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Transcript of managerial economics
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Economics is “the study of the
behavior of human beings in producing, distributing and consuming material goods and services in a world of scarce resources.”
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Management is the discipline of
organizing and allocating a firm’s scarce resources to achieve its desired objectives. Involves the ability to organize and administer various tasks in pursuit of certain objectives.
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INTRODUCTION TO MEINTRODUCTION TO ME
How does managerial economics How does managerial economics differ from “regular” economics?differ from “regular” economics?There is no difference in There is no difference in the theory; theory; standard economic theory provides standard economic theory provides the basis for managerial the basis for managerial economics.economics.The difference is in the way the The difference is in the way the economiceconomic theory is applied.theory is applied.
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The nature of managerial economic decision making
The role of managerial economics in managerial decision making
Managerial decision problems Product price and output
Make or buyProduction technique
Internet strategyAdvertising media and intensity
Investment and financing
Economic concepts Theory of consumer behaviour
Theory of firmTheory of market structures and
pricing
Decision making tools Numerical analysisStatistical analysis
ForecastingGame theoryOptimisation
Managerial Economics Use of economics concepts and decision making tools to solve managerial decision problems
Optimal solutions
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Definitions of Managerial Economics Integration of economic theory with
business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by management. – Prof. Spencer Sigelman.
The purpose of Managerial economics is to show how economic analysis can be used in formulating business policies – Prof. Joel Dean
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Managerial economics is the
use of economic analysis to make business decisions involving the best use (allocation) of an organization’s scarce resources.
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Managerial economics deals Managerial economics deals withwith
““How decisions How decisions shouldshould be made by be made by managers to achieve the firm’s managers to achieve the firm’s goalsgoals - in particular, how to - in particular, how to maximize profit.”maximize profit.”
(Also government agencies and (Also government agencies and nonprofit institutions benefit from nonprofit institutions benefit from knowledge of economics, i.e. knowledge of economics, i.e. efficient resource allocation is efficient resource allocation is important for them too...)important for them too...)
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Micro and Macroeconomics 2 major branches of
economics Micro – derived for Greek word
micros meaning small Macro – derived form Greek
word macros means aggregative – whole – large
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Microeconomics
Branch of economics which is concerned with analysis of behaviour of the individual economic units or variables such as an individual consumer or a producer or the price of a particular product.
Basically deals with individual decision making and the problem of resource allocation.
Examines in particular as to how individual consumers and producers behave and how their behaviors interact
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Importance and uses of microeconomics
Explains price determination and allocation of resources
Direct relevance in business decision making Serves as a guide for business/ production
planning Serves as a basis for prediction Useful in determination of economic policies
of the government Serves as the basis for welfare economics Explain the phenomena of international trade
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Macroeconomics Branch of economics which deals with
the aggregate behavior of the economy as a whole
Macroeconomics is essentially aggregate economics
Study of economic system in general Study of very large, economy – wide
aggregate variables like national income, total savings, total consumption, total investment, money supply, unemployment, price levels, economic growth rate etc.
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Importance of macroeconomics Explains the working of the
economy as a whole Knowledge is indispensable for
policy makers Useful for the planner for preparing
economic plans for the country’s development
Helpful in international comparison
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Distinction between micro and macroeconomics
MICRO- Study of individual Individualistic
approach Variables – indl
dd,ss, price etc.
MACRO - Study of
aggregate Aggregate
approach Variables – agg
dd, agg ss, price level etc
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Review of Economic Terms Microeconomics is the study of
individual consumers and producers in specific markets.– Supply and demand– Pricing of output– Production processes– Cost structure– Distribution of income and output
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Review of Economic Terms Macroeconomics is the study of the
aggregate economy.– National Income Analysis (GDP)– Unemployment– Inflation– Fiscal and Monetary policy– Trade and Financial relationships among
nations
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Review of Economic Terms Scarcity is the condition in which
resources are not available to satisfy all the needs and wants of a specified group of people.
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Review of Economic Terms Resources are factors of
production or inputs.– Examples:
Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship
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Review of Economic Terms Opportunity cost is the amount
or value that must be sacrificed in choosing one activity over the next best alternative.
