Management of Diabetic Emergencies
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Transcript of Management of Diabetic Emergencies
Management of Management of Diabetic Diabetic
EmergenciesEmergencies
ObjectivesObjectives
Will have a better understanding of Will have a better understanding of the management of diabetic the management of diabetic emergencies.emergencies.
Will see the necessity for an insulin Will see the necessity for an insulin protocol. protocol.
DefinitionDefinition
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia due to an absolute hyperglycaemia due to an absolute or relative lack of insulin or to a or relative lack of insulin or to a cellular resistance to insulin. cellular resistance to insulin.
Definition of DKA & Definition of DKA & HHNKSHHNKS
Diabetic Ketoacidosis is a medical Diabetic Ketoacidosis is a medical emergency resulting from an absolute or emergency resulting from an absolute or a relative deficiency in insulin secretion a relative deficiency in insulin secretion and an increase in the counter-and an increase in the counter-regulatory hormones.regulatory hormones.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Non-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Non-ketotic Syndrome is medical emergency ketotic Syndrome is medical emergency resulting from a relative deficiency in resulting from a relative deficiency in insulin secretion and an increase in the insulin secretion and an increase in the counter- regulatory hormones.counter- regulatory hormones.
Precipitating Factors of Precipitating Factors of DKA & HHNKSDKA & HHNKS
Infectious ProcessesInfectious Processes Vascular disordersVascular disorders Endocrine disordersEndocrine disorders Concurrent medicationsConcurrent medications
Pathogenesis of DKAPathogenesis of DKAEffects on Carbohydrate Effects on Carbohydrate
MetabolismMetabolism
Insulin lack
Decrease in glucose use
Hyperglycaemia
Glycosuria, osmotic diuresis
Water & Electrolytes
Dehydration
Haemoconcentration
Peripheral circulatory failure
Hypotension
Renal blood flow
Anuria
Coma & Death
Effects on Fat Effects on Fat MetabolismMetabolism
Insulin lack
Decrease glucose use
Lipogensis in depots
Moblization of depot fat
Lipemia
Ketogensis in Liver
Ketonaemia
Ketonuria
Loss of Na+
Effects on Protein Effects on Protein MetabolismMetabolism
Insulin Lack
Decrease in glucose use
Protein Catabolism
Aminoacidemia
Gluconeogenesis
Urinary Nitrogen
Cellular Dehydration
Loss of K+ from cells
Net loss of body K+
Signs & Symptoms of Signs & Symptoms of DKADKA
PolyuriaPolyuria PolyphagiaPolyphagia PolydipsiaPolydipsia Weight lossWeight loss FatigueFatigue Blurred visionBlurred vision TachycardiaTachycardia
Signs & Symptoms of Signs & Symptoms of DKA con’tDKA con’t
Hypotension & orthostatic Hypotension & orthostatic hypotensionhypotension
Decreased skin turgorDecreased skin turgor Cardiac arrhythmiaCardiac arrhythmia Deep rapid respirationsDeep rapid respirations Acetone odour to breatheAcetone odour to breathe Red, flushed faceRed, flushed face AnorexiaAnorexia
Signs & Symptoms of Signs & Symptoms of DKA con’tDKA con’t
Nausea & vomitingNausea & vomiting Abdominal painAbdominal pain Decreased mental statusDecreased mental status ComaComa HypothermiaHypothermia Leg crampsLeg cramps
Signs & Symptoms of Signs & Symptoms of HHNKSHHNKS
PolyuriaPolyuria PolyphagiaPolyphagia PolydipsiaPolydipsia Weight lossWeight loss FatigueFatigue Blurred visionBlurred vision TacycardiaTacycardia Orthostatic hypotensionOrthostatic hypotension
Signs & Symptoms of Signs & Symptoms of HHNKSHHNKS
Decreased skin turgorDecreased skin turgor Cardiac arrhythmiaCardiac arrhythmia Decreased mental statusDecreased mental status ComaComa HemiparesisHemiparesis SeizuresSeizures ThrombosisThrombosis HypothermiaHypothermia Leg crampsLeg cramps
Management of DKA & Management of DKA & HHNKSHHNKS
Aims:Aims: Reduce blood glucose by 2-3mmol/lReduce blood glucose by 2-3mmol/l Prevent re- occurrencePrevent re- occurrence
Treatment of DKA & Treatment of DKA & HHNKSHHNKS
Rx of DKA & HHNKS involves:Rx of DKA & HHNKS involves:
1.1. General measuresGeneral measures
2.2. Insulin treatmentInsulin treatment
3.3. Fluid & electrolyte replacementFluid & electrolyte replacement
DKA in Children & DKA in Children & AdolscentsAdolscents
Aim:Aim: Reduce Blood glucoseReduce Blood glucose Prevent re-occurrence Prevent re-occurrence
DKA in Children & DKA in Children & AdolscentsAdolscents
Treatment of DKA in ChildrenTreatment of DKA in Children General MeasuresGeneral Measures Insulin treatmentInsulin treatment Fluid & Electrolyte ReplacementFluid & Electrolyte Replacement
General MeasuresGeneral Measures
Clinical Assessment: Neurological Clinical Assessment: Neurological status, cardiac rate and respiratory rate.status, cardiac rate and respiratory rate.
Biological Assessment: Blood glucose, Biological Assessment: Blood glucose, Na+, K+ & CL- & HCO3.Na+, K+ & CL- & HCO3.
Instrumental: ECG & BP, CXR, blood & Instrumental: ECG & BP, CXR, blood & urine culturesurine cultures
Admission: Q3hrly haemogasanalysis, Admission: Q3hrly haemogasanalysis, creatinine blood level & blood beta-creatinine blood level & blood beta-hydroxybutyrate.hydroxybutyrate.
Fluid & Electrolyte Fluid & Electrolyte ReplacementReplacement
First hour: IV treatment (re-hydration First hour: IV treatment (re-hydration only) of 0.9% NaCL ( 5-8ml/kg/hr)only) of 0.9% NaCL ( 5-8ml/kg/hr)
22ndnd hour & Onwards ( complete re- hour & Onwards ( complete re-hydration)hydration)
0.9% NaCL & K+ ( Max 4L/m2 in 24hrs-0.9% NaCL & K+ ( Max 4L/m2 in 24hrs-36hrs)36hrs)
14kg-21kg (age 3-6yrs): 2200ml/m214kg-21kg (age 3-6yrs): 2200ml/m2 22kg-29kg (age 7-9yrs): 1800ml/m222kg-29kg (age 7-9yrs): 1800ml/m2 30kg-55kg ( age > 10yrs): 1500ml/m230kg-55kg ( age > 10yrs): 1500ml/m2NB If Na+ is > 150mEq/L give 0.45% NaCLNB If Na+ is > 150mEq/L give 0.45% NaCL
Fluid & Electrolyte Fluid & Electrolyte ReplacementReplacement
If patient is urinating give K+ 0.1-If patient is urinating give K+ 0.1-0.2mEq/Kg/hr. Should be divided 0.2mEq/Kg/hr. Should be divided into 50% KPO4 & 50% KCL. into 50% KPO4 & 50% KCL. NB NB Dose adjusted Q1hryly or 2hrly Dose adjusted Q1hryly or 2hrly depending on the level of depending on the level of kalemia & or on kalemia & or on electrocardiography.electrocardiography.
Insulin TreatmentInsulin Treatment
If blood glucose is >13.8mmol give If blood glucose is >13.8mmol give 0.1-0.075IU/kg/hr.0.1-0.075IU/kg/hr.
If blood glucose is < 13.8mmol give If blood glucose is < 13.8mmol give 0.05-0.025IU/kg/hr & 10% DW @ 0.05-0.025IU/kg/hr & 10% DW @ 1ml/kg/hr.1ml/kg/hr.
Acute ComplicationsAcute Complications
DeathDeath Cerebral oedemaCerebral oedema Vascular thrombosisVascular thrombosis InfectionsInfections
ReferencesReferences
Treatment of DKA in Children & Treatment of DKA in Children & Adolescents by Maurizio Vanelli, Adolescents by Maurizio Vanelli, Francesco Charelli. Acta Bio Medica Francesco Charelli. Acta Bio Medica 2003: 74; 59-68.2003: 74; 59-68.
The Nursing Clinics of North America The Nursing Clinics of North America by Laurie Quinn, June 2001.by Laurie Quinn, June 2001.
Lothian Diabetes Handbook.Lothian Diabetes Handbook. Oxford Nurses Medical DictionaryOxford Nurses Medical Dictionary Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis by Wing Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis by Wing
K. Fung. CMAJ Aug 19; 2003:168 K. Fung. CMAJ Aug 19; 2003:168