Management of Milk Thistle Quality D. Waterer J. Wahab D. Cooper.
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Transcript of Management of Milk Thistle Quality D. Waterer J. Wahab D. Cooper.
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Management of Milk Thistle Quality
D. Waterer
J. Wahab
D. Cooper
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CDC “New Crops” Research
• Objective– Assist in the identification and
adoption of “New Crops” suited to Saskatchewan
– Suitable growing conditions and market opportunities ??
– Industry driven initiative
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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
• Annual/biennial • Indigenous to c. Asia but naturalized
worldwide• Long history of medicinal use• Hepato-protectant • Identified by SHSA as “focus crop”
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New Crops Program Milk Thistle Research
• Objective – determine management practices that maximize yields of high quality milk thistle in Saskatchewan
• Good seed yields vs. Good quality ?
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Milk Thistle Quality
• Silymarin complex + other bioactive flavenoids
• Silymarin complex = mixture of isomers
• Silybinin, silychristine and silydianine
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Milk Thistle Seed Quality
• Minimum of 2% silymarin complex ... higher the better.
• Levels and mixture of isomers under genetic and environmental control.
• Yields more heritable than quality• Small positive correlation between yield and
quality
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Managing for Maximum Yields ... Impact on Quality ?
• Indeterminent flowering habit = uneven ripening
• Quality improves with seed maturity
• Shatters once ripe = lost yields
• Options
• Hand harvests (multiple)
• Machine harvest (once-over)
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New Crops Program Milk Thistle Research
• Germplasm evaluation trials (2003-2005)• 30 lines from worldwide sources• Assess for agronomic characteristics,
seed yields and quality• Standard crop management practices• Hand vs machine harvested
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- Once-over machine harvest = 80% of yields. of multiple hand harvest- Much faster and user friendly.
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2004 Milk Thistle Trials
Line Silybinin A(% w/w)
Silybinin B(% w/w)
OtherFlavonolignans
Silymarin (% w/w)
Hand Combine Hand Combine Hand Combine Hand Combine
AustraHort
0.20 0.38 0.27 0.53 0.85 1.13 1.32 2.00
Bolier 0.38 0.37 0.53 0.52 1.03 1.29 1.94 2.18
Cruz - 0.41 - 0.58 - 1.10 - 2.09
Genesis 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.56 0.85 0.64 0.95
Horizon 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.46 0.71 0.55 0.81
Johnny’s 0.08 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.74 0.54 0.93 0.62
Kalyx 1 0.27 0.37 0.38 0.52 0.89 1.18 1.52 2.07
Reddis 0.31 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.75 0.78 1.42 1.53
Richters 0.32 0.42 0.39 0.58 0.99 1.20 1.70 2.20
Royston757PJ2
0.52 - 0.74 - 1.29 - 2.54 -
Royston1236LJ-2
0.08 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.60 0.78 0.79 1.06
Royston131-J2
0.30 0.18 0.35 0.21 0.79 0.64 1.44 1.02
TMP14068
0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.64 0.61 0.73 0.71
Mean 0.20 0.23 0.28 0.31 0.80 0.90 1.29 1.43
Line Silybinin A(% w/w)
Silybinin B(% w/w)
OtherFlavonolignans
Silymarin (% w/w)
Hand Combine Hand Combine Hand Combine Hand Combine
AustraHort
0.20 0.38 0.27 0.53 0.85 1.13 1.32 2.00
Bolier 0.38 0.37 0.53 0.52 1.03 1.29 1.94 2.18
Cruz - 0.41 - 0.58 - 1.10 - 2.09
Genesis 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.56 0.85 0.64 0.95
Horizon 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.46 0.71 0.55 0.81
Johnny’s 0.08 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.74 0.54 0.93 0.62
Kalyx 1 0.27 0.37 0.38 0.52 0.89 1.18 1.52 2.07
Reddis 0.31 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.75 0.78 1.42 1.53
Richters 0.32 0.42 0.39 0.58 0.99 1.20 1.70 2.20
Royston757PJ2
0.52 - 0.74 - 1.29 - 2.54 -
Royston1236LJ-2
0.08 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.60 0.78 0.79 1.06
Royston131-J2
0.30 0.18 0.35 0.21 0.79 0.64 1.44 1.02
TMP14068
0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.64 0.61 0.73 0.71
Mean 0.20 0.23 0.28 0.31 0.80 0.90 1.29 1.43
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Line Seed Yie ld (kg/ha)
Silymarincontent
(%)
Silymarin Yield(kg/ha)
Austra Hort 1337 1.7 22.4
Bolier 1254 2.0 25.0
Genesis 823 0.7 5.7
Horizon Herbs 656 0.7 4.6
Johnny’s 643 0.6 5.0
Kalyx 1 1151 1.6 18.4
Richters 870 2.0 17.4
RoystonLot 1236 LJ2
1007 0.9 9.0
TMP 14068 1362 0.7 9.5
Line Seed Yie ld (kg/ha)
Silymarincontent
(%)
Silymarin Yield(kg/ha)
Austra Hort 1337 1.7 22.4
Bolier 1254 2.0 25.0
Genesis 823 0.7 5.7
Horizon Herbs 656 0.7 4.6
Johnny’s 643 0.6 5.0
Kalyx 1 1151 1.6 18.4
Richters 870 2.0 17.4
RoystonLot 1236 LJ2
1007 0.9 9.0
TMP 14068 1362 0.7 9.5
2004 - Milk Thistle Trials
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Milk Thistle Germplasm Trials
• Huge genetic variability in yield potential and quality
• Significant year to year variability in yields and quality … but relative performance of lines is fairly stable.
• Weak positive correlation between yields and quality
• Machine harvest is efficient and yields a high quality product
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Managing for Maximum Yields ... Impact on Milk Thistle Quality ?
• Fertility– Literature shows minimal impact on either
yields or quality– Confirmed by Wahab in SK in 2003 and
2004.– Good news for organic growers
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Managing for Maximum Yields ... Impact on Quality ?
• Plant Populations– Literature shows minimal impact of
population on either yields or quality– Confirmed by Wahab in SK in 2003 and 2004.– Good news due to high
seed costs- Suggests potential for
fall seeding
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Managing for Maximum Yields ... Impact on Milk Thistle
Quality ? • Timing of Harvest
– Literature shows yields peak with maturity … then decline due to shattering.
– Desiccation facilitates harvest … impact on yields and shattering = ???
– Desiccation options• Chemical desiccants = not organic• Organic desiccants (vinegar)• Frost = dependability ?
– Wahab tests impact of timing of desiccation and type of desiccant on yields and quality in 2003 and 2004.
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Managing for Maximum Yields ... Impact on Quality ?
• Timing + Method of Desiccation Studies
– Results vary depending on crop maturity at time of desiccation = growing season effects.
– Chemical desiccants work faster than organic options
– Fast action of chemical desiccants allows delayed treatment = increased yields and improved quality in short seasons
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Other Options for Improving Milk Thistle Quality
• Seed Grading
– Relatively easy to grade for seed size
– Can achieve significant improvements in quality (% silymarin) by sizing = blending options.
– Color sorting is slower, not as effective and complicated by line to line variability in seed color.
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Maximizing Milk Thistle Yield and Quality
• Conclusions – Germplasm selection is critical
• Significant genetic variability in yields and quality• Line performance is relatively stable across years/sites.
– Standard management variables (fertility, plant spacing, irrigation) have little impact on yields or quality
– Must time harvest for maximum seed maturity without excessive losses to shattering.
– Mechanical harvest does not compromise quality.– Desiccation options vary in efficacy– Potential to improve/standardize quality through post-
harvest grading steps.
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Maximizing Milk Thistle Yield and Quality
• Conclusions - with better management and handling practices, significant improvements in yield are possible.
- with better management practices ... higher and more predictable levels of active ingredients are possible
- higher yields and quality at lower cost = crucial in a competitive market