ENGLISH MANUAL III

UNIT I – PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

THE WAY HE LOOKS, THE WAY SHE FEELS

VOCABULARY BUILDING

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION PERSONALITY

Tall hot-headedBlond antisocialBrunette bad-temperedRed-head introvertCurly calmDark friendlyFair honestHandsome humorlessShort moodyGood-looking stingyWell-built nasty

LESSON ONEGRAMMAR CORNER

PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Simple Present

We use Simple Present to talk about:o General Facts

Example:Water boils at 100°c.

o Habitual actions

Example:She plays tennis every Saturday.

The following verbs are not generally used in continuous tenses: think, like, want, have, hate, prefer, need, love, understand, remember, hear, see, smell, taste, belong, believe, consist, depend, seem, realize, suppose, etc.

* Some verbs have more than one meaning: go over the most commonly used.

o Using the auxiliaries DO and DOES we make questions and negative sentences:

Do you like football? No, I don’t like football.Does your mom live in the states? No, she doesn’t live in the states.

Present Continuous

We use Present Continuous to talk about:o An action that is happening at or around the moment of speaking.

Example:Peter’s taking a bath right now.Nicky and Leslie are painting their house after school.

The present continuous is formed with auxiliary BE + the ING form of the verb.

Example:AffirmativeJessica is watching TV now, but her parents are reading a book.

NegativeI think Mary isn’t having lunch.

InterrogativeWhat are you doing?

Exercises:

Practice the forms of Present Continuous:

1. My little brothers……………………………………..in the house. (to play)

2. ……………………………………………..his homework? (Tommy/to do)

3. Marty……………………………………... an English book. (not/to read)

4. They……………………………………………………. on the sofa. (to sit)

5. The dog…………………….………………………….a tasty bone. (to eat)

6. Bobby and Tim……….………………...right now (not/to chat)

7. ………Mary and her little sister……………….….to the radio? (to listen)

8. My mother…………………..breakfast. (/not/to make) She ……………

……………………………………………. breakfast (to have)

9. ……………your best friend……………… to your mom? (to talk)

10. Who…………………………………...............out there? (to shout)

Now choose the appropriate Present Tense to complete the sentences

Present Simple or Present Continuous

1. I ............................................................................(go) to school everyday.

2. She .......................................................................(go) to the school now.

3. Look! They .........................................................(come) to us.

4. Now I ...................................................................(hear) him clearly.

5. Every morning I .................................................(take) a walk for 30 minutes.

6. The sun ..........................(rise) in the east and .........................(set) in the west.

7. The teacher ............................(watch) me while I .........................(write).

8. What …………..……you ………….……….? (do)

9. What ………………..you ………………….on Saturdays? (do)

10. Shhhhh! Be quiet! The baby …………………………… (sleep)

WRITING

Working in groups of four, describe physically one another and highlight your similarities

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GRAMMAR CORNER

LESSON 2SIMPLE PAST

SIMPLE PAST

Simple Past is used to talk about an action that began and ended in the past.

Example:She took her test an hour ago.

* Specific time They were in Santiago for a year.

Let’s start with the verb to be in the past

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI was wasn’t Was I ……...?You were weren’t Were you …..?He was wasn’t Was he……...?She was wasn’t Was she…….?It was wasn’t Was it………?We were weren’t Were we……?They were weren’t Were they…..?

Examples:I was there at 10:00.Pete and Mary weren’t good friends at school.Were her parents from Mexico? When I was a child my parents were my best friends.

Exercises:

Complete with the forms of was and were:

1. Where ...............you last week?

2. I...............at home at 12:00 o’clock.

3. Did you like the show? It...............very good.

4. Did you go anywhere last night? No, it.........too cold.

5. Jerry Lewis.........one of the greatest comedians in the fifties.

6. We.............very happy to go to the football match last Saturday. It....................fantastic.

7. Peter and Mary .............married for 20 years, and now they are divorced.

Keep on practicing the Past of Be

Listen to the statement with today. Make a corresponding question using yesterday. Change the form of be to the past tense.

ExamplesMary is tired today. Was she tired yesterday?She is sad today. Was she sad yesterday?The students are here today. Were they here yesterday?

1. John is busy today.……………………………………………………

2. Mr. Allen is sleepy today.………………………………………………….

3. Mr. and Mrs. Allen are hungry today.………………………………………………….

4. The book is open today.………………………………………………….

5. The coffee is hot today.………………………………………………….

6. Mr. and Mrs. Allen are early today.………………………………………………….

7. Mrs. Miller is late today.………………………………………………….

8. John is right today.………………………………………………….

9. Mary is wrong today.………………………………………………….

10. The teacher is here today.………………………………………………….

The teacher gives sentences for the students to substitute the words and change was or were only if necessary.

John John was busy.The students The students were busy.I I was busy.

1. the teacher ………………………………………………

2. the boys ………………………………………………

3. John ………………………………………………

4. the students ………………………………………………

5. I ………………………………………………

6. you ………………………………………………

7. we ………………………………………………

8. Mary ………………………………………………

9. the class ………………………………………………

10. the doctor ………………………………………………

Check the forms of be with adverbials of time. Substitute the words written on the left of the page and change the tense when necessary. Follow the example carefully.

We were here yesterday. WE WERE HERE YESTERDAY.

John John was here yesterday. Here you substitute WE with JOHN

Now John is here now. (present)Here you change the TENSE

The students the students are here now.Here you substitute JOHN with THE STUDENTS

Yesterday the students were here yesterday. (past)Here you change the TENSE

1. Mary ………………………………………………

2. now ………………………………………………

3. last night ………………………………………………

4. I ………………………………………………

5. they ………………………………………………

6. now ………………………………………………

7. yesterday ………………………………………………

8. the teacher ………………………………………………

9. now ………………………………………………

10. last night ………………………………………………

11. the books ………………………………………………

Let’s continue with the rest of the verbs

The verbs are divided by: Regular and Irregular

The past tense of a regular verb is formed by adding ED, or D to the base form.

Example:Talk talkedNeed neededLive lived

The past tense of irregular verbs is mainly formed by an internal vowel change.

Example:Speak spokeTake tookThrow threw

The form is the same for all subjects.

Example:I talked, she talked, we talkedYou lived, they lived, he lived, I livedHe, I, We, took, threw

Forms of the verbs in simple past tense

AFFIRMATIVE

Subject + verb ( past ) + complement

I, youHe, she played yesterday.It, we went last night.they

NEGATIVE

Subject + auxiliary + verb( base form ) + complement (in sentences or questions with auxiliary verbs the auxiliary verb takes the person and tense of the sentence)

I you He she DIDN´T go to Paris It we they

INTERROGATIVE

Question + Auxiliary + Subject + verb + complement ?

What IWhere you study Which heWhy DID she return so early ?How it goWhen we

SHORT ANSWERS

I, You I, YouHe, she He, She

Yes, It, We DID No, It, We DIDN´T

Exercises:

Simple past

Change the adverbial from every day to yesterday and make the necessary change in the verb.

Example:I study every day.I studied yesterday.

The doctor works here every day.The doctor worked here yesterday.

He sees John every day.He saw John yesterday.

