Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of...

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The recording and slides of this webinar will be made available to attendees via email within 2 days. PDH Certificates will be e-mailed to attendees within 2 days. Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration Nick McCall, P.E., Woodard & Curran Keynote Speaker Sponsored by

Transcript of Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of...

Page 1: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

The recording and slides of this webinar will be made available to attendees via email within 2

days.

PDH Certificates will be e-mailed to attendees within 2 days.

Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration

Nick McCall, P.E., Woodard & Curran

Keynote Speaker

Sponsored by

Page 2: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

• Panelists will answer your

questions during the Q&A session

at the end of the Webinar.

• Please post your questions in the

Questions Window in your

GoToWebinar interface.

• Direct all questions to Chiller &

Cooling Best Practices® Magazine

Q&A Format

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Page 3: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Handouts

Page 4: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

All rights are reserved. The contents of this publication may not be

reproduced in whole or in part without consent of Smith Onandia

Communications LLC. Smith Onandia Communications LLC does not

assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any person for any loss or

damage caused by errors or omissions in the material contained herein,

regardless of whether such errors result from negligence, accident, or

any other cause whatsoever.

All materials presented are educational. Each system is unique and must

be evaluated on its own merits.

Disclaimer

Page 5: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the
Page 6: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Introduction

Chiller & Cooling Best Practices® Magazine

Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration

Sponsored by

Page 7: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

• Technical Manager,

Woodard & Curran

• Utilities engineer since 2008

• Handle utilities installations

including chillers, air

compressors, dryers, boilers,

and cooling towers as well as

supporting utilities for

manufacturing equipment

About the Speaker

Sponsored byNick McCall, P.E.Woodard & Curran

Page 8: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cooling Tower Function Overview

• Cooling towers dissipate heat from processes, typically using water as the medium.

• Heat transfer due to conduction is approximately 20-30%, remaining 70-80% is the result of evaporative cooling.

• Rate of evaporation is approximately 1-2% of the recirculating water flow depending on temperature delta across the tower.

• Water lost due to evaporation, drift, system leaks, and blowdown is replaced via makeup water.

Page 9: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cooling Tower Function Overview

Image courtesy SPX

Page 10: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Makeup Water Equation

• Cooling tower operation is described by the relationship between evaporation,

blowdown, and makeup. Note: loss due to drift/system leaks is included in the

blowdown flow rate.

𝑀 = 𝐵 + 𝐸

𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝐵 = 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝐸 = 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Page 11: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cycles of Concentration Definition

• Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the

makeup water rate and the blowdown rate.

• It is also a measure of the total amount of minerals concentrated in the

cooling tower water relative to the amount of minerals in the incoming

makeup water.

• Higher COC is indicative of higher water use efficiency.

• Most tower systems operate with a COC between 3 and 10, 10 being more

efficient.

• COCs tend to range between 5 and 7 due to cost efficiency.

Page 12: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cycles of Concentration Equation

• COC can be calculated from makeup and blowdown flow rates as below:

𝐶 =𝑀

𝐵

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝐵 = 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Page 13: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cycles of Concentration Via Conductivity

• COC can also be determined via water analysis.

• This can be done by measuring the conductivity of the incoming makeup water and the recirculating cooling tower water (the recirculating water conductivity will be the same as the blowdown water.)

𝐶 =𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

• Conductivity is commonly used to estimate COC.

Page 14: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cycles of Concentration Management

• Simple rule: to increase COC, decrease blowdown; to decrease COC,

increase blowdown.

• COC can be adjusted to allow for lower rates of water use, corresponding to

lower rates of water chemical treatment use.

Page 15: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Blowdown Required Equation

• Water evaporation loss can be used to determine the blowdown rate needed

to operate at a given COC. The relationship is as below:

𝐵 =𝐸

(𝐶 − 1)

𝐵 = 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝐸 = 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶

Page 16: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Evaporation Rate Rule of Thumb

• Evaporation rate typically is 1% of the recirculation rate for every 10 deg F

temperature drop across the tower (rule of thumb.)

