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![Page 1: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute
Roger Barlow
Technologies
Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk
Accelerators for ADSRs
An account of the requirements for the accelerator component of
an ADSR,looking at energy, current and reliability, and at the possible solutions provided by different types of accelerator
![Page 2: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 2/10
The accelerator
Neutrons produced by spallation – high energy beam on heavy metal target
Proton beam – little point in using any other nucleus. May be advantage in using H- or H2
+ rather than H+
Requirements Solutions
Energy Linac
Current Cyclotron
Reliability Synchrotron
FFAG / nsFFAG
![Page 3: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 3/10
Energy
Neutron yield increases rapidly up to ~1 GeV and only linearly thereafter, so this is probably optimum energy.
(or 2 GeV for H2
+ )
Gives ~20 spallation neutrons / proton
Easy
![Page 4: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 4/10
Current
Current ~ 10 mA (5 mA for H2+ ) ~ 10 MW
(Depends on reactor size and on how close to critical you can run.)
This is uncomfortable. Typical currents microamps.
Storage rings have run at high currents (amps) but that does not compare directly
Problems with space charge and losses (goal is <1W/m)
Moderately difficult
![Page 5: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 5/10
Reliability
High reliability: ~ 3 trips/year is quoted, though there is no hard number
For financial and engineering reasonsNo accelerator – no reactor – no powerRepeated heating/cooling leads to expansion/contraction and thermal stresses. Affects reactor core, target and window (if there is one)
Accelerators generally trip several times/day
Reliability can be achieved throughRedundancy (ultimate is multiple accelerators)Under-ratingGraceful failure Scheduled preventive maintenanceCoupled with deep and holistic understanding of system
Extremely hard
![Page 6: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 6/10
Designs(1) - Linac
Probably the most buildable – but expensive (capital and running costs)
Examples SNS: 1 GeV 1.4 MW
ESS: 1 GeV 5 MW
~ 1 km of magnets and RF cavities
Potential for good reliability
![Page 7: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 7/10
Designs(2) - Cyclotron
Continuous pulse train so high current achievable – but essentially limited to nonrelativistic energies
Examples: PSI : 650 MeV 2 mA
Texas A & M stacked cyclotron5 PSI equivalents with shared magnet
Compact – though Magnets are solid (large and expensive)
RF is long wavelength and so low frequency
RF is single point of failure
![Page 8: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 8/10
Designs(3) - Synchrotron
Particle bunches accelerated in separate trains. Can achieve the energy, but limited in current (rep. Rate ~Hz). (Rapid Cycling Synchrotron can operate at ~100 Hz.)
Magnets smaller than cyclotron, but AC rather than DC, hence less intrinsically reliable
Examples: LHC and ISIS (800MeV, ~0.1 mA)
![Page 9: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 9/10
Designs(4) -FFAG and nsFFAG
(non scaling) Fixed Field Alternating Gradient machines Magnetic field fixed in time, changes across beam pipe (gradient) to accommodate more energetic particle bunches.
Different (alternating) gradients focus bunches.
If gradients scale with fields, optics (focussing/bending) is constant through the acceleration cycle. If not, not. Examples:
Kyoto KURRI (150 MeV, 0.1 nA)EMMA
Better reliability than Cyclotron/Synchrotron
![Page 10: Manchester University and the Cockcroft Institute Roger Barlow Technologies Roger.Barlow @ manchester.ac.uk Accelerators for ADSRs An account of the requirements.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649cc25503460f9498a486/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
18th October 2010 Roger Barlow Slide 10/10
Summary
Building an accelerator with enough energy and power (at a reasonable cost) is challenging but possible.
All 4 types of accelerator have their supporters
Achieving the required reliability will require a lot more work