Chapter 41 Cash, Short-term Investments and Accounts Receivable Chapter 4.
MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Chapter 14
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Transcript of MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Chapter 14
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MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Chapter 14
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There are two ways to approach the management of accounts receivable:– 1) See how the “Parameters“ interface
with the “Variables”, and– 2) The development of a “Credit Granting
Decision Rule”.
First, we will examine the relationships between the Parameters and the Variables.
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
The PARAMETERS are:
Cash Discount - A discount from the face amount of invoice for paying before end of discount period
Cash Discount Period - Period in which you can take the Cash Discount, e.g. … 10 days
Credit Period - e.g. … 30 days; customer is expected to pay before this date.
Collection Effort - The effort that goes into collecting the account.
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
The VARIABLES are:
Sales Net Income Rate of Return on Sales and ROA Volume of Accounts Receivable NOCF Bad Debt Expense
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A/R … Cash Discount
Effective Annual Interest Rates in Typical 10 day Effective Annual Interest Rates in Typical 10 day Discount Period and 30 day Credit Period:Discount Period and 30 day Credit Period:
0.5% Discount0.5% Discount == 9%9% 1.0% Discount1.0% Discount == 18%18% 2.0% Discount2.0% Discount == 36%36% 3.0% Discount3.0% Discount == 54%54%
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A/R … Cash Discount
What determines the elasticity (of demand) with regard to Sales?
It appears that it’s the relative importance of the order to the customer. – If the order is relatively unimportant, then inelastic– If the order is important, then elastic - every “price change”
will be important.
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A/R … Cash Discount
Elasticity of Cash Discount relative to Sales:Elasticity of Cash Discount relative to Sales:
Cash Discount
3%2 1 1/2
Sales Elastic; Inelastic.
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A/R … Cash Discount
Now the elasticity of the Cash Discount with regard to Net Income:
If inelastic, and you lowered the Cash Discount, then
Net Income - $’s
Cash Discount
321
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A/R … Cash Discount
And the And the Cash DiscountCash Discount relative to relative to Rate of Rate of Return on Sales Return on Sales if if inelasticinelastic relative to Sales relative to Sales
Rate of Return on Sales
Cash Discount
321
1 2 3 4 5 6
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A/R … Cash Discount
But, while the Rate of Return on Sales may go up, what might happen to ROA? It may actually go down!– If A/R’s account for a large proportion of Total Assets
and A/R’s go up because customers have less incentive to pay early. Thus:
ROA
Cash Discount
321
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A/R … Cash Discount
And what might happen to NOCF with this decrease in Cash Discount if we assume inelasticity?
NOCF will be larger, but it may go down first when the A/R’s increase.
Cash discount
Time
3%21
NOCFIN$’S
NOCF
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A/R … Cash Discount
If you reduce the Cash Discount this will have a tendency to increase Bad Debt Expense.
The Cash Discount is, in effect, an “early warning system” because if a customer suddenly stops taking a cash discount when it was taking it, this may signal that customer is having liquidity problems.
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A/R … Cash Discount Period
With respect to the Cash Discount Period, there is little that can be done to shorten it
Problem … “Confusion” as to when & how much discount can be taken
Solution … Instead of using printed forms, have your invoices printed by a computer– You can specify that a Cash Discount of so much can
be taken if the check is post marked by a specified date.
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A/R … Cash Discount Period
What do you do if a customer takes a Cash Discount and pays LATER than the end of the Cash Discount Period?
This is what might be called “Economic Bullyism” and it is to be abhorred! If you are really small relative to the customer, you may try charging an interest rate on the period over the “late date.” But if you are rather big, your customer - who may also be rather big - may refuse to pay any interest and continue to
pay slowly.
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A/R … Credit PeriodA/R … Credit Period
And now for the Credit Period. This is the “bluntest instrument” in the A/R management “Tool Bag”.
What would happen if a firm increased its credit period from 30 to 60 days? For many items, there will be noticeable elasticity, especially from customers in the retail and mercantile field - until the competition responds!
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A/R … Credit PeriodA/R … Credit Period
Credit Period versus Sales
Sales
Credit Period
60
30
0
Often, there will be elasticity of demandwith respect to the credit period.