• Newer towers can have 0.75% of the recirculation rate for every 10 deg F

drop.

Page 17: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Scale

• Scale is formed from minerals dissolved in the makeup water.

• Scale is a byproduct of water evaporation in the tower, making the concentration of the minerals higher in the remaining water.

• Minerals eventually come out of solution and deposit on surfaces in contact with the cooling tower water.

• Common scaling minerals include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, and silica (magnesium sulfate is also possible under certain conditions.)

• Most calcium and magnesium salts are more soluble in cold water than hot ( “reverse solubility.”)

• Other salts such as silica are more soluble in hot water than in cold.

• Water temperature increase as the water moves through the system causes calcium and magnesium scale to form.

• Deposits can form anywhere in the system, but they are most likely on hot surfaces such as heat exchangers.

• Silica tends to form in the coldest parts of the system (cooling tower fill.)

Page 18: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Scaling Potential and Cycles of Concentration Limits

• Scaling potential is determined by the maximum solubility limit for dissolved minerals that can form scale given a particular set of conditions.

• Minimizing blowdown requires dissolved mineral levels to be maintained as close as possible to these maximum solubility levels (also referred to as total dissolved solids or TDS), and it is controlled by maintaining COC for the system at a level that is equal to the lowest COC allowable for the lowest solubility salt.

• Typically calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate, but it may also be silica under certain conditions.

• COC can be increased through proper cooling water treatment.

• Equations that follow are based on rules of thumb to establish rough limits on COC. Final operating COC will be dependent on system conditions and water treatment chemicals used in system.

Page 19: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Calcium Carbonate Scale

• Calcium carbonate scale is formed when calcium bicarbonate breaks down.

• Severity of scale depends on calcium level, bicarbonate alkalinity level, and water temperature in the system.

𝐶 =110,000

𝑇𝐴 𝑥 𝑀𝐶𝑎

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

𝑀𝐶𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

Page 20: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Calcium Phosphate Scale

• Calcium phosphate scale occurs when calcium hardness reacts with phosphate in the system.

• Calcium hardness must be sufficiently high, and orthophosphate must be present and higher than 10 ppm in the cooling water.

• Calcium phosphate scaling potential can be roughly predicted by the below:

𝐶 =(105 𝑥 (9.8 − 𝐵𝑝𝐻))

𝑀𝐶𝑎

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐵𝑝𝐻 = 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑝𝐻

𝑀𝐶𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

Page 21: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Calcium Sulfate Scale

• Calcium sulfate scale occurs when calcium hardness reacts with sulfate in the water.

• Scaling potential can be roughly predicted by the below:

𝐶 =1,250,000

𝑀𝐶𝑎𝑥𝑀𝑆𝑢

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑀𝐶𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

𝑀𝑆𝑢 = 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑂4 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

Page 22: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Silica Scale

• Silica scale can occur when the maximum solubility for silica is exceeded in the cooling water. A conservative value for the solubility limit is 150 PPM as SiO2. However, the solubility limit for silica is dependent on pH and temperature. The limit ranges between 150-180 ppm in the temperature ranges typically encountered in tower systems (80 deg F to 130 deg F.) As pH increases, the solubility limit goes up. For example, the limit in a tower system with a pH of 9.0 would be approximately 250 ppm. Using 150 ppm as the limit, the below can be used to determine silica scaling potential:

𝐶 =150

𝑀𝑆𝑖

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑂𝐶150 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

𝑀𝑆𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚

Page 23: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Maximum Cycles of Concentration

• Lowest calculated COC from the above equations is the controlling factor for

operating cooling towers.

• Material with the lowest COC will be the first to precipitate out of solution,

forming scale deposits in the system.

• System COC must be kept lower than this value for the above salts.

• Water treatment can be used to allow for higher COC values, increasing the

water use efficiency of the system.

Page 24: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Example

• 𝑅 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒) = 3500 𝐺𝑃𝑀

• 𝑇 (𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 13.5° 𝐹

• 𝑀𝐶𝑎 = 255 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3• 𝑇𝐴 = 155 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3• 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 3 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑂4• 𝐵𝑝𝐻 = 8.5

• 𝑀𝑆𝑢 = 165 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑂4• 𝑀𝑆𝑖 = 5 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑂2

Page 25: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Example

• 𝐸 = 𝑅 𝑥 0.01 𝑥𝑇

10

• 𝐸 = 3500 𝑥 0.01 𝑥13.5

10= 47.25 𝐺𝑃𝑀

• Calcium carbonate: 𝐶 =110,000

𝑇𝐴 𝑥 𝑀𝐶𝑎=

110,000

155 𝑥 255= 1.67

• Calcium phosphate: phosphate level < 10 ppm, N/A

• Calcium sulfate: 𝐶 =1,250,000

𝑀𝐶𝑎 𝑥 𝑀𝑆𝑢=

1,250,000

255 𝑥 165= 5.45

• Silica: 𝐶 =150

𝑀𝑆𝑖=

150

5= 30

• Calcium carbonate returns the lowest value, therefore 𝐶 = 1.67

• 𝐵 =𝐸

(𝐶−1)=

47.25

(1.67−1)= 70.52 𝐺𝑃𝑀

• 𝑀 = 𝐵 + 𝐸 = 47.25 + 70.52 = 117.77 𝐺𝑃𝑀

Page 26: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Summary

• Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water and blowdown, both in rate and mineral concentration.

• Higher COC is indicative of higher water/chemical use efficiency. Most systems operate between 3-10 COC.

• Simple rule: to increase COC, decrease blowdown; to decrease COC, increase blowdown.

• COC can be adjusted to control scaling and allow for lower rates of water/chemical use.

• Scaling potential can be estimated based on makeup water quality parameters.

• COC can be increased through proper cooling water treatment.

Nick McCall, PE

[email protected]

Page 27: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

About the Speaker

Sponsored by

• Senior Manager of Technical

Services, SPX Cooling

Technologies, Inc.

•30 year of cooling tower

experience

•Secretary of ASHRAE’s

Technical Committee for

Cooling Towers and

Evaporative Condensers

(TC8.6)

Mark PfeiferSPX Cooling Technologies, Inc.

Page 28: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Cycles of Concentration –A Manufacturers Perspective

May 20, 2021

Page 29: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

1. Why Evaporative Cooling?

2. Why should I Maximize Cycles of Concentration?

3. Other water saving methods

4. How manufacturers can help

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Agenda

Page 30: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

1. Why Evaporative Cooling?

2. Why should I Maximize Cycles of Concentration?

3. Other water saving methods

4. How manufacturers can help

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Agenda

Page 31: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

The “Cooling” in Cooling Towers

May 20, 2021 31

Sensible (aka dry cooling)

• Sensible Cooling of 1 lb of water 1ºF rejects 1 btu.

• Dry Bulb temperature is the driving force

• Hard to cool 95º water with 95º air

• Example: Car radiator

Latent (aka evaporative cooling)

• Evaporating that same 1 lb of water rejects 1,000 btu!

• Example: Perspiration evaporating

Copyright © 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 32: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

The “Cooling” in Cooling Towers

May 20, 2021 32

Image courtesy Trane Technologies

Evaporative cooling

• Can cool water approaching the wet bulb temperature

• providing colder water to process

• Providing additional system efficiency

Copyright © 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 33: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

1. Why Evaporative Cooling?

2. Why should I Maximize Cycles of Concentration?

3. Other water saving methods

4. How manufacturers can help

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Agenda

Page 34: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

34© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved May 20, 2021

Water Use in Evaporative Equipment

Cycles of Concentration

▪ Number of times the dissolved solids in a

particular volume of water are concentrated

through evaporation

▪ Regulated by adjusting the blowdown rate

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Blo

wdow

n (

gpm

)

Cycles of Concentration

Page 35: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Water Quality – Scale

355/20/2021© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 36: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

1. Why Evaporative Cooling?

2. Why should I Maximize Cycles of Concentration?

3. Other water saving methods

4. How manufacturers can help

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Agenda

Page 37: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Condensate Recovery

May 20, 2021 37

Condensate from cooling coilsOptimal use of condensate as cooling tower makeup:

• Condensate production occurs when tower is active

• No storage tank

• No additional water treatment

• Reduced blowdown

Reference: “Quality of Condensate From Air-Handling Units,” ASHRAE Journal, December 2016, Glawe and Wooten

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 38: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Condensate Recovery

May 20, 2021 38

Potential ANNUAL condensate volume from air handlers per cfm of airflow in

different climates:

• Athens, GA 12.5 gal

• Houston, TX 22.4 gal

• Boston, MA 4.5 gal

• Sacramento, CA 1.3 gal

• Denver, CO 0.5 gal

Reference: “Capturing Condensate by Retrofitting AHU’s,” ASHRAE Journal, January 2010, Lawrence, Perry

and Dempsey

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 39: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Grey and Reclaimed Water Use

Grey: household wastewater (as from a sink or bath) that does not contain serious contaminants (as from toilets)(1)

Reclaimed: Waste water treatment plant effluent, generally having been the subject of significant water treatment for removal of “nutrients, toxic compounds, (TSS) [total suspended solids], and organics.”(2)

(1) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary

(2) Florida Water Resources Journal, “Comparison of Water Quality Parameters from South Florida Wastewater Treatment Plants”, Bloetscher & Gokgoz, 6/01

5/20/2021 39© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 40: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Fluid Cooler Products – Dry Capacity

May 20, 2021

• Products available to meet varying dry operation goals

• Water savings / water treatment • Basin freeze prevention / wintertime

operation• Operational flexibility / redundancy

Coil Surface Area Dry Capacity

Airflow Dry Capacity

Coil Surface Area Cost

Fluid Cooler

Type First Cost

Dry

Capacity

Hybrid

Crossflow$$$ --

Hybrid

Counterflow$$ -

Bare Coil

only

Counterflow

$$$ +

Finned Coil

only

Counterflow

$$$$ ++

Adiabatic

Fluid Cooler$$$$$ +++

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 41: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

1. Why Evaporative Cooling?

2. Why should I Maximize Cycles of Concentration?

3. Other water saving methods

4. How manufacturers can help

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Agenda

Page 42: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Tools - Water Guidelines

May 20, 2021 42

Reference cooling tower

manufacturer’s guidelines to

help monitor the quality of

your water

Provides limits to minimize:

1. Scale

2. Corrosion

3. Deposits

4. Biological Growth

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 43: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Tools - Water Use Calculator

May 20, 2021 43© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 44: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Tools - Water Use Calculator

May 20, 2021 44© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 45: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Tower Options – Water Management Accessories

• Conductivity controllers

• Blowdown water valves and meters

• Makeup water valves and meters

• Water level controllers

• Basin filtration

455/20/2021© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 46: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Tower Options - Sweeper Piping

May 20, 2021 46

• Provides piping system in collection

basin with nozzles to move debris and

sediment from the basin

Counterflow Basin Crossflow Basin

Sweeper Inlet

Sweep Outlet

• Outlet is connected to centrifugal

separator or filtration system

© 2021 SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Page 47: Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration...Cycles of Concentration Definition. •Cycles of concentration (COC) describes the relationship between the makeup water rate and the

Thank You. Questions?

[email protected] – Technical Services

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Additional content found at spxcooling.com

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Please submit any questions through the Question Window on

your GoToWebinar interface, directing them to Chiller & Cooling

Best Practices Magazine. Our panelists will do their best to

address your questions and will follow up with you on anything

that goes unanswered during this session.

Thank you for attending!

Q&A

Managing Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration

Sponsored by

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The recording and slides of this webinar will be made

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PDH Certificates will be e-mailed to Attendees within 2 days.

Thank you for attending!

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Thursday, June 10, 2021 – 2:00 PM ESTRegister for free at

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Vacuum Centralization in Food & Bev Applications

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