Management Information SystemManagement Information System

Ghulam YasinGhulam Yasin

LecturerLecturer

Institute of Business Administration Institute of Business Administration

Modeling systemModeling system A model is a representation of a real-world A model is a representation of a real-world

element (such as object, concept or event) and element (such as object, concept or event) and the relationship among them.the relationship among them.

The The Systems Modeling LanguageSystems Modeling Language ( (SysMLSysML) is a ) is a general-purpose modelinggeneral-purpose modeling language for language for systems engineeringsystems engineering applications. It supports the applications. It supports the specification, specification, analysisanalysis, , designdesign, , verification and validationverification and validation of a broad range of of a broad range of systems and systems and systems-of-systemssystems-of-systems

• Such as equation of an areaSuch as equation of an area• Skelton systemSkelton system

General Versus Specific Models General Versus Specific Models General modelsGeneral models

• Are models that can be applied to a wide Are models that can be applied to a wide variety of settings or for many organizations.variety of settings or for many organizations.

Specific modelsSpecific models• Specific models that apply for some specific Specific models that apply for some specific

systems.systems.• A A platform-specific modelplatform-specific model is a model of a is a model of a

software or business system that is linked to a software or business system that is linked to a specific technological platform (e.g. a specific specific technological platform (e.g. a specific programming languageprogramming language, , operating systemoperating system or or databasedatabase). Platform-specific models are ). Platform-specific models are indispensable for the actual implementation of indispensable for the actual implementation of a system a system

General Versus Specific ModelsGeneral Versus Specific Models

For example, a need to implement an For example, a need to implement an online shop. The system will need to store online shop. The system will need to store information regarding users, goods, credit information regarding users, goods, credit cards, etc. The designer might decide to cards, etc. The designer might decide to use for this purpose an use for this purpose an Oracle databaseOracle database. . For this to work, the designer will need to For this to work, the designer will need to express concepts (e.g. the concept of a express concepts (e.g. the concept of a user) in a user) in a relational modelrelational model using the using the OracleOracle's 's SQLSQL dialect. This dialect. This OracleOracle's specific 's specific relational modelrelational model is an example of a is an example of a Platform-specific modelPlatform-specific model. .

Types of ModelsTypes of Models

Models can be classified in several Models can be classified in several ways. Here are some modesl which ways. Here are some modesl which are widely used to design different are widely used to design different system.system.• Graphical ModelsGraphical Models• Mathematical ModelsMathematical Models• Narrative ModelsNarrative Models• Physical ModelsPhysical Models

Graphical ModelsGraphical Models

Graphical models generally use such Graphical models generally use such symbols as icons, boxes and lines to symbols as icons, boxes and lines to represent real-world elements and represent real-world elements and the relationship among them.the relationship among them.

DFD is a good example of graphical DFD is a good example of graphical models, which is used by system models, which is used by system analyst to graphically illustrate analyst to graphically illustrate information system. information system.

Graphical ModelsGraphical Models

Mathematical ModelsMathematical Models

A mathematical model is used to express some A mathematical model is used to express some mathematical problems.mathematical problems.

A A mathematical modelmathematical model uses uses mathematicalmathematical language to describe a language to describe a systemsystem. Mathematical . Mathematical models are used not only in the models are used not only in the natural sciencesnatural sciences and and engineeringengineering disciplines (such as disciplines (such as physicsphysics, , biologybiology, , earth scienceearth science, , meteorologymeteorology, and , and engineeringengineering) but also in the ) but also in the social sciencessocial sciences (such (such as as economicseconomics, , psychologypsychology, , sociologysociology and and political sciencepolitical science); physicists, engineers, computer ); physicists, engineers, computer scientists, and economists use mathematical scientists, and economists use mathematical models most extensively. The process of models most extensively. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed developing a mathematical model is termed 'mathematical modelling 'mathematical modelling

Mathematical ModelsMathematical Models

Q= 2DCQ= 2DC PHPHQ is used to quantity for some specific Q is used to quantity for some specific

product.product.Annual use of product is DAnnual use of product is DCost of individual is C.Cost of individual is C.Price of product is P.Price of product is P.Unit cost of carrying items in inventory is HUnit cost of carrying items in inventory is H

Narrative modelNarrative model

Narrative model is used to describe a Narrative model is used to describe a system without trying to illustrate it system without trying to illustrate it in a formula or graph.in a formula or graph.

These models are spoken words These models are spoken words which are used to describe an object, which are used to describe an object, event or procedures.event or procedures.

Narrative modelNarrative model

Physical modelPhysical model

Physical model is that model which Physical model is that model which can be touched.can be touched.

Physical model of building are widely Physical model of building are widely used to show clients what new used to show clients what new facilities will look like before they are facilities will look like before they are built. built.

Physical modelPhysical model

General model of an organization General model of an organization

ConsumersConsumers• Consumers includes both present and Consumers includes both present and

potential customers for the product or potential customers for the product or service that organization provides.service that organization provides.

• Consumers are most important because Consumers are most important because they represent revenue.they represent revenue.

Which service or product consumers are Which service or product consumers are purchasing. purchasing.

Consumer’s taste etc Consumer’s taste etc

Cont..Cont..

SuppliersSuppliers• Suppliers include the sources that make Suppliers include the sources that make

available the goods and services, the available the goods and services, the organization requires to keep operating.organization requires to keep operating.

CompetitorsCompetitors• Most firms have to be keenly aware of Most firms have to be keenly aware of

strengths, weaknesses and strategic strengths, weaknesses and strategic tactics of the competition. tactics of the competition.

SWOT analysis SWOT analysis

Cont..Cont..

Labor supplyLabor supply• The performance of both manufacturing and The performance of both manufacturing and

merchandising firms also depends on an merchandising firms also depends on an adequate supply of both operational and adequate supply of both operational and managerial labor.managerial labor.

External environmentExternal environment• External environment consists of all relevant External environment consists of all relevant

forces outside the organization and is forces outside the organization and is composed of an operating environment and a composed of an operating environment and a remote environment. remote environment.

Cont..Cont..

Operating environment Operating environment • An organization’s operating environment An organization’s operating environment

consists of all relevant forces outside the consists of all relevant forces outside the organization and is composed of an operating organization and is composed of an operating environment and a remote environment. environment and a remote environment.

Remote environmentRemote environment An organization’s remote environment An organization’s remote environment

consists of all relevant outside forces and consists of all relevant outside forces and conditions that are beyond the conditions that are beyond the organization’s direct control. organization’s direct control.

Strategic-planning modelStrