MANAGING SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
Transcript of MANAGING SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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Lillehammer, 5.3.2014
42nd NERA Congress
MANAGING SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
Christian T. Lystbaek Aarhus University, Denmark
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
2
Presentation
1. Background: Sustainability in mgmt. education
2. Research interest: CSR in mgmt. education
3. Methodology: Conceptual analysis of CSR
4. Findings: Towards a complex model of CSR
5. Conclusion: Summing up and implications
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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1. Background The expansion of management education
› Professionally and conceptually i. Technical control
ii. Organizational cost-effectiveness
iii. Productive collaboration
iv. Coherent culture
v. Continuous learning
vi. …
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
4
1. Background The expansion of management education
› Professionally and conceptually i. Technical control
ii. Organizational cost-effectiveness
iii. Productive collaboration
iv. Coherent culture
v. Continuous learning
vi. …
vii. Corporate social responsibility, incl. sustainability
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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2. Research question What to teach about CSR regarding sustainability in management education?
› Sustainability is a contested concept
a. Popular: It is used a lot! Is it used too much?
b. Complex: It is given many forms/formulas! Is et everything?
c. Normative: It is a panacea for modern ills! Is it only good?
d. …
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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Ad.2. Defining ”sustainability” Sustainability is an “essentially contested concept” with no clearly defined general use
i. Refers to “some kind of valued achievement”,
ii. Which is “internally complex”
iii. Which allows “a number of possible rival descriptions”
iv. And “considerable modification”
(Gallie, 1956) (Connolly, 1993)
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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3. Methodology Conceptual analysis of corporates responsibilities
› Changing business discourses on CSR
Discourse
Greed Philanthropy Marketing Strategic Systemic
Modus operandi
Ad hoc Donations Public relations
Control systems
Business models
(Visser, 2011:18)
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
8
3. Methodology Conceptual analysis of corporates responsibilities
› Changing business discourses on CSR
Discourse Greed Philanthropy Marketing Strategic Systemic
Modus operandi
Ad hoc Donations Public relations
Control systems
Business models
Narrow conceptions
Broad conceptions
Complex conception
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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4. Findings Conceptual analysis of corporates responsibilities
› Narrow conceptions − Legal responsibilities and possibilities
› Broad conceptions − A list of different responsibilities and possibilities
› Complex conceptions − An awareness of unforeseen responsibilities and possibilities
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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“The view that has been gaining widespread acceptance [is] that corporate officials […] have a responsibility that goes beyond serving the interest of their stockholder. […] This view shows a fundamental misconception of the character and nature of a free economy. In such an economy, there is one and only one responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits as long at it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engage in open and free competition, without deception and fraud. […] Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance of corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible.”
Friedman (1962:133)
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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4a. A narrow conception Sustainability is the responsibility to stay in business
› ”The rules of the game”: External PESTLE-factors − Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and
Ethical factors
The business
Business impact:
takes makes
wastes
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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4b. A broad conception Sustainability is a hierarchy of responsibilities
› Hierarchy of corporate responsibilites
Philanthopic
Ethical
Legal
Economic
(Contribute to the community)
(Do what is right)
(Obey the law/follow the rules)
(Be profitable)
(Carroll, 1991)
Nice to have
Need to have
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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Ex.: Carrolls responsibility matrix
(Carroll, 1991:44)
Stakeholders Economic Legal Ethical Philanthropic Owners Customers Employees Community Competitors Suppliers Social activists Public at large Others
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
14
4b. An alternativ conception Sustainability is a cultural hierarchy of responsibilities
› Cultural specific hierarchy of corporate responsibilites
Philanthopic
Ethical
Legal
Economic
(Adopt voluntary codes)
(support political reforms)
(Support community projects)
(Provide investment)
(Visser, 2011)
Nice to have
Need to have
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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4b. A broader conception
Three domains of CSR
Ethical Legal
Economic
(Carroll & Schwartz, 2003)
Sustain ability
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
16 SLIDE 16
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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Critique of 4a+4b Dominant (narrow and broad) models of CSR identify specific responsibilities
› Strength: Fixed, ordered set of responsibilities − Easy to codify and account for in business settings
› Weakness: limits CSR to pre-established standards − Does not describe but prescribe trade-offs
(“the curse of incrementalism”)
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
18
4c. A complex conception Sustainability is a complex set of responsibilities
› The ethics of complexity − Every business decision has an ethical dimension
(ethics is not a separate domain)
› The complexity of ethics − Ethical responsibilities emerge in complex networks
(benefits/regulations/communities/consequences cannot be pre-determined)
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
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“Complex thinking is not omniscient thinking. It is, on the contrary, a thinking which knows that it is always local, situated in a given time and place. Neither is it a complete thinking, for it knows in advance that there is always uncertainty.” Morin (2007:97)
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
20 Ex.: The complexity of sustainability
A corporation is embedded in a network of relations › Continuously raising ethical questions
Corporation Economical responsibilities Legal responsibilities
Social responsibilities Environmental responsibilities
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
21
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
22
5. Conclusion A complex of CSR in management education
› A complex conception describes ethical responsibilities as integral to business − Corporations are embedded in complex network of
relations − CSR are not fixed (reduced to predefined contracts),
but emerging, hence requiring continuous reflection
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CHRISTIAN T. LYSTBÆK AARHUS UNIVERSITY
NERA 42 | SUSTAINABILITY IN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
23
Ad.5. Implications Teaching about sustainability in mgmt. education
› Evolving discourses on CSR
Discourse
Greed Philanthropy Marketing Strategic Systemic
Modus operandi
Ad hoc Donations Public relations
Control systems
Business models
Narrow conceptions
Broad conceptions
Complex conception