppix, Slackware, Lycoris, etc.).

Windows has two main lines. The older flavors are referred to as "Win9x" and consist of Windows 95,

98, 98SE,Me and NT.

Graphical User Interface Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. See a screen shot of

Lycoris and Lindows in action from the Wal-Mart web site. The lynucs.org web site has examples of

many substantially different Linux GUIs. Of the major Linux distributions, Lindows has made their user

interface look more like Windows than the others. Here is a screen shot of Linux made to look likeWindows XP. Then too, there is XPde for Linux which really makes Linux look like Windows.

Linux GUI is optional while the Windows GUI is an integral component of the OS. He says that speed,efficiency and reliability are all increased by running a server instance of Linux without a GUI,

something that server versions of Windows can not do. In the same article he points out that the

detached nature of the Linux GUI makes remote control and remote administration of a Linux computersimpler and more natural than a Windows computer.

Text Mode Interface This is also known as a command interpreter. Windows users sometimes call it a

DOS prompt. Linux users refer to it as a shell. In general, the command interpreters in the Windows 9x

series are very similar to each other and the NT class versions of Windows (NT, 2000, XP) also have

similar command interpreters. There are however differences between a Windows 9x command

interpreter and one in an NT class flavor of Windows. Linux, like all versions of UNIX, supportsmultiple command interpreters, but it usually uses one called BASH (Bourne Again Shell). Others are

the Korn shell, the Bourne shell, ash and the C shell (pun, no doubt, intended).

Installing the Operating System There are three ways to install Windows XP: a clean install, anupgrade install and a repair install. Then, there is a "recovery" install, which is not an install in the true

sense of the word but rather the restoration of a disk image backup.

A clean install refers to starting with nothing (either an entirely empty hard disk or just an emptypartition or just unallocated space on the hard disk) and ending up with just Windows.



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An upgrade install refers to starting with an older version of Windows and ending up with a

newer version. Existing data files and applications should not be affected by the upgrade to thenewer edition of Windows.

A repair install refers to installing the same version of Windows on top of itself. This is used to

fix a broken copy of Windows and existing data files and applications are not affected.

A "recovery" is typically used to restore a computer to its factory fresh state. All data files arewiped out. All applications installed since the computer was new, are wiped out. All upgrades to

Windows itself (patches, service packs) are lost. Applications pre-installed by the computer

manufacturer are restored. Originally this was done from CDs, then DVDs. Now it is normallydone from a hidden area of the hard disk.

There is a huge variation in the Linux installation procedure. Different distributions of Linux have their

own installation programs (which may even change with different versions of the same distribution)

Installing Linux on a computer without an existing operating system is much easier than installing it on

a machine with an existing OS that you want to preserve.

File Systems Windows uses FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 and/or NTFS with NTFS almost always being thebest choice. The FATx file systems are older and have assorted limitations on file and partition size thatmake them problematical in the current environment. Linux also has a number of its own native file

systems. The default file system for Linux used to be ext2, now it is typically ext3. Other supported file

systems includes XFS, JFS, JFFS and Reiser3. Reiser4 is in development

The ext3 file system is being replaced by ext4. Among the improvements in ext4 is an increase in themaximum filesystem size from 16 terabytes in ext3 to one exabyte. The largest file in ext3 is 2 terabytes,

in ext4 it is 16 terabytes. OpenSolaris includes ZFS which seems like a drastic change in file system

design.

Fragmentation: Windows file systems all suffer from fragmentation, which results in a file being

scattered all over the hard disk.

Crossing Over: As for supporting each other’s file systems, Linux can read/write FAT16 and FAT32

When I first wrote this topic, only some Linux distributions could read NTFS partitions. Now more canboth read and update NTFS, a feature critical to using Linux as a Rescue CD for a broken copy of

Windows.On its own, Windows cannot read partitions formatted with any Linux file system. However, a

number of products enable this:

Explore2fs by John Newbigin can be used to read Linux ext2 and ext3 partitions. Portable

version

Ext2Fsd claims to be an Ext2 File System Driver for WindowsAn open source project, the Ext2 File System Driver for Windows

The free Linux Reader for Windows from Disk internals can read the Ext2/Ext3 file systems

Portable versionThe Ext2 Installable File System for Windows is free and provides full read and write access to

partitions and floppy disks formatted with either Ext2 or Ext3.