1. John walks home every day. _____________________________________________________________

2. Mary wants coffee after dinner every day

3. John drinks a glass of milk every day. ______________________________________________________________

4. John speaks to Mr. Allen every day. ______________________________________________________________

5. Mr. Allen watches a television program every day. ______________________________________________________________

6. Mary listens to the radio every day. ______________________________________________________________

7. We drive two hours every day. ______________________________________________________________

8. We buy bread every day. ______________________________________________________________

9. We learn new words every day. ______________________________________________________________

10. The students study every day. ____________________________________________________________

11. I read a football magazine every day. ____________________________________________________________

12. We take a taxi to work every day. ____________________________________________________________

Change the statements into questions.Example:The teacher presented the lesson yesterday.Did the teacher present the lesson yesterday?

The teacher pronounced the sentences.Did the teacher pronounce the sentences?

The students repeated the new words.Did the students repeat the new words?

1. Mr. and Mrs. Allen practiced the conversation yesterday. ____________________________________________________________

2. They studied the lesson in the afternoon. ___________________________________________________________

3. They wrote the new words. ____________________________________________________________

4. They ran home yesterday. ______________________________________________________________

5. Mrs. Allen wanted hot dogs for dinner yesterday. _______________________________________________________________

6. Mr. Allen wanted fish. ______________________________________________________________

7. Mr. Allen thought of Mrs. Allen’s gift. ______________________________________________________________

8. They visited Mr. Miller last night. _______________________________________________________________

Have the students read this story out loud. After the students have read the story, teach the pronunciation rules for the correct sound of ED. The students then read the paragraph again using the pronunciation rules.

A frightening experience

I had a terrible experience on Saturday. I got a flat tire on the freeway. I looked in the trunk for the spare tire, but it was flat, too. So then I walked for about two miles to a gas station. The guy there drove me back to my car and fixed the tire. But half an hour later, the car broke down. I tried to get the engine to start, but nothing happened. Next, I stood by my car for thirty minutes, but no one stopped. Then, luckily, someone stopped and helped me. He was a mechanic, and he fixed the engine. Then I got in the car again and drove off. What a day! Next time, I’ll take the bus!

Regular Verbs and Their Pronunciation

There are three different pronunciations for the ED ending:

/t/ED /d/ /id/

1. You pronounce ED as (t) with the following final sounds of the verb:

k, p, f, s, sh, ch.

Examples:

I stopped (t) smoking last month. She washed (t) her hair before going to work.

Other verbs: walk, fix, laugh, watch.

2. You pronounce ED as (d) with the following final sounds of the verb:

g, b, v, z, l, r, m, n, vowel

Examples:

They arrived (d) at home so early that their mother got surprised. (d) You played (d) tennis quite well yesterday morning.

Other verbs: return, study, grab.

3. You pronounce ED as (id) with the following final sounds of the verb:

t, d

Examples:

I started (id) work at 7:30 a.m. today because I had a lot of work to do. The flight 0555 landed (id) on the runway of the airport with some

technical problems.Other verbs: expect, sound, command, suggest.

A frightening experience

I had a terrible experience on Saturday. I got a flat tire on the freeway. I looked in the trunk for the spare tire, but it was flat, too. So then I walked for about two miles to a gas station. The guy there drove me back to my car and fixed the tire. But half an hour later, the car broke down. I tried to get the engine to start, but nothing happened. Next, I stood by my car for thirty minutes, but no one stopped. Then, luckily, someone stopped and helped me. He was a mechanic, and he fixed the engine. Then I got in the car again and drove off. What a day! Next time, I’ll take the bus!

PAST CONTINUOUS

Past continuous expresses an interrupted action.

Example:I was trying to sleep when the phone rang.

It also expresses that someone was in the middle of doing somethingat a certain time.

Example:This time last week I was taking an exam.

Exercises:

SIMPLE PAST VS PAST CONTINUOUS

Read the sentence and complete it with the right past tense.

When I ....................................(get off) the bus, it ...............................(snow)

I .............................................(see) him just as he ...................................(leave) the classroom.

We ..................................(have) dinner when she ............................(come) over.

Use the lists of regular and irregular verbs located at the end of this book.

READING AND LISTENING

“A Lot of People Loved this Kid.” – taken from The Houma Daily Courier Feb. 28, 2007

For Inmate’s Father, Death in Jail was Cruel End to Years Long Struggle with Son’s Addiction. – by Senior Staff Writer Robert Morris with the Houma Daily Courier

A convicted drug abuser who orchestrated a plot to procure narcotics that led to his own jail-cell demise was the description of Jeremy Walker. Jeremy was a prime example of the path to self destruction.

The supposed facts in that simplistic portrait, however, are not what bothered his father, in town recently to bury his 27 year old son. It’s the iron hard shading, he said, the callous lack of sympathy for an otherwise loving and hard-working boy who succumbed to addiction young and never overcame it.

“A lot of people loved this kid,” said his father. “He wasn’t a bad kid. He was a misguided kid…He lived his life to the fullest, and it sometimes got him in trouble.”Though he frankly admits his son’s dependence on drugs, Walker questions authorities’ description of his son a mastermind to the scheme to bring drugs into the jail. “How could someone in jail have the leverage to carry out such a plan?” he asks. For those now charged in the case, pointing the finger at Jeremy is too convenient, his father said.“He got a raw deal,” Walker said. “No one’s ever going to hear his side of the story.”

Despite his reluctance to conceive of his son a jailhouse ringleader, the grieving father admitted his son may have looked for ways to get high. That’s what addicts do, Walker said several times, and an addict his son undeniably was.

“He was smart. He was conniving. I’m not trying to make him an angel in this,” Walker said. “It’s possible it’s true – if he had a chance to do it, I’m sure he would. But how many other people in the jailhouse would? There aren’t but one or two that wouldn’t.”

Walker divorced from Jeremy’s mother – 44 year old Roxanne Lirette, now jailed on $250,000.00 bond in connection with the alleged drug-smuggling plot, along with two former jailers – when Jeremy was around 7 or 8, and Walker moved to Texas. Though his dad drove back to pick him up every other weekend, the boy grew up mostly with his mother in Houma, intermittently moving to Texas to live with his father, then moving back to Louisiana.

As for his ex-wife, Walker repeatedly refused to discuss her involvement in their son’s death. He knew she loved the boy too, he said finally, but “every time he got going good in Texas, she sucked him back over here.”

After his son’s death, Walker left the Sheriff’s Office with mixed feelings. On one hand, he feels like the police are “the good guys in the case.” On the other, a major part of the blame lie with the police, the corrections officers who sacrificed their oaths of office – and ultimately Jeremy’s life – for a little money on the side. “Someone should be held responsible for this,” he concluded. “If not with criminal charges, at least lose his job.”

VocabularyInmate: convict, a person serving a sentence in a jail or

prisonDemise: deathPortrait: general context of the situationiron hard shading: prejudiced imagecallous: hardsympathy: understandingmastermind: originator, conceiverleverage: power to act effectivelyraw deal: unfair treatmentringleader: a person who leads (especially in illicit activities)grieving: sorrowfulget high: take drugs conniving: calculativebond: money to pay in order to get out of jailalleged: declared but not provedplot: secret plansucked back: sinkblame: fault

Questions for Listening Comprehension:

What’s the main character’s name?…………………………………………………………………………………

What happened to him?………………………………………………………………………………….

How old was he?…………………………………………………………………………………..

Where was his mother?…………………………………………………………………………………..

Did his father think he was a stupid and a bad boy?…………………………………………………………………………………..

Questions for Reading Comprehension:

Give a summary of Jeremy Walker’s story ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Who do you think are responsible for Jeremy’s demise? And why?

