Managing Information Resources. 1111 1111 3333 3333 2222 2222 Managing Information Managing Contents...

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Managing Information Resources

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Page 1: Managing Information Resources. 1111 1111 3333 3333 2222 2222 Managing Information Managing Contents Managing Data.

Managing Information Resources

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Managing Contents

Managing Data

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Concepts & Definitions

Data Facts devoid of meaning or intent e.g. structured data in DB

Information Data that has meaning (data in context) e.g. course selection info in a student management system,

documents, voice, video... Knowledge: information with direction or intent

Content Term for the Web age e.g. text, graphics, animation, maps, photos, film clips etc.

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Information Resource Management Responsibilities Corporate databases

Distributed Various data models Data warehouse

Information Documents Web contents

Knowledge management Explicit knowledge (know-what) Tacit knowledge (know-how)

IS has been continually managing new forms of information resources

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Managing Data

DBMS

The three-level database model Level 1: the conceptual level

Containing the various "user views" of the corporate data that each application program uses

Level 2: the logical level Logical views of an organizations data as under the control of

the DBAs Level 3: the physical level

Specifying the way the data is physically stored

Level 2 absorbs changes made at level 3

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Stuent ID Student name Course Score10021 Jack Software Engineering 7910021 Jack Data structure 7610022 James Software Engineering 8510022 James Data structure 88

StuID StuName Age10021 Jack 2110022 James 20

CourseID CourseName Capacity Room373 Software engineering 30 AQ5018275 Data structure 40 AQ3023

StuID CourseID Score10021 373 7910022 373 8510021 275 7610022 275 88

Level 1

Level 2Table Student

Table Course

Table CourseSelect

Level 3

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Four Data Models

Hierarchical mode structures data so that each element is subordinate to

another in a strict hierarchical manner (Parent & child) Network model

Allows each data item to have more than one parent, Relationships stated by pointers stored with the data

Relational model Object model

Storing and managing data as objects A competitive candidate for storing XML data

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XML

XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a self-describing markup language for applying structure to data Not limited to predefined tags Human readable Machine readable

Portability Java: portable programs XML: portable data

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XML---Semi-Structured Data

TEXT

Structured(relational)

Data

XMLLessStructure

MoreStructure

Structured data:

Unstructured data:

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XML Data Model & Native Storage

“two...”

imdb

show

title review“Fugitive, The”

review

suntimes

reviewer rating

nyt

“Roger Ebert” “gives”

@year“1993”

… …

Native XML Database Defines a (logical)

model for an XML document and stores and retrieves documents according to that model.

Has an XML document as its fundamental unit of (logical) storage

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Getting Corporate Data into Shape (1) The Problem: Management can not get

consistent view across the enterprise 1960s-1970: application developed in separation

"information islands" Different units in an organization developed their used

their own database and their own applications Inconsistent data definitions Duplicate data

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Getting Corporate Data into Shape (2) The Cause: an application-driven approach

Getting applications running as quickly as possible

The Solution: a data-driven approach Data of interest data source applications Usually evolves from the application-driven chaos

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Getting Corporate Data into Shape (3) Managing data as a corporate resource is

more than installing a DBMS DBA: administering databases and software that

manages them Data administrator: managing enterprise-wide

data resources Clean up the data definitions Control shared data Manage data distribution, and Maintain data quality

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Getting Corporate Data into Shape (4) ERPs aim to integrate all data and processes of an

organization into a unified system Automate and integrate the majority of business processes Share common data and practices across the entire

enterprise Produce, access and manage information in a real-time

environment Configure application to meet business needs

Key: a unified database Provide management a corporate-wide view of operations

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Managing Data

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Four Types of Information (1)

Two structures of information Record-based: facts

about entities Document-based:

dealing with concepts Housed in documents,

messages, video, audio clips...

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Four Types of Information (2)

Two sources of information: internal and external Internal record-based information: traditional focus

of IS External record-based information: public DB Internal and external document-based information

have received little attention from IS until recently However, it is estimated that 90% of an organization's

information is in documents rather than structured databases (Sprague, 1995).