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File Hierarchy: Windows and Linux use different concepts for their file hierarchy. Windows uses a

volume-based file hierarchy, Linux uses a unified scheme. Windows uses letters of the alphabet torepresent different devices and different hard disk partitions. Under Windows, you need to know what

volume (C:, D:,...) a file resides on to select it, the file's physical location is part of it's name. In Linux

all directories are attached to the root directory, which is identified by a forward-slash, "/.

Every device and hard disk partition is represented in the Linux file system as a subdirectory of the lone

root directory. For example, the floppy disk drive in Linux might be /etc/floppy. The root directorylives in the root partition, but other directories (and the devices they represent) can reside anywhere

Removable devices and hard disk partitions other than the root are attached (i.e., "mounted") to

subdirectories in the directory tree. This is done either at system initialization or in response to a mountcommand.

There are no standards in Linux for which subdirectories are used for which devices. This contrasts

with Windows where the A disk is always the floppy drive and the C disk is almost always the bootpartition.

Hidden Files: Both support the concept of hidden files, which are files that, by default, are not shown

to the user when listing files in a directory. Linux implements this with a filename that starts with a

period. Windows tracks this as a file attribute in the file metadata (along with things like the last update

date). In both OSs the user can over-ride the default behavior and force the system to list hidden files.

Case: Case sensitivity is the same with commands as with file names. When entering commands in a

DOS/command window under any version of Windows, "dir" is the same as "DIR". In Linux "dir" is adifferent command than "DIR".

Conclusion:

The Linux Vs Windows are identified and Programming in C is performed on Linux machine.

Review Questions:

1. What are differences between Linux and Windows?

2. Explain the file system in Linux?

3. How to handle system files in Linux?4. How to access Windows files from Linux?

5. Explain programming tools provided in Linux.



Computer Workshop-I


Practical - 10

Aim: Networking and various Networking accessories

Theory:

Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. A network of computers is a group of

interconnected systems sharing resources and interacting using a shared communications link.

The following are specific reasons for networking PCs:

Sharing files

Sharing printers and other devices

Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the system

Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services

MODELS OF NETWORK COMPUTING

The following are the three models for network computing:

Centralized computing

Distributed computing

Collaborative or cooperative computing

IEEE 802.1, 802.3, 802.6 are some of the Networking standards.

Networking Accessories:

1.

A REPEATER, BRIDGE, OR ROUTER2. CAT-5 cable

3. Modem4. LAN card

Conclusion:The various networking accessories are studied.

Review Questions:

1. You have a small lab of computers. Each machine is responsible for its own security. What type

of network are you running?2. What is STAR topology?3. What is MAN?

4. What is the need for networking?

5. What do you mean by i and I?



Computer Workshop-I


Practical - 11

Aim: Multimedia and its applications

Theory:

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can beused as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as

having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of

printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images,animation, video, and interactivity content forms.

Categorization of multimedia

Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active contentprogresses without any navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear

content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with a computer game or used in self-pacedcomputer based training. Hypermedia is an example of non-linear content.

Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a

navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the

presenter or performer.

Major characteristics of multimedia

Multimedia presentations may be viewed in person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locallywith a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and

recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may bedownloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand.

Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with

multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator.

The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users'

experience, for example to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to

transcend everyday experience.

A laser show is a live multimedia performance.

Applications:

Creative industries

Commercial

Entertainment and fine arts



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Education

Engineering

Industry

Mathematical and scientific research

Medicine

Document Imaging

Miscellaneous

Conclusion:

The multi-media are collection of images and sound with direction and speed.

Review Questions:

1. Identify the various fields where multimedia is used?2. Give one application of Multimedia

3. What is difference between flash and movie?

Manual Cws 1

Documents

Transcript of Manual Cws 1