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Relationship to other business disciplines
– Marketing: Demand, Price Elasticity– Finance: Capital Budgeting, Break-Even
Analysis, Opportunity Cost, Economic Value Added
– Management Science: Linear Programming, Regression Analysis, Forecasting
– Strategy: Types of Competition, Structure-Conduct-Performance Analysis
– Managerial Accounting: Relevant Cost, Break-Even Analysis, Incremental Cost Analysis, Opportunity Cost
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Questions that managers must
answer:– How can we maintain a competitive
advantage over our competitors?Cost-leader?Product Differentiation?Market Niche?Outsourcing, alliances, mergers, acquisitions?
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Questions that managers must
answer:– What are the risks involved?
Risk is the chance or possibility that actual future outcomes will differ from those expected today.
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Economics and Managerial Decision Making Types of risk
– Changes in demand and supply conditions– Technological changes and the effect of
competition– Changes in interest rates and inflation
rates– Exchange rates for companies engaged in
international trade– Political risk for companies with foreign
operations
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Nature of Managerial Economics Managerial economics aims at
providing decision making to firms. It draws heavily on the prepositions of micro economic theory that studies the phenomenon at individual level i.e behaviour of individual consumers, households and firms.
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Nature of Managerial Economics The concepts of economics which
ME frequently uses are : Elasticity of demand. Marginal cost. Marginal revenue. Market structures and their
significance in pricing policies.
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Nature of Managerial Economics ME makes use of both Micro & Macro
economics. Micro economics assists the firm in forecasting & macro economics studies the aggregate levels. Macro economics indicates the relationship between, for example, level of consumption and national income, level of national income and employment etc.
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Nature of Managerial Economics This helps the management in knowing
the level of demand at a future period of time, based on the relationship between the national income and the demand for a particular product.
Eg : Demand for cars, televisions, refrigerators etc can have a impact of changes in the level of national income.
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Nature of Managerial Economics ME is prescriptive in nature. It
recommends how a thing should be done in alternative conditions.
Eg: It may be derived from economic analysis that it is more profitable to produce 100 units of a particular product by using 5 machines and 15 workers than using 2 machines and 25 workers.
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Nature of Managerial Economics ME uses a scientific approach. In
practice some firms may use simple rules based on past experience. However, the quality of decisions made can be improved by using a systematic approach. This is achieved by the study of ME.
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Scope of ME The scope of ME is so wide that it
touches almost all areas of the manager’s decision making. It deals with demand analysis, forecasting, production function, cost analysis, inventory management, resource allocation, capital budgeting. A brief introduction to these areas will give an idea of the scope of ME.
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Scope of ME Demand Analysis and forecasting : A correct analysis of the future demand
for a companies product enables a manager to take decisions related to the production scheduling & inventory management.
For this he has to consider things such as income elasticity and cross elasticity.
This process of accessing the future demand is called as demand forecasting.
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Scope of ME Production function : We know that resources are scarce and
have alternative uses. Inputs play a imp. role in the economics of production.
The factors of production should be combined in a particular way to maximize output.
Alternatively, when the prices of some inputs shoots up, a manager has to work out a change in the use of inputs so as to bring the total costs of production as low as possible.
Thus, production function helps ME.
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Scope of ME Cost analysis : Cost analysis talks of
determinants of costs, relationship between costs and output, forecast of cost and profit etc. which is essential for managerial decision making.
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Scope of ME Inventory management : Large capital of companies is
blocked in inventory. If this capital can be saved, it can be used for alternative production priorities.
Tools like ABC analysis etc. help the managers in deciding the levels of inventory.
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Scope of ME Pricing : The price of the product often
determines how much of what product will be purchased.
Merely knowing the cost of production is not enough to set the price. Various other aspects such as the market conditions, conditions of competition, various options available for pricing also have to be considered.
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Subject matter and scope of microeconomicsMicroeconomics
Pricing (Theory of value)
Distribution (Factor Pricing)
Welfare (Welfare economics)
Theory of demand
Theory of Production
Theory of pricing
General Theory of Distribution
Theories of
Rent Wages Interest Profits