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Technologies for Managing Information The two different structures of information are

managed in different ways Record-based

Data warehouse Document-based

Document management systems Web content management

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What is Data Warehouse?

“A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of management’s decision-making process.”—W. H. Inmon

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Data Warehouse—Subject-Oriented Organized around major subjects, such as

customer, product, sales Focusing on the modeling and analysis of

data for decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction processing

Provide a simple and concise view around particular subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in the decision support process

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Data Warehouse—Integrated

Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous data sources Relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction

records Data cleaning and data integration techniques

are applied. Naming conventions, encoding structures, attribute

measures, etc. among different data sources When data is moved to the warehouse, it is converted.

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Data Warehouse—Time Variant The time horizon for the data warehouse is

significantly longer than that of operational systems Operational database: current value data Data warehouse data: provide information from a

historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)

Every key structure in the data warehouse Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly

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Data Warehouse—Nonvolatile A physically separate store of data

transformed from the operational environment

Operational update of data does not occur in the data warehouse environment Does not require transaction processing,

recovery, and concurrency control mechanisms Requires only two operations in data accessing:

Initial loading of data and access of data

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Data Warehouse vs. Heterogeneous DBMS Traditional heterogeneous DB integration: A query

driven approach Build wrappers/mediators on top of heterogeneous

databases When a query is posed to a client site, a meta-dictionary is

used to translate the query into queries appropriate for individual heterogeneous sites involved, and the results are integrated into a global answer set

Complex information filtering, compete for resources Data warehouse: update-driven, high performance

Information from heterogeneous sources is integrated in advance and stored in warehouses for direct query and analysis

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Data Warehouse vs. Operational DBMS OLTP (on-line transaction processing)

Major task of traditional relational DBMS Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory,

banking, manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.

OLAP (on-line analytical processing) Major task of data warehouse system Data analysis and decision making

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OLTP vs. OLAP

OLTP OLAP

users clerk, IT professional knowledge worker

function day to day operations decision support

DB design application-oriented subject-oriented

data current, up-to-date detailed, flat relational isolated

historical, summarized, multidimensional integrated, consolidated

usage repetitive ad-hoc

access read/write index/hash on prim. key

lots of scans

unit of work short, simple transaction complex query

# records accessed tens millions

#users thousands hundreds

DB size 100MB-GB 100GB-TB

metric transaction throughput query throughput, response

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Typical OLAP Operations

Roll up (drill-up): summarize data By climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction

Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up From higher level summary to lower level summary or

detailed data, or introducing new dimensions Slice and dice: project and select Pivot (rotate):

Reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes

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Data Warehouse: A Multi-Tiered Architecture

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DataWarehouse

ExtractTransformLoadRefresh

OLAP Engine

AnalysisQueryReportsData mining

Monitor&

IntegratorMetadata

Data Sources Front-End Tools

Serve

Data Marts

Operational DBs

Othersources

Data Storage

OLAP Server

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Document Management

Estimated that 90% of an organization’s information is in documents rather than structured databases

Types of Documents Contracts and Agreements Reports Manuals and Handbooks Correspondence Memos Drawings and Blueprints …

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Fundamental Roles of Documents 4 Fundamental roles of documents

As a product, or support for a product As a fundamental mechanism for communication

among people and groups within an organization and between organizations.

As the primary vehicle for business processes As an important part of organizational memory

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Electronic Document

An electronic document has the following characteristics holds information of multiple media: text, graphics,

audio, video contains multiple structures: headers, footers,

TOC, sections, paragraphs, tables dynamic: can be updated on the fly may depend on other documents

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Limitations of RDBMS

Limitations of RDBMS for document management Based on E-R data models Suitable for structured data Traditional business applications, decision

support systems, reporting tools No inherent support to manage electronic

documents

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Electronic Document Management System (1) An EDMS is a computer system used to track and

store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents. Allows users to create a document or capture a hard copy

in electronic form Commonly provided capabilities

Storage Versioning Metadata Security Indexing Retrieval

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Electronic Document Management System (2)

Records created & received

electronicallyRecords created & received in

hard copy

Records are filed & managed for access & maintenance electronically

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Electronic Document Management System (3) An EDMS usually provides a single view of

multiple databases An EDMS may include:

Scanners and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for document capture

Printers for creating hard copies Storage devices such as redundant array of

independent disks systems and computer server Server programs for managing the databases that

contain the documents.