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Using complete sentences name some ways to keep a person away from drugs. For example: A person having a good education

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LESSON 3 GRAMMAR CORNERADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE’S APPEARANCE AND OBJECTS

Adjectives to describe people’s personality and appearancePersonalityPositive character:

Warm: CALIDOFriendly: AMISTOSOKindNiceCordialFunnyGoodGenerousObedientCheerfulHelpfulHappyRelaxed SincereHonestInnocentHard-workingKind-heartedOptimisticLoyalConstantQuiet

Calm: CALMADOPeaceful: PACIFICOPatientActiveLivelyArtisticEmotionalProudReasonableBalancedTolerantCheerfulReliableSpontaneousIngeniousDreamerRestlessSelf-confidentGood sense of humorUnderstandingTenacious

Negative Character:

ColdUnfriendlyMeanSelfishLazyDistantHeartlessNastyMiserableTenseNervousDishonestGreedyJealousEnviousSolitaryInsincereSleepyBoringCapriciousImpulsiveDemandingImpatientCarelessMoodyStubborn

LESSON 4 GRAMMAR CORNERPOSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive PossessiveSubject Pronouns Adjectives

I mine myYou yours yourHe his hisShe hers herIt its itsWe ours ourThey theirs their

English Possessive Pronouns tell us more about the possessor than they do about the possession. They tell us nothing about the gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), or number of the latter (possession) but sometimes a lot about the gender or number of the former (possessor).

Examples:1. I like hers.2. He forgot to buy his.

Only the speech context can tell us more about the possession.

1. Whose car do you like best? Claudia’s or Peter’s?I like hers. (car)

2. I bought my supplies but he forgot to buy his. (supplies)

Mary loves her parents and John loves his.Santiago is their hometown and Temuco is ours.

Exercises:

As a reminder, we will practice possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns at the same time.

My car is broken down, but ________ is working.MyItItsYours

Was ________ note book expensive?YouMineyourYours

My dog has broken ________ leg.ItsmyIthis

________ car is a Toyota, but ________ is a Hyundai.Mine, hersMy, hersYour, hisYours, his

_________favorite football team is Real Madrid, but ___________is Barcelona.Ours, theirTheirs, ourOur, theirsOurs, theirs

You can't use that I-Pod! It's ________!SheHer

he his

That’s __________pet, and this is __________pet.Her, theirsTheir, herHers, theirTheirs, hers

________ pencil is broken. Can I borrow ________?Your, mineMine, yoursMy, yourMy, yours

She gave him ________ cell phone number, and he gave her ________.Her, hisHers, hisHer, hersShe, hers

READING AND LISTENING COMPREHENSION*****Conversation 3 Jami: If you take out your reading books and turn to page 56 we will begin. Today’s excerpt is taken from “Samantha’s Letters to Jennifer” by James Patterson. Listen carefully to the author’s descriptions in his first letter.

“Now that I wrote that difficult sentence, and you had to read it…..Please take a good look at the old black-and-white photo I clipped to this letter. We took it the day the direction of my life changed forever. I remember it was a humid morning in July. I know it was humid because my hair sprung into those stupid Shirley Temple curls that I just hated at that time. See the apothecary jars inside the plate-glass window behind me? I’m standing in front of Dad’s pharmacy, squinting in the sun. My dress is blue and a little faded. Note my hands-on-hips stance and the self-possessed grin. That’s who I was. Confident. A little forward. Naïve. Full of potential to be

anything I wanted to be. Or so I believed. Here’s what I was thinking at that very moment. My mother died some years before and I was managing the store that summer. But the next year I was going to leave Lake Geneva, go to the University of Chicago, and eventually become a doctor. That’s right; I planned to be an obstetrician. And I was proud of myself for working hard to make it come true. After taking this picture, I followed my father back into the dimly lit and narrow store. I swept the wooden floor with Dust Down compound and set the daily newspapers out on the radiator near the door. I was sponging down the marble counter at the soda fountain when the door opened and shut with a sharp bang. It would be accurate to say that my whole life changed right there, with that bang! I looked up scowling, and my eyes locked with those of a most handsome young man. I noticed everything about him in a flash: that he dressed in expensive clothes, which probably meant he was a lakeshore person, a summer visitor; that he looked at me hard – bang- like a shot to the heart. We continued to make eye contact as he slowly walked to the soda fountain, then sat down on one of the swivel stools. On closer look, he wasn’t conventionally handsome. His nose was a little too wide and his ears stuck out some. But he had jet-black hair and dark blue eyes and a nice mouth. That’s exactly what I thought. I remember it to this day. “You’re beautiful, you know that?” he said as I poured more coffee into his cup. “I think I know you. I saw you in a dream. Or maybe I just want to know you so badly that I’ll say anything right now. Will you do a soldier a big favor? Have dinner with me tonight?” Who could say no to that?

Questions for the reading comprehension

What’s the story about?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Is the main character a little girl or a young woman? How do you know that?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Why does she say the following “my whole life changed right there”?

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Did she have plans in her life before that event? What were they?

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POP QUIZGRAMMAR EXERCISES

Complete this letter filling in the gaps with verbs in present simple or present continuous.

Hi Leslie,

How are you doing sister? Hoping you’re ok with the rest of my loving family, I’m going to tell you about my vacation in Mar del Plata. I …………. ……….. a great time here (have). My friends and I …………….……..... letters to our families on the beach now (write). It’s a sunny day so people ........................ (swim), others …………………….tennis (play) and Tommy and Sarah ……………………some magazines (read). Sometimes I …………….… (not/understand)how people can read on the beach. Our hotel is really beautiful and big. We ………………… at 10:00 (get up), and then we……………….…breakfast at 10:30 (have). After lunch we ………………… some nice places. (visit) and of course we ………………….a lot of pictures (take).

Leslie, I………………. you a lot and the family too (miss) but don’t worry I ………………..home (arrive).

See you next week,

Nicholas.

Fill in the gaps putting the verbs in brackets in past.

A: What did you do yesterday?B: Yesterday I ………………… (wake up) at 09:00 but I …………………. (get up) at 10:00. I …………….. (take) a shower and ……………….. (have)…………….. a nice breakfast. I ………………. (eat) eggs and bacon for breakfast. After that I ………… (invite) my friend Martha to go for a drive. When I ………………… (return) home, I ………………. (fix) my dinner, then I …………….(read) a book, ………………(watch) my favorite TV program and ………………….(go) to sleep.

UNIT 2 -- LIFESTYLES

NOT THE QUEEN’S ENGLISH

VOCABULARY BUILDING DEFINITIONS:

Match the following words to the correct definitions. This exercise should be done without the aid of a dictionary.

1. transient a. groomsman at a wedding2. earl b. barnyard cock3. adopt c. royal persons4. tortoise d. four-footed reptile covered with a shell of

horny plates5. starve e. a person passing through a town or city6. rooster f. to put money into something7. worry g. die of hunger8. invest h. peer of rank next below a marquis9. best man i. a baby horse10. relatives j. tramp11. outskirts k. be unduly concerned12. hobo l. one connected by blood or marriage13. foal m. bad street or neighborhood

14. slum n. residential areas away from the center of the city

15. royalty o. take into relationship, especially as one’s child

LESSON 1 GRAMMAR CORNERTIME EXPRESSION

Time expressions:

Everyday on weekends once a weekAll night on weekdays twice a weekAll day on Fridays every weeklate on Mondays every nightearly tomorrow every morning around now every afternoonat 7:00 pm today yesterdayago last night last monthuntil after whileduring since next

Examples:

The test is at 11:30 tomorrow morning.Mike is eating lunch now.Mary has a date today.We are visiting the museum in the morningMy birthday is next week

Exercises:Expressions of Time - Word Order

Order the following sentences putting the expressions of time at the end of each.Example: Richard, bank, to morning, went, the, the in. Richard went to the bank in the morning.

