In the name of Allah

Seasons of the year

What is season?A season is a division of the year, marked by changes in weather, ecology and hours of

daylight. Seasons result from the yearly orbit of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of the orbit. In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant.

During May, June, and July, the northern hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the sun. The same is true of the southern hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is the tilt of the Earth that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the hottest months in the northern hemisphere and December, January, and February are the hottest months in the southern hemisphere.

Nowruz • Nowruz marks the first day of spring or Equinox and the beginning of the year in the

Persian calendar.

• It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical Northward equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed.

• The moment the sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and families gather together to observe the rituals.

• Nowruz is celebrated by people from diverse ethnic communities and religious backgrounds for thousands of years.

• It is a secular holiday for most celebrants that is enjoyed by people of several different faiths, but remains a holy day for Zoroastrians.

Nowruz in Afghanistan• Nowroz is celebrated widely in Afghanistan. Also known as

Farmer's Day, the observances usually last two weeks, culminating on the first day of the Afghan New Year, March 21.

• During the Taliban rule (1996–2001), Nowruz was banned and considered an "ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship".

• Preparations for Nowroz start several days beforehand, at least after Chaharshanbe Suri, the last Wednesday before the New Year. Among various traditions and customs, the most important ones are as following:

Guli Surkh festival :

• The Guli Surkh festival which literally means Red Flower Festival (referring to the red Tulip flowers) is the principal festival for Nowroz.

• It is celebrated in Mazar-e Sharif during the first 40 days of the year when the Tulip flowers grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city.

• People from all over the country travel to Mazari Sharif to attend the Nawroz festivals.

• Various activities and customs are performed during the Guli Surkh festival, including the Jahenda Bala event and Buzkashi games.

Jahenda Bālā

• old Persian Zoroastrian term Zend or Zand Persian: [97]:( ژند Jahenda Bala is celebrated on the first day of the New Year (i.e. Nawroz), and is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors.

• It is a specific religious ceremony performed in the Blue Mosque of Mazar that is believed (mostly by Sunnite Afghans) to be the site of the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph of Islam. The ceremony is performed by raising a special banner whose color configuration resembles Derafsh Kaviani.

• This is the biggest recorded Nowroz gathering where up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan get together in Mazar central park around blue mosque to celebrate the banner raising (Jahenda Bālā ) ceremony.

Haft Mēwa • In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa

(literally translates as Seven Fruits) instead of Haft Sin which is common in Iran.

• Haft Mewa is like a Fruit salad made from 7 different Dried fruits, served in their own syrup. The 7 dried fruits are: Raisin, Senjed (the dried fruit of the oleaster tree), Pistachio, Hazelnut, Prune (dry fruit of Apricot), Walnut and whether Almond or another species of Plum fruit.

Samanak• It is a special type of sweet dish made from

germinated wheat, and is normally cooked or prepared on the eve of Nawroz or a few days before the Nawroz.

• Women take a special party for it during the night, and cook it from late in the evening till the daylight, singing a special song: Samanak dar Josh o mā Kafcha zanem – Dochtaran* dar Khwāb o mā Dafcha zanem (* Dochter mains 1 daughter 2 young Lady or girl)

Special cuisines• People cook special types of dishes for Nowroz, especially on the eve of Nowroz.

Normally they cook Sabzi Chalaw, a dish made from rice and spinach, separately. Moreover, the bakeries prepare a special type of cookie, called Kulcha-e Nowrozī, which is only baked for Nowroz.

• Another dish which is prepared mostly for the Nowroz days is Māhī wa Jelabī (Fried Fish and Jelabi) and it is the most often meal in picnics.

• In Afghanistan, it is a common custom among the affianced families that the fiancé's family give presents to or prepare special dishes for the fiancée's family on special occasions such as in the two Eids (Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha), Barā'at and in Nowroz. Hence, the special dish for Nowroz is Māhī wa Jelabī.

SpringThere are four season in a year and spring is the first season

of the year.

Spring is a beautiful season, because where ever you look can see the grass and freshness.

In this season the formers go to their Felds and start their work.

The gardeners and people of the city get ready to set new tress in their Felds or houses.

The student are very happy because their school start in this season.

• The entire insects wake from their winter sleeps and the birds sing and make nest in this season.

• The weather is very pleasant in this season some times it rains and some times it is cloudy and sunny

• Spring is one of the four conventional temperate seasons, following winter and preceding summer.

• There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures and customs.

• When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, it will be autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.

• At the spring equinox, days are approximately 12 hours long with day length increasing as the season progresses.

• Spring and "springtime" refer to the season, and also to ideas of rebirth, rejuvenation, renewal, resurrection and regrowth.

• Subtropical and tropical areas have climates better described in terms of other seasons, e.g. dry or wet, monsoonal or cyclonic. Often the cultures have locally defined names for seasons which have little equivalence to the terms originating in Europe.

• During spring, the axis of the Earth is increasing its tilt relative to the Sun, and the length of daylight rapidly increases for the relevant hemisphere.

• The hemisphere begins to warm significantly causing new plant growth to "spring forth," giving the season its name. Snow, if a normal part of winter, begins to melt, and streams swell with runoff.

• Frosts, if a normal part of winter, become less severe. In climates that have no snow and rare frosts, the air and ground temperatures increase more rapidly. .

• Many flowering plants bloom this time of year, in a long succession sometimes beginning when snow is still on the ground, continuant early nag summer.

• In normally snowless areas "spring" may begin as early as February (Northern Hemisphere) heralded by the blooming of deciduous magnolias, cherries and quince, or August (Southern Hemisphere) in the same way.

• Many temperate areas have a dry spring, and wet autumn (fall), which brings about flowering in this season more consistent with the need for water as well as warmth.

At end of spring season I can say that spring makes the nature fresh and alive

summer• Summer is the second season of the year and it is warmest

season of the year too.

• When this season begins all the fruits get ripe and the farmers and gardeners get the benefits of their crops .

• In this season the days are long and the night are short and the people go to lake and river for swimming or picnic.

• During the hottest days of summer the student’s don’t go to school because the school are of and it’s chance for the student’s to go to the cool and sight seeing places with their families .

• some people go to their hometown to enjoy from their summer vacation

• Subarctic areas may Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling between spring and autumn.

• At the summer solstice, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, with day-length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice.

• The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition and culture, but when it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.

• not experience "spring" at all until May or even June Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather.

• In the Mediterranean regions, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places (particularly in Eastern Asia because of the Monsoon) it is associated with rainy weather.

• The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the savanna climate regime. Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds, it is known as a monsoon.

Holidays

• School breaks.

• Schools and universities typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days.

• In almost all countries, children are out of school during this time of year for summer break, although dates vary .

• In the U S ,public schools usually end in early June while colleges get out in early may.

• In India schools ends in April end and resumes in late June or early July.

• In England and wales, schools end in mid-july and resumes again end in early September.

• In Scotland the summer holiday begins in late June and ends in mad-to late-August similarly.

• In Canada the summer holidays starts in late June and end at the very start of September.

• In Pakistan, school usually ends in early June and resumes in mid-September.

• In the Philippines, the months of April and May make up the summer break[19] In the Southern Hemisphere, school summer holiday dates include the major holidays of Christmas and New Year's Day.

• . School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa begin in mid-December and end in late January, with the dates varying between states.

• . School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa begin in mid-December and end in late January, with the dates varying between states.

Public holidays

• A wide range of public holidays fall during summer, including:

• Bank holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland

• Ólavsøka, national holiday in the Faroe Islands on 29 July

• Independence Day (United States)

• Australia Day (26 January); also Christmas and New Year in the Southern Hemisphere

• Autumn, interchangeably known as fall in North America,[1] is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere), when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier and the temperature cools considerably. One of its main features is the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees.

• Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-autumn", while others with a longer temperature lag treat it as the start of autumn.[2] Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere)[3] use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere,[4] and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.

• In North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox[5] and end with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December).[6] In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October and November.[7] However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In Australia and New Zealand, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends on 31 May.

Fall (Autumn )

• Fall is the third season of the year in this season the weather is dry and windly.

• All the leaves of the trees get yellow and fall down and all the grasses gets dry because of the cool weather.

• At the end of this season all the students are very busy because they have finale examenation and every one of the student want to pass in this exame.

• The people get ready for weanter season.in the fall season the farmers finish their worke .

• Fall season which makes a spectaula view from the falling leaves of the trees.

• Autumn, interchangeably known as fall in North America, is one of the four temperate seasons.

• Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere), when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier and the temperature cools considerably.

• One of its main features is the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees.

• Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-autumn", while others with a longer temperature lag treat it as the start of autumn.

• Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.

• In North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox and end with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December).

• In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October and November.

• However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition.

• In Australia and New Zealand, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends on 31 May.[8

Winter• Winter is the fourth or last season of the year . The weather is

very cold , snowy and rainy In this season.

• It is a beautiful season because ever where that you look you well see the white snow.

• The schools are off in this season so it is a chance for all students to get for the next years lesson.

• Beside the lesson they can take English and computer classes.

• Winter is very special time for all the people especially for the children.

• Because they get together and play different game like: skiing , skating , snow fighting and making snow man.

• So the children enjoy a lot from the winter season.

• Winter is beautiful season of the year because in this season every person can enjoy a lot from the defiant game.

• Winter (/ˈw nt rɪ ə /) is the coldest season of the year in polar climates and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.

• Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.

• When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.

• In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures.

• The moment of winter solstice is when the sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that is, the sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole).

• The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest

Humans and winter• Humans evolved in tropical climates, and met cold

weather as they migrated into Eurasia, although earlier populations certainly encountered Southern Hemisphere winters in Southern Africa. Micro-evolution in Caucasian, Asiatic and Inuit people show some adaptation to the climate.

• Humans are sensitive to cold, see hypothermia. Snowblindness, norovirus, seasonal depression, slipping on black ice and falling icicles are other health concerns associated with cold and snowy weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is not unusual for homeless people to die from hypothermia in the winter.

• One of the most common diseases associated with winter is Influenza. Symptoms include: Headache, Fever, Muscle pains, sinus infection, fatigue, dizziness, cough, loss of appetite

• In Persian culture the winter solstice is called Yaldā (meaning: birth) and it has been celebrated for thousands of years. It is referred to as the eve of the birth of Mithra, who symbolised light, goodness and strength on earth.

• In Greek mythology, Hades kidnapped Persephone to be his wife. Zeus ordered Hades to return her to Demeter, the goddess of the Earth and her mother. However, Hades tricked Persephone into eating the food of the dead, so Zeus decreed that Persephone would spend six months with Demeter and six months with Hades. During the time her daughter is with Hades, Demeter became depressed and caused winter.

Winter & human health

Thank you

Question ? Prepared by Rohullah akhundzada