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Content Management (1)

Content is a core management discipline underlying online business Without production-level Web content,

management processes, and technologies, large-scale e-business is not possible

The adoption of the XML The language for manipulating the content to work with

transaction applications

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Content Management (2)

Traditional “home-grown“ content management The Webmaster was the

publishing bottle neck

3 phases of content management life cycle Input-process-output

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Content Management (3)

Content creation and acquisition Focus on creating content quality Distribute content creation and maintenance to

business departments with centralized coordination and control

Content administration and safeguarding Emphasis on efficiency Use tools for content administration and work flow

control

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Content Management (4)

Content deployment and presentation Emphasis on effectiveness

i.e. Presenting the content so that it attracts visitors, allows them to navigate the site easily, and leads them to the desired actions

Features to attract and keep visitors Personalization: allowing visitors to customize how they

view the page Localization: tailoring a site to a culture, market or locale Multichannel distribution: appropriate display for various

devices

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Content Management Systems (1) A Content Management System (CMS) is

software that makes it easier to create, edit and publish content on a web site. Back-end to help create, edit and manage content Front-end to deliver content dynamically to

various endpoints Work flow control in moving and adding contents

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Content Management Systems (2)

Content Delivery Application

Content Management Application

Content Delivery

Assembled, tagged & formatted assets

“Front-end" functions for delivering and displaying content

“Back-end” functions for creating, editing, producing, and administering a site and its content

•Databases•DB Schemas•XML, HTML•Web Services

•Portals•Web apps•PeopleSoft•MBM

•Docs, ppts•Brochures•Photos•Logos•Contracts•Syllabus•Schedule•C:\S

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Government 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Economics South.

Government 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Economics South.

Marketing Research Scaling 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555.

Marketing Research Scaling 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555.

HR TacticsInterview TipsFinding JobsNetworking Application or Resume? 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 4444.

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Number Sense 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Geometry &

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xxx 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555xxxxxx xxx xxx.

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Territorial Map 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555PeopleVocabulary.

Territorial Map 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555PeopleVocabulary.

Family & Household 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Individual.

Family & Household 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Individual.

Master Application Tools and Tactics InterviewsMad SkillsWildcard 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 4444 4444.

Master Application Tools and Tactics InterviewsMad SkillsWildcard 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 4444 4444.

Organizational Text Structure 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444.

Organizational Text Structure 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444.

C1 C2C3C4 T5 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555.

C1 C2C3C4 T5 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555.

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Wes Adams. 1111 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 3333 2222 4444 5555 Hazardous Materials.

French Jeopardy. Category 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555CategoryCategoryCategoryCategory.

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Parts of Speech 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Common

Parts of Speech 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Common

CAMP 101 THINGS TO … TRANSITION EI-SUITE/I-SUITE ADMIN MISC 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 4444 4444 4444.

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Safety 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Metrics Measurement.

Safety 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Metrics Measurement.

Science Vocabulary 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Old.

Science Vocabulary 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 1111 3333 2222 4444 5555 Old.

Jeopardy Questions End Credits End CreditsBaseball Palindrome s FootballGolfMisc. 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333.

Jeopardy Questions End Credits End CreditsBaseball Palindrome s FootballGolfMisc. 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333.

Performance Indicators Exam QuestionsPromotionMerchandisingGeneral 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 4444 4444.

Performance Indicators Exam QuestionsPromotionMerchandisingGeneral 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 4444 4444.