1. take / showers / they / every Saturday…………………………………………………

2. goes / every day / she / to school…………………………………………………

3. chess / Mat / yesterday/ played…………………………………………………

4. is making / she / at the moment / lunch …………………………………………………

5. to the club / the girls / go / Saturdays ago / didn’t / two…………………………………………………

6. o'clock / banks / at / 9 / Chile / open / in…………………………………………………

7. Tuesday / her dogs / Jenny / walks / every …………………………………………………

8. I / home / going / am / tomorrow evening …………………………………………………

9. Nicky / on Fridays / the car / washes …………………………………………………

10.are / questions / the students / answering / the / right now …………………………………………………

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR CORNERModal verbs:

May, Might and Must

May, might and must are used to express degrees of probability:

May, Might somewhat probableMust highly probable

May and might express the idea that an event is somewhat probable.

Example:She might be wrong.It may rain this afternoon.

Must expresses the idea that an event is highly probable.

Example:He must be right.

ExercisesComplete the following sentences with may, might or must.

1. Although it _________ be true, it seems unlikely.2We __________ have to wait a long time for a bus, because they do not run very frequently.3 That ________ be the right answer; there is no other possibility.4 Tell me your problem; I _________ be able to help you.5 You _________ be pleased that you are doing so well in your new job.6 I _________ go downtown tomorrow; it depends on the weather.

LESSON 3 GRAMMAR CORNERCOMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things.

Comparative AdjectivesTo form a comparative adjective, learn the following:

Short adjectives: Adjective + er + (than)One syllable adjectivesSmall smallerNice nicer --------------- when the adjective ends in e, only add rBig bigger --------------- when the adjective ends in Consonant

Vowel Consonant double the last consonant.

Two syllable adjectives ending in -y- Remember to change the y to iHappy happierPretty prettier

Long adjectives: More + adjectiveTwo syllables adjectivesSerious more seriousModern more modern

Three or more syllable adjectivesIntelligent more intelligentAmusing more amusing

*There are some 2 syllable adjectives that can be used with er or moreSimple simpler more simpleNarrow narrower more narrowClever cleverer more clever

*Than is used when necessary.Which is sweeter? A cake or a pie?Personally I think a cake is sweeter (than a pie).

Superlative Adjectives

To form a superlative adjective, learn the following:

Short adjectives: The + adjective + estOne syllable adjectivesSmall (The) smallestNice (The) nicest ---------- when the adjective ends in e, only add stBig (The) biggest----------when the adjective ends in CVC double

the last consonant.

Two syllable adjectives ending in -y- Remember to change the y to iHappy (the) happiestPretty (the) prettiest

Long adjectives: use (the)mostTwo syllables adjectivesSerious (the) most seriousModern (the) most modern

Three or more syllable adjectivesIntelligent (the) most intelligentAmusing (the) most amusing

*There are some 2 syllable adjectives that can be used with est or (The) mostSimple simplest (the) most simpleNarrow narrowest (the) most narrowClever cleverest (the) most clever

The next adjectives have irregular forms:

Adjective comparative superlative

Good better (the) bestBad worse (the) worstFar *farther (the) farthest Far *further (the) furthest Little less (the) least

* FARTHER denotes physical advancement in distance. * FURTHER denotes advancement to greater degree, as in time.

Examples: Charles is a good student. Even he’s better than Scotty. But Louis is the

best of all.

Jupiter is the farthest planet in our solar system.

Exercises:

Make comparisons using the adjectives in parenthesis: Can you put another example with a long adjective?

1. train/plane (slow)……………….................................................................

2. wine/beer (strong)……………….................................................................

3. Chinese food/Mexican food (tasty)……………….................................................................

4. Salmon/caviar (expensive)……………….................................................................

5. Ferrari/Mercedes Benz (fast)……………….................................................................

6. English weather/Australian weather (bad)……………….................................................................

7. Canada/Italy (small)……………….................................................................

Complete the sentences using the superlative form of these adjectives: Can you put another example with a long adjective?

RICH FAT FAST BAD GOOD SMALL DEEP BIG COLD HIGH STUPID CHEAP

8. Look how much that man is eating! He is the.............man in the restaurant.

9. Which is the.......................... country you’ve ever visited? Siberia.

10. Beijing is a huge city. It’s the........................city I’ve ever spent time in.

11. Wow look at that car! It is the........................car on the road today.

12. Which country is the..............................in Europe?

13. Which actor do you think is the........................................?Oh, I think Brad Pitt is the greatest.

WRITING

Using the information about comparatives and superlatives, write the similarities and differences of lifestyles between the city and the country.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

READING COMPREHENSION

MARTIAL ARTS

Karate, tai chi, and other martial arts can improve a child’s mind and body when parents match their kids with the right program – and the right teacher.

Martial arts is the umbrella term for East Asian types of self-defense, including judo, karate, tai chi, and tae kwon do. Some, such as kickboxing

and tae kwon do, can be competitive sports. Others, such as tai chi, are done solely for their individual benefits.

Many American schools modify the disciplines to suit their clientele. For example, Libby Hill, instructor of the Karate Institute in Mentor, Ohio, offers cardio karate along with traditional forms of tai chi and kickboxing. Other schools have expertise in teaching kids with autism or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

The heart of any martial art is the teacher. Don’t be blinded by theatrics, a slick advertising campaign, or a belief that more money equals a better school. “Just because the school costs more doesn’t mean you’re getting the Rolls Royce of martial arts,” says Nick Gracenin, owner of the Martial Arts Center in Sharon, Pennsylvania. “Most styles are highly suitable for children, so it isn’t the style that’s important, it’s the quality of instruction that you look for.”

One of the great allures of martial arts is the huge variety of styles. Here’s a brief explanation of some of the most popular ones:

AIKIDO is a gentler self-defense style that emphasizes mental acuity, good breathing, relaxation techniques, and timing. In essence it focuses on finding the body’s spiritual center, as well its physical center of gravity. Techniques include throws and joint locks.

JUDO teaches the principle of using your opponent’s strength against him, rather than relying solely on your own. It’s highly physical with foot, leg and hand strikes as well as throwing and falling.

KARATE is a broad term that covers hundreds of styles that employ highly rehearsed strikes and blows using both your hands and your feet.

KICKBOXING is a strenuous, high-contact sport that requires more protective gear than other disciplines. It emphasizes muscle flexibility and control, particularly in the legs and feet. Kickboxing can be slow-paced or fast and is growing in popularity.

TAE KWON DO combines the art of hand and foot fighting. Two techniques kids love to learn in this discipline are breaking boards and sparring with opponents.

TAI CHI is practiced in China as the national health exercise. It incorporates a series of silent, fluid, seamless slow-motion movements to improve strength and balance.

Reading Comprehension Questions

What does “it isn’t the style that’s important” stand for?…………………………………………………………………………………..

If you practiced any style, which one would you choose? Why?………………………………………………………………………………......

.……………………………………………………………………………….....

What’s the author’s purpose in the text?…………………………………………………………………………………..

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...

LESSON 4 GRAMMAR CORNERMODAL VERBS – CAN, SHOULD, MUST, NEED.

Modal Verbs are auxiliaries that are different from the other types of auxiliaries. They give special meaning to the main verb. They do not state a

fact, but express mental concepts such as possibility, necessity, ability, permission, obligation, and deduction.

These modals have present and past forms, except for must and ought to. They are followed by the simple form of the main verb.

Examples:They can dance – they can’t dance.She must study hard – he could do it alone.

The modal verb NEED is mainly used in British English. American English uses NEED as a normal regular verb.

She need speak to him. British EnglishShe needs to speak to him. American English

Can and could are used to express ability and capability, both mental and physical. Can’t and couldn’t are the negatives.Can for present and could for past.

Examples:Leslie can play the guitarJim can’t do ten push ups.

Should expresses a moral obligation or advisability.

Example:Obligation: You should pay your bills on time.Advisability: You should exercise more.

Should also expresses probability, or expectancy.

Example:The teacher should be back soon.Mary left for Santiago two hours ago. She should be there by 8:00 tomorrow morning.

Must is used to express necessity and obligation. It also expresses deduction and probability.

Example:Necessity and obligationEvery student must finish the test at 9:00.They must reach the goals.

Deduction and probabilityLook at that house. The owner must be rich.He has worked all night. He must be tired.

Exercises:

Complete the sentences with the appropriate modal verb:Can, could, should, or must in affirmative or negative.

1. You....................................be really thirsty. You’ve been working really hard all day.

2. John is getting fatter and fatter. He ………..really be worried about it.

3. Jim....................be going out with Mary! I thought he was going out with Jill.

4. The Browns .......................have a lot of money. They live in such a horrible part of the town.

5. Philip is always at the office. He....................have an interesting job.

6. Every time I try to call Susan, there is no answer. She........................be on vacation.

7. Kim is a distant person. She ……………..share with her family more often.

8. He ………….speak German when he was a boy.

9. This is your key, isn’t it? – No, it.................be mine. Mine’s in my bag.

READING COMPREHENSION

GLOBE TROTTING FROG

If you love a good mystery, this story is for you. One spring day, Gertrude and John Knight, both 67, were working in their yard. They noticed that the ten pound cement frog in their garden was gone. “I thought some kids must have ripped it off,” said John.

But several weeks later, John changed his mind. The Knights got a strange postcard that said, “I’m sick of sitting in your garden, had to get away. Love, the frog.”

Then the Knights got a letter from New York. “Dear Ma and Pa. I’m in New York. I should be back by Christmas. I’ll write again soon.” Inside the letter was a photo of the frog in a New York subway station.

For the next eight months, cards and pictures arrived from around the world. The Knights heard from the frog in Indonesia, Sweden, and Italy. A letter from Paris said, “Hi Mom and Dad, I can’t stay here too long. They eat frog legs!” Finally, the frog dropped them a line from Japan which said “I’ll catch you later, around Christmas.”

Sure enough, just before Christmas, the globe-trotting frog arrived home in a limousine. There was also champagne and a letter for the Knights. “Thanks for being good sports!” it said. The Knights don’t have a clue who took the frog. But they sure got a kick out of his adventure.

Reading Comprehension Questions

Tell us in 50 words what the story is about. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What does “but they sure got a kick out of his adventure” on the last line mean?

………………………………………………………………………………….

POP QUIZGRAMMAR EXERCISES

Choose the best word for each gap using the following adjectives and the comparative or superlative form:

Big, wide, good, interesting, old, high, intelligent, cheap, short, popular.

Which is the …………………..mountain in America?

Football is …………………………..than tennis.

Do you see that young man over there? He’s the …………………………student in his class.

She’s reading this book because she wants to speak …………………. English.

Temuco is a big city. It's much ………………………. than where I live.

Santiago is the …………………………………… city I know.

I have three children. Nike is …………………………one.

Read the sentences carefully and choose the best modal auxiliary for each gap: Can, could, may, must, should.

She’s very smart. She ………….speak 4 languages.

………………….you open that door please?

That fat boy ………………eat less hamburgers.

……………. I leave the door open?

He ………………be the boss. His office is too elegant.

Mom is an excellent cook. She …………….even Thai food.

READING COMPREHENSIONIcy Refreshment for South Africa’s Summer

While many South African’s are donning their swimming costumes and heading off to the beach, a number of people in Cape Town are swapping their beach gear for warm winter jackets and thick leggings. These people are heading off to South Africa’s very first Ice Lounge – a complete novelty in a country that receives little snowfall and plenty of hot, sunny weather. The Ice Lounge was made out of sixty tonnes of frozen water which was shipped to the country from Canada. It was set up in a giant freezer room at the V&A Waterfront complex and creators claim it is the largest saloon of its kind to ever be built.

The three-million-rand (400 000 US dollars) project has only just opened its

doors to the public and is the ideal way for people to escape the heat. It is

very much a novelty and draws visitors from across the country who are

curious about the lounge’s icy interiors. During the day, Cape Town’s Ice

Lounge serves as a family destination complete with an icy slide in the form

of a whale which children can play on. At night, the children make way for

the adults as the lounge turns into a vibrant nightclub. The Ice Lounge took

roughly 150 people a period of three months to build. It was masterminded

by James Cussen who is the co-owner of a local company called Thor Ice

which creates ice sculptures.

The building measures 200 square meters in size and can accommodate as

many as 150 people at any one time. It seats about 30 but few stay longer

than half an hour as many South Africans simply are not used to the –5 to –

10 degree temperatures. Inside the Ice Lounge, everything is made of ice and

special low-heat lights are used to reduce melting. Visitors are fascinated by

the bar stools, shelves, bar counter, couches and tables as well as cocktail

and shot glasses and decorations which are all made of ice. A frozen portrait

of Nelson Mandela made from snow and coloured gelatine hangs on one

wall while beautiful sculptures can be seen everywhere in the lounge.

Visitors are given a polar-fleeced, hooded poncho, gloves and boots when

they pay their entry fee which keeps them warm for about 45 minutes.

Drinks are generally served chilled and warm ‘bar snacks’ can be consumed

shortly after being set out. If all goes well, the lounge will stay open until

about April and then will be dismantled and allowed to melt. The owners

hope that the Ice Lounge in Cape Town will become an annual feature which

will introduce thousands to the beauty of ice carving.

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Give the characteristics of the ice lounge. (size, cost, capacity, etc)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Why did the creators choose South Africa for the project? Give reasons from the text and from your point of view........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

What’s your opinion about the project? Have you ever heard anything similar to this?

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........................................................................................................................... UNIT 3

IS THERE A DOCTOR IN THE HOUSE?VOCABULARY BUILDING

CATEGORIES:

A - AsthmaC – Chicken poxH – HerpesE – EclampsiaS – Sinusitis

Given the letters in “Nurse” and the category “symptoms,” one can list:

N – NumbnessU – Upset stomachR – Runny noseS – Sore throatE – Exhaustion

LESSON 1 GRAMMAR CORNER

EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY:They are used to describe the number or amount of a noun

Some expressions of quantity:Some, any, many, much, a lot ofa few, a little, just a few, just a little, one, two, three, several, a couple of, too much/many, fewer, too, enough, half of, a number of, etc.

As you have noticed, there are lots of expressions of quantity; nevertheless, we will practice only some of them in this unit:

Some: used in positive sentences with uncountable and plural countable nouns.

Example: I have some time.I have some friends.

Any: used in negative and interrogative sentences with uncountable and plural countable nouns.

Example: Do you have any questions?I don’t have any time.

Many: used in negative and interrogative sentences with plural countable nouns.

Example: This book doesn’t have too many pages.Did you visit many cities during your trip to Europe?

Much: used in negative and interrogative sentences with uncountable nouns.

Example: Sorry, I can’t speak much today. I have a sore throat.Are you having much fun?

A lot (of): used in positive sentences with uncountable and plural countable nouns.

Example: That man has a lot of money and a lot of friends too.

Little: used with uncountable nouns. Little has a negative

connotation.

Example: If you study little, you’ll probably fail the exam.

Few: used with countable nouns. Few has a negative connotation.

Example: Few students passed Mathematics.

A little: used with uncountable nouns. A Little has a positive connotation.

Example: If you study a little, you’ll probably pass the exam.

A few: used with countable nouns. A Few has a positive connotation.

Example: I have a few friends and that’s enough for me.

Exercises:

Complete the sentences with: some, any, much, many, a lot (of).

There isn’t ……….wine for dinner. Can you buy ………...? How ………….. do you need? She’s very popular at school. She has …………... friends. A Mercedes Benz costs too …………. ……….. people think there are too ……………weapons in the world.

Complete the sentences with: few, little, a few, a little.

Can I ask you ………………. questions? He has ……….time and …………friends to share. A lot of students took the test but only ………….. answered it. Last winter it rained only ………………..

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR CORNERADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

Adverbs of manner tell us how an event occurs. They usually end in ly: carefully, slowly.

Position of adverbs of manner:

After the verbShe sings beautifully.She plays the piano beautifully.

Good as an irregular adverb: wellA few adverbs have the same form as their adjectives: hard, fast, late, early.

Examples:Mary is a fast runner (adjective)Mary runs fast (adverb)

My son is an early riser (adjective)He always gets up early (adverb)

My father is a hard worker (adjective)He works hard (adverb)

Do not confuse adverbs of manner with adjectives.

Example:Karen is careful. (Careful is an adjective)Karen works carefully. (Carefully is an adverb)

Adverbs of frequency tell us approximately how many times an event occurs.

Example:

She always eats lunch in the cafeteria.He is never busy.

The most common adverbs of frequency are:

Always 100% UsuallyFrequentlyOftenSometimes 50%OccasionallyRarelySeldomNever 0%

Position of frequency Adverbs:

Before a main verbTerry usually goes to bed earlyAfter an auxiliary verbTerry is usually in bed early.

Adverbs of place answer the question where.

Example:Where is Susan?She's at home.(At home is an expression of place.)

Adverbs of time answer the question when.

Example:When do you go to school?I go to school every day.(Every day is a time expression and an adverb.)

Adverbs of degree can modify an adjective.Example:

The party was very good.(Very is an adverb that modifies the adjective good.)

Exercises:

Put the frequency adverbs in the correct place in the sentence:

Mary doesn’t drink beer. (Usually)…………………………………………

John is at home. (Never) …………………………………………

What do you have for breakfast? (Usually)…………………………………………

Change the following sentences using adverbs:

He is a slow driver.…………………………………………

She is a fast worker.…………………………………………

Mary is a good tennis player.…………………………………………

Make sentences using the following adverbs:

Yesterday, At school, In Pucon, Today, Tomorrow, Now.Very.

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

…………………………………………

READING COMPREHENSION This exercise can be used as a Listening and Reading Comprehension

exercise.

PREVENTING HEART DISEASE – taken from the American Red Cross Community First Aid and Safety Course Book

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people over the age of 45 living in the United States. Although heart attacks may seem to strike suddenly, most of us make life-style choices every day that endanger our hearts. Over time, our choices can result in a heart attack or heart disease.

Scientists have identified factors that increase a persons´ chance of developing heart disease. These are known as risk factors. Some risk factors for heart disease cannot be changed. Many risk factors for heart disease can be controlled.

SMOKING: Cigarette smokers have more than twice the chance of having a heart attack than non-smokers. They have two to four times the chance of cardiac arrest. The earlier a person starts smoking, the greater the risk to his or her health. Giving up smoking rapidly reduces the risk of heart disease.

EXERCISE: Routine exercise has many benefits, including increased muscle tone and weight control. Exercise may also help you survive a heart attack because the increased circulation of blood through the heart develops additional channels for blood flow. Most of us wish we had more time to exercise. But if you have limited time, it is best to build up cardiovascular fitness. To achieve cardiovascular fitness, you must exercise your heart. To do this, you should exercise your heart. To do this, you should exercise at least three times a week for 20 to 30 minutes, maintaining your target heart rate range for at least 15 minutes. Your target heart rate range is 65 to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate. To find your target heart rate range, subtract your age from 220, then multiply that number by 0.65. Turn your

daily activities into exercise. Walk briskly or bicycle instead of driving. Climb the stairs instead of taking the elevator or escalator. Pedal an exercise bike or use a stair climber while watching TV, listening to music, or reading.

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Give reasons why heart disease is the leading cause of death for people over the age of 45 living in the United States.……………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………...

What is the Chilean reality concerning fitness?……………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………...

What’s your solution to have a healthy life?………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………...

LESSON 3 GRAMMAR CORNERIMPERATIVES

The imperative is used to give commands, instructions, directions, make orders, invitations and is expressed with the simple form of the verb: go, run, speak, come, study, have, etc.

This simple form expresses singular or plural.Peter, come here please.Peter and John, come here please.

The second person you is implied as the subject.(you) Move quickly.

Negative imperatives use don't (do not) and the infinitive.Don’t move quickly.

We can also make an emphatic imperative with do + imperative. This is common in polite requests, complaints and apologies. Do sit down.

Always and never come before imperatives. Always remember the instructions. (NOT Remember always) Never speak aloud in that room.

Let’s: this structure is also considered an imperative by some grammarians.The speaker includes him/herself with the one or ones spoken to.

Let’s have dinner.Let’s stop smoking.

Let’s must not be confused with the verb let that means permit.Let’s go home vs. let me go

Examples:

Orders: Come here quickly.

Instructions:Take the envelope, open it, then read it.

Directions:Go along that street, then turn right.

Offers:Have a sandwich.

InvitationsCome over for dinner.

Exercises:

Complete with the best verb in imperative:

……………………………the door please.

…………………. straight on Bulnes Street.

Let’s........……….. together in the project.

……………………on study the lesson.

……………those scissors. They’re dangerous.

………………….the books, please.

Then……………right again.

………………slowly in front of an audience.

……………some more wine.

……………….that. She’s your best friend.

LESSON 4 GRAMMAR CORNERTAG QUESTIONS

A tag question is a statement followed by a mini-question; to ask for confirmation.

Pay much attention to these rules:     The tense of the verb:      What kind of verb it is (to be/other verbs)      Is the sentence affirmative or negative?      Does the pronoun need to be changed?

This is the structure:

Positive statement, Negative tag?Subject verb - auxiliary subject ?She is nice, isn’t she ?

Negative statement, Positive tag?Subject - auxiliary verb +auxiliary subject ?She doesn’t like tennis, does she? ?

Some more examples:You are from Chile, aren’t you?He likes pasta, doesn’t he?Your parents were born in Taiwan, weren’t they?This shirt color doesn’t suit me, does it?Michael lives alone, doesn’t he?You can’t come to my party, can you?She finished university last year, didn’t she?You didn’t like the movie, did you?

Special cases:I am right, aren’t I? (for I am, we use aren’t I?)

Let’s go, shall we? (for the expression let’s, we Use shall we?

Have a drink, won’t you? (Imperative – for invitation We use won’t you?)

Come here, would you? (Imperative – for orders we Help me, can you? use will, would, can, can’t

you?)

Don’t go there, will you? (Negative imperative – Will you?)

Exercises:Choose the best question tag to fill in the gaps:

He failed the exam, …………?

She will do it, …………?

Let’s play tennis, …………?

You could help me, …………?

I’m the best, …………?

She didn’t accept it, …………?

He is working at the moment, …………?

Come over for a drink, …………?

You look tired, …………?

Don’t say that again, …………?

She walked away from him, …………?

READING COMPREHENSION

Solo Sailor Operates on Himself – via E-mail

Viktor Yazykov was on the first leg of a sailboat race around the world. The Russian was alone in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,000 miles from shore. He was in his element.

But he was concerned about his elbow, which he had injured earlier. Every day it was getting redder and larger. He sent an e-mail message to race headquarters. “Right elbow doesn’t look good. It feels dead.” Dr. Dan Carlin in Boston was in charge of providing emergency care for the sailors via computer. “You have to operate on your elbow,” he typed. He carefully laid out the steps of the surgery. “It will be painful,” he warned.

In the middle of a violent storm, Yazykov began cutting his arm. He kept a stiff upper lip, following the doctor’s instructions to the letter. Then

something went wrong. Blood was all over the place, forming a large pool on the floor, rolling with the motion of the boat. Yazykov knew that if he passed out, he’d die. Using his good arm and his teeth, he tied two cords around his arm. The bleeding stopped, but his arm became cold and white, like a piece of rubber. “Please, what should I do before it’s too late?” he wrote to Dr. Carlin.

Carlin knew that Yazykov was killing his arm. “Take the cords off immediately,” he wrote back. But the doctor was confused. Why in the world was there so much blood? Suddenly, he put two and two together. Aspirin! Yazykov was taking aspirin for weeks and it made his blood thin. “Stop all aspirin,” he ordered. After an anxious ten hours, Dr. Carlin finally heard from Yazykov. He was out of the woods. “I am ok. Getting stronger. Thank you for your help.”

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

What was the exact problem of Viktor Yazykov?………………………………………………………………………………...

What did he have to do?………………………………………………………………………………...

How did he do it? ……...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………...

What happened during the operation? ………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………...

POP QUIZGRAMMAR EXERCISES

Rewrite the following sentences, placing the frequency adverb given in brackets.

For example:      He is late for work. (always)      He is always late for work.

      They see her at church on Sundays. (sometimes)      They sometimes see her at church on Sundays.

He is very nasty. (usually)…………………………………………………

They get a good grade. (seldom)…………………………………………………

She is at home in the mornings. (never)…………………………………………………

I was late at school. (often)…………………………………………………

Place the adverbs (frequency, manner, time, place) given in brackets in their best positions in the sentence.

We hold a baby. (carefully, always)…………………………………………………

Bobby answers. (correctly, seldom)…………………………………………………

She is wrong. (in class, seldom)…………………………………………………

We will attend the concert. (probably, tonight)…………………………………………………

We found a good hotel. (easily, last summer)…………………………………………………

They finished the test. (quickly, this morning)…………………………………………………

Write the following tag questions:

Betty’s from New Jersey …………………?

Please, hand in the test …………………?

She seems to be tired …………………?

Let’s work together …………………?

Don’t walk away …………………?

WRITING

Make a 150 word paragraph telling what a person should do in order to be healthy and fit. Is it necessary to spend a lot of money to get this? Do you know anybody who has changed their health and fitness?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

U N I T 4FOLLOW THE YELLOW BRICK ROAD

VOCABULARY BUILDER

VERBS AND TRAVEL – write the correct type of transportation under the correct verb.

RIDE CATCH MISS ARRRIVE DRIVE TAKE

A bike a plane the bus by train a car the busA horse a train the plane by car a taxi the subwayA bike a bus the train by taxi a bus the planeA motorcycle the ship by plane a train the trainA bicycle the taxi by ship

GET ON GET OFF GET IN GO

A bus a bus the car by carA plane a train the plane by busThe train the subway the helicopter by trainThe subway the plane the bus on a shipThe ship the train on the subway

TRAVELING AND FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS

LESSON 1 GRAMMAR CORNERTHE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

STRUCTURE

HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

I have played tennis for a long time. (Affirmative) I haven’t played tennis for a long time. (Negative)Have you played tennis for a long time? (Interrogative)

She has played tennis for a long time. (affirmative) She hasn’t played tennis for a long time. (negative)Has she played tennis for a long time? (interrogative) The uses of the present perfect:The Present Perfect

1.- expresses an action that started in the past and continues at the present moment of speaking. Since is often used. Present moment of speaking Stated time

He has lived here since 1983. He has read comics since he was a child. I have loved my girlfriend since I met her.

2.- expresses an activity that has lasted from an indefinite time in the past up to the moment of speaking. The preposition for is commonly used.

Examples:

I have lived here for 24 years. They have been here for several years. He has studied English for 2 semesters. They have spoken German for several years.

3.- expresses an activity that has occurred one or more times in the past up to the present moment.

Examples:

I have been to Montreal twice. He has played tennis from time to time. He has appeared on television once in a while.

4.- refers to an activity that has been completed a short time before the moment of speaking.

Examples:

He has just had lunch. They have been to town. The teachers have already arrived.

Exercises:Choose the best verb and complete the sentences in Present Perfect:

Leave, Buy, Happen, Sign, Live, Like, Open, Forget, Smoke, Bring, Send, Play, Make

John.....................................in London for 10 years.

We........................................a bottle of wine for you.

I.....................................any cigarettes today.

.........................................the letters I gave you? What.................................? You look terrible! Hello, darling. I.................................a delicious meal for you..John................................tennis this week

...........you........................any food for this evening?

Wow! That meal was fantastic. I...........................so much.

What’s your name? Sorry ,I....................................

.....................................some cash with you?

Oh no!....................................the office without the umbrella. (John )

WRITING Make a 150 word paragraph answering these questions.

Have you ever traveled abroad? If YES, where, how long, places you recommend, and places you don’t.If your answer is NO, where would you like to go, why, how long, who with, etc.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR CORNER

SINCE, FOR

We use FOR with a period of time.

Example: a few days, half an hour, two weeks.

We use SINCE with the time when the action started.

Example: Last month, October 8, I met you.

Exercises:

Choose for or since with these time expressions.

…………Last month…………Ten minutes…………A decade…………A couple of days…………Christmas…………Her birthday…………Ten weeks…………October…………10 weeks…………the 90s…………then…………I got there…………20 years…………a second…………I was a child…………A while…………Many days…………Last week…………November

Complete these sentences with for and since:

She hasn’t seen her parents ……………………last Christmas.

We've been here ……………… ten o'clock.

They have worked for GOTC ……………..more than three years.

We haven't visited Santiago …………….we left the university studies.

I haven't been to the cinema ……………………ages.

Johnny has been a teacher ……………he was 23.