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A/R … Credit PeriodA/R … Credit Period
Credit periodCredit period versus versus Net IncomeNet Income
Net Income
Credit Period
60
30
0
But this rise in Net Income may be misleading;what's going to happen to the Volume of A/R?
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A/R … Credit PeriodA/R … Credit Period
Credit Period versus Volume of Receivables
Volume Of Receivables
Credit Period
60
30
0
DemandEffect
Note that the Volume of Receivables will go up because Credit Period is increased, plus a “Demand Effect” increase - other customers will buy.
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A/R … Credit PeriodA/R … Credit Period
Credit Period versus Rate of Return on Sales & Rate of Return on Assets
Rate of Returnon Sales
CreditPeriod
60
30
0
ROA
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A/R … Credit PeriodA/R … Credit Period
Credit period versus NOCF
CreditPeriod
30
60
NOCF
NOCFIN $’S
Time
0 $’s
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A/R … Collection EffortA/R … Collection Effort
Collection Effort - How hard do you try to collect Receivables? Also, what sort of screening do you do on customers? For example, re: Sales
CollectionEffort
SalesWith better screening, more sales may result at first; but pushing Collection Effort will result in declining sales.
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Bad Debt Expense - If you were the Collection Manager and during your tenure Bad Debt Expense went up, would you think that you did a good job?
Maybe “Yes” if your Net Income went up! The object is to OPTIMIZE Bad Debt Expense, not minimize it!
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Credit Granting Decision Rule
How do you decide whether or not to grant credit to a customer?
Grant Credit if: Expected Gain > Expected Loss– i.e. where … P x G > (1-P) x C
P = Probability of Collection G = Gross Profit C = Cost of Goods Sold
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Credit Granting Decision Rule
An example of the decision rule:An example of the decision rule:
Where P = .9, G = $300, and C = $700, Where P = .9, G = $300, and C = $700, then then
.9 ( 300 ) > (1- .9) ( 700 ).9 ( 300 ) > (1- .9) ( 700 )
$270 > $70$270 > $70
Grant Credit!Grant Credit!
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Credit Granting Decision Rule
Slow pay decreases Margin & increases Cost - we can add this to the decision rule as follows:
P [ G - ( i(t) S) ] >(1- P )[ C + (i(t) S) ] Or
.9 [ 300 - (36( 1/6 yr.) 1,000)] > .1 [ 700 + (.36(1/6yr) 1,000)] $216 > $76 Still Grant Credit!
Slow Pay Factor is “i(t)S” … where:
i = Interest (36%)t = Time payment is delayed (2 months)S = Sales amount of order
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Credit Granting Decision Rule
As you can see, the probability of collection, As you can see, the probability of collection, PP, is , is quite important in this model. Now it can be shown quite important in this model. Now it can be shown that :that :
P = C/S or (S - G)/SP = C/S or (S - G)/S
and if you include the Slow Pay Factor, it becomes:and if you include the Slow Pay Factor, it becomes:
P = [ C + ( i(t) S)] / SP = [ C + ( i(t) S)] / S
oror
P = [ S - (G - (i(t) S)) ] / SP = [ S - (G - (i(t) S)) ] / S
Where P is the probability of collection that makes the left side of the equation equal right side.
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Credit Granting Decision Rule
It follows from the preceding equation that the decision rule for granting credit boils down simply to:
Grant Credit if P > P
If you have a very big Gross Profit, you should be quite liberal when granting credit (because your P will be quite small)
If you have a thin Gross Profit, you must be quite careful in granting credit.
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Credit Granting Decision Rule
Caveats:
P is “ at the margin”, meaning that it applies for just one more sale.
The customer’s probability of collection is not fixed in granite; it will be changing over time. So you must keep checking the probability over time.
You can kill a customer with too much credit.
One big sale “gone bad” can “ruin your whole day”!!!
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A Last Thought …A Last Thought …
It isn’t about managing your own It isn’t about managing your own company …company …
– Often you have to manage your Often you have to manage your customers as well …customers as well …
– And your suppliers!And your suppliers!
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MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
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