MANNER of articulation - univ-paris8.fr · Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in...

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Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki [email protected] 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7 2 English Consonants - how can we classify them? Three main properties: VOICE MANNER of articulation PLACE of articulation 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7 3 English Consonants - how can we classify them? Kelly (2000) 1. Voiced and voiceless plosives Introducion to spectrogram reading 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7 5 Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial position Observe the consonant at the beginning of the following words: /pæk/ /bæk/ Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: /pak/ (« Pâque ») /bak/ (« bac ») 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7 6 Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial position • Demonstration: /pæk/ /bæk/ (in French) /pak/ (« Pâque ») /bak/ (« bac »)

Transcript of MANNER of articulation - univ-paris8.fr · Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in...

Page 1: MANNER of articulation - univ-paris8.fr · Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama

Phonetics and Phonology

Lecture 7: English consonants in detail

KAMIYAMA, [email protected]

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 72

English Consonants- how can we classify them?

Three main properties:

• VOICE

• MANNER of articulation• PLACE of articulation

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 73

English Consonants- how can we classify them?

Kelly (2000)

1. Voiced and voiceless plosives

Introducion to spectrogram reading

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 75

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position

• Observe the consonant at the beginning of thefollowing words:

• /ppæk/• /bbæk/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /ppak/ (« Pâque »)• /bak/ (« bac »)

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 76

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position

• Demonstration:• /ppæk/• /bbæk/

(in French)• /ppak/ (« Pâque »)• /bak/ (« bac »)

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2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 77

/ppæk/ /bbæk/

aspirationaspiration devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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/ppæk/ /bbæk/

aspirationaspirationupper lip

lower lip

vocal foldvibration

upper lip

lower lip

vocal foldvibration

devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))

initiation(airstream)

initiation(airstream)

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 79

AspirationAspiration• /pæk/ : phonemic transcription• [ppʰhæk] : narrow (detailed) transcription

Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /bæk/• [bbæk]

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 710

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position(unstressed syllable)

• Observe the consonant at the beginning of thefollowing words:

• /ppəˈræmɪtə/• /bbɪˈliːf/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 711

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position

• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //pp// in thefollowing words:

• /ˈppʌblɪk/• /rɪˈppʌblɪk/

• /ˈppeɪppə/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 712

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position

• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //pp// in thefollowing words:

• /ppeɪs/• /sppeɪs/

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2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 713

/ppeɪs/ /sppeɪs/

aspirationaspiration no aspirationno aspiration2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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AspirationAspiration• /ppeɪs/• [ppʰheɪs]

No aspiration after No aspiration after /s//s/• /sppeɪs/• [sppeɪs]

Voiced and voiceless plosives:after /s/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 715

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position

• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //bb// in thefollowing words:

• /bbeɪt/• /dɪˈbbeɪt/

• /bbiː/• /ˈæbbi/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 716

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial/medial position

• In English, voicelessvoiceless plosives /p /p t t k/k/ areaspiratedaspirated [ppʰh t tʰh k kʰh], especially in word-initialposition before a stressed vowel (/pæk/[ppʰhæk]).

• But it is not the case before before or after after /s//s/(/speɪs/ [sppeɪs], /fɪks/ [fɪkks]), or immediatelyafter another plosive (/ˈæktə/ [ˈækttə]).

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 717

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial/medial position

• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// are totallyor partially devoiceddevoiced [bb d d g g (or gg )] in word-initial position.

• Word-medially they can be partially devoiced.• In any case, they are not aspirated.

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 718

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:

• /bækk/• /bægg/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /bakk/ (« bac »)• /bagg/ (« bague »)

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2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 719

/bækk/ /bægg/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowelClipping: shortening of the preceding vowel• /bæk/• [bææ k]

Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /bæg/• [bægg (or gg )]

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 721

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless plosive (//p p t t kk//)in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bææ k].

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 722

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[bb d d g g (or gg )], as in /bæg/ [bægg (or gg )].

• But the explosion noise tends to be smallerthan that of voiceless ones (//p t k//) in thesame position.

• The preceding vowel is not clipped.

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 723

N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels

What happens to the following words?• /biːd/• /biːt/• /bɪd/• /bɪt/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 724

/biːd/ /bɪt/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortenedpreceding vowel shortened))

/biːt/ /bɪd/

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2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 726

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:

• /feɪss/• /feɪzz/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /fass/ (« face »)• /fazz/ (« phase »)

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 727

/feɪss/ /feɪzz/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel

• /feɪs/• [feeɪɪs]

Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /feɪz/• [feɪzz ]

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 729

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless fricative (//f f θθ s sʃʃ//) in the same syllable: /feɪs/ [feeɪɪs].

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 730

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //v v ð z ð z ʒʒ// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[vv ð ð z z ʒʒ (or ʒʒ)], as in /feɪz/ [feɪzz ].

• But they tend to be shorter, and the frictionnoise tends to be smaller than that of voicelesscounterparts (//f θ s ʃ//) in the same position.

• The preceding vowel is not clipped.

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3. Voiced and voiceless affricates

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 732

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position

• Observe the consonant at the beginning ofthe following words:

• /ttʃʃeɪn/• /ddʒʒeɪn/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 733

/ttʃʃeɪn/ /ddʒʒeɪn/

aspiration (long aspiration (long hissing hissing noise)noise) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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AspirationAspiration• /tʃeɪn/• [ttʃʰʃʰeɪn]

Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /dʒeɪn/• [dd ʒʒeɪn]

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 735

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial/medial position

• As in plosives, the voicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// isaspiratedaspirated [ttʃʰʃʰ], (/tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn]).

• The voicedvoiced affricate //ddʒʒ// is totally or partiallydevoiceddevoiced [dd ʒʒ] in word-initial position.

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 736

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the end of thefollowing words:

• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/

Page 7: MANNER of articulation - univ-paris8.fr · Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 737

/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel

• /eɪtʃ/• [eeɪɪtʃ]

Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /eɪdʒ/• [eɪdd ʒʒ]

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 739

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

• As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel isclippedclipped (shortened) when followed by avoicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// in the same syllable:/eɪtʃ/ [eeɪɪtʃ].

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 740

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• As in plosives and fricatives, the voicedvoicedaffricate //ddʒʒ// is devoiceddevoiced totally or partially inword-final position (especially in utterance-finalposition) [dd ʒʒ], as in /eɪdʒ/ [eIdd ʒʒ].

• But the friction noise tends to be smaller thanthat of the voiceless counterpart //tʃ// in thesame position.

• The preceding vowel is not clipped.

4. Approximants

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 742

Approximants:After a word-initial plosive

• Observe the palato-alveolar (post-alveolar)approximant in the following words:

• /krræb/• /grræb/• Then compare them with the consonants at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /kʁʁab/ (« crabe »)• /gʁʁa/ (« gras »)

Page 8: MANNER of articulation - univ-paris8.fr · Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 743

/krræb/ /grræb/

partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7

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/krræb/ /grræb/

voicedvoiced

(soft) palate

tongue

vocal foldvibration

vocal foldvibration

(soft) palate

tongue

partially devoicedpartially devoiced

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 745

Approximants:After a word-initial plosive

• Observe the lateral approximant in thefollowing words:

• /kllɑːs/• /gllɑːs/• Then compare them with the consonants at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /kllas/ (« classe »)• /glas/ (« glace »)

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 746

/kllɑːs/ /gllɑːs/

partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 747

Approximants:After a word-initial plosive

• Observe the approximants in the followingwords:

• /kjjuːt/• /twwɪn/

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 748

/kjjuːt/ /twwɪn/

partially devoicedpartially devoiced partially devoicedpartially devoiced

Page 9: MANNER of articulation - univ-paris8.fr · Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 7: English consonants in detail KAMIYAMA, Takeki takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr 2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 749

Approximants: After a voiceless plosive

• In English, approximantsapproximants //l l r j r j ww// are oftenpartially devoiceddevoiced after a voiceless plosive,especially in a word-initial stressed syllable:[l l rr j j w w ], as in /klɑˑs/ [kl l ɑˑs], /kræb/[krr æb ], /kjuːt/ [kjj uˑt], /twɪn/ [tww ɪn].

2015-2016 S1 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 750

Summary

/p t k tʃ/ voicelessplosives and affricate

/b d g dʒ/ voicedplosives and affricate

/f ! s ʃ/ voicelessfricatives

/v " z ʒ/ voicedfricatives

/l r j w/ approximantspreceded by a plosive

after /s/before /s/,after aplosive

word-initialstressed

othercontexts

word-final

devoicingno clipping

devoicingno clipping

voiced

partially devoiced

voiced

strongly aspirated aspirated (prec. V)

clipping

(prec. V)clipping

no aspiration

devoiced can bedevoiced

voiceless