Karen has been sick ………………last Friday

They haven’t spoken to each other ……………3 months.

LESSON 3 GRAMMAR CORNERYET AND ALREADY

Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. Example:She’s already had breakfast.

Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence.Examples: Has the post arrived yet?

Exercises:

Answer the questions with yet or already:

Example:

Have you been to the new zoo?No, I haven't been there yet.Yes, I've already been there.

Have you seen Mary’s brand new movie?No, ………………………………………………….

Have you been to Sao Paolo yet?Yes, …………………………………………….……

Have you spoken to Nicholas?Yes, ……………………………………………….…

Have you eaten at the new Mexican restaurant yet?

Yes, ………………………………………..………..

Has Gloria returned from her trip?No, ……………………………………………….…..

Has Leslie played the piano this morning?No, …………………………………………………..

Have you finished your homework yet?Yes, …………………………………………………

Has he seen Bobby yet?Yes, ……………………………………….……..

LESSON 4 GRAMMAR CORNER

FUTURE

There are many ways of expressing a future idea. We will show you the most common ones:

1. Present simple with a future meaning.When we talk about timetables, programs, etc. (for example, for public transport, cinemas, etc.)

Example:The train leaves Temuco at 20:00 and arrives in Santiago at 08:00 tomorrow morning.

What time does the film begin?

2. Present continuous with a future meaning.To say what we have already decided and arranged to do.

Example:What are you doing on Saturday morning?I’m playing tennis with a friend.

She’s not working tomorrow, so we can pay her a visit.

3. Be going to:To say what we have already decided to do.

Example:She decided to have a party and she’s going to invite lots of people.

They’re going to study something related to business next term.

4. Will:Decision made at the time of speaking.

Example:Oh, I left the window open. I’ll go and shut it.

A: What would you like to drink? B: I’ll have an apple juice, please.

Exercises:We will exercise WILL vs. BE GOING TO

Choose the correct answer from Will or be going to:

Can I help you?No thanks. Martha ___________________________ help me.

What are your plans for the weekend?I _______________________________ visit my friends in the country.

What would you like? Tea or coffee?I _______________________________ have some coffee, please.

I have a nasty headache.Don’t worry! I _______________________ get you some aspirin.

Can you help me with this lesson? I don't understand.I ___________________________ do it as soon as I've finished mine.

Do you want to have the chicken or the beef?I think I _____________________________________ have the beef.

It's really cold in here.I ________________________________ put on the central heating.

I don’t know how to use this software.Don't worry. I __________________________________ help you.

Where are you going?I ______ study Chemistry with Nicholas.

May I speak to you now?Sorry! I'm really busy now but I ________________________ be available in the afternoon.

POP QUIZ

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Using the Present Perfect tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets plus since, yet, for and already. For example:      We/the contest. (to enter)      We haven’t entered the contest yet

      He/the work. (to finish)      He has already finished the work.

We/a pizza. (to order)

It/to rain. (to start)

You/the question. (to answer)

She/the breakfast. (to fix)

They/the book. (to read)

She/that movie. (to see)

They/a lot of places. (to visit)

She/caviar. (to eat)

Choose the correct answer from Will or be going to:

Do you have plan for vacation?Yes. We ____________________visit the United Kingdom.

Do you have plan for vacation?No. but I think we ____________________visit the United Kingdom

Do you want to have the chicken or the beef?It’s already decided _____________________________ have the beef.

It's really hot in here.I ________________________________turn off the central heating.

I don’t know how to use this software. But My friend ___________________________help me.

REGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Present Past Participle To accept accept accepted acceptedTo accuse accuse accused accusedTo acquire acquire acquired acquiredTo amuse amuse amused amusedTo answer answer answered answeredTo appoint appoint appointedappointedTo approve approve approved approved

To arrive arrive arrived arrivedTo ask ask asked askedTo bathe bathe bathed bathedTo believe believe believed believedTo belong belong belonged belongedTo call call called calledTo carry carry carried carriedTo change change changed changedTo clean clean cleaned cleanedTo close close closed closedTo comb comb combed combedTo continue continue continued continuedTo copy copy copied copiedTo cross cross crossed crossedTo cry cry cried criedTo decide decide decided decidedTo develop develop developed developedTo die die died diedTo discover discover discovered discoveredTo earn earn earned earnedTo end end ended endedTo enjoy enjoy enjoyed enjoyedTo enter enter entered enteredTo explain explain explained explainedTo fear fear feared fearedTo finish finish finished finishedTo fix fix fixed fixedTo hate hate hated hatedTo help help helped helpedTo hope hope hoped hopedTo imagine imagine imagined imaginedTo improve improve improved improvedTo invite invite invited invitedTo joke joke joked jokedTo laugh laugh laughed laughedTo lie lie lied liedTo like like liked likedTo listen listen listened listenedTo live live lived livedTo look look looked lookedTo love love loved lovedTo organize organize organized organizedTo paint paint painted paintedTo play play played playedTo practice practice practiced practicedTo promise promise promised promised

To rain rain rained rainedTo receive receive received receivedTo smile smile smiled smiledTo smoke smoke smoked smokedTo start start started startedTo suggest suggest suggested suggestedTo surprise surprise surprised surprisedTo talk talk talked talkedTo tire tire tired tiredTo travel travel traveled traveledTo trust trust trusted trustedTo use use used usedTo want want wanted wantedTo watch watch watched watched

IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Present Past Participle

To be be was/were beenTo become become became becomeTo begin begin began begunTo bend bend bent bentTo bet bet bet betTo bite bite bit bittenTo blow blow blew blownTo break brake broke brokenTo bring bring brought broughtTo broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcastTo burn burn burnt burntTo build build built builtTo buy buy bought boughtTo catch catch caught caughtTo come come came comeTo choose choose chose chosenTo cost cost cost costTo cut cut cut cutTo do do did doneTo dream to dream dreamt dreamtTo drink drink drank drunk

To drive drive drove drivenTo eat eat ate eatenTo fall fall fell fallenTo feel feel felt feltTo fight fight fought foughtTo find find found foundTo fly fly flew flownTo forget forget forgot forgottenTo forgive forgive forgave forgivenTo freeze freeze froze frozenTo get get got gottenTo give give gave givenTo go go went goneTo grow grow grew grownTo have have had hadTo hear hear heard heardTo hide hide hid hiddenTo hit hit hit hitTo hold hold held heldTo hurt hurt hurt hurtTo keep keep kept keptTo know know knew knownTo lay lay laid laidTo lead lead led ledTo learn learn learnt learntTo leave leave left leftTo lend lend lent lentTo let let let letTo lie lie lay lainTo lose lose lost lostTo make make made madeTo mean mean meant meantTo meet meet met metTo pay pay paid paidTo put put put putTo read read read readTo ride ride rode riddenTo ring ring rang rungTo rise rise rose risenTo run run ran runTo say say said saidTo see see saw seenTo sell sell sold soldTo send send sent sentTo show show showed shownTo shut shut shut shut

To sing sing sang sungTo sit sit sat satTo sleep sleep slept sleptTo speak speak spoke spokenTo spend spend spent spentTo stand stand stood stoodTo swim swim swam swumTo take take took takenTo teach teach taught taughtTear tear tore tornTo tell tell told toldTo think think thought thoughtTo throw throw threw thrownTo understand understand understood understoodTo wake wake woke wokenTo wear wear wore wornTo win win won wonTo write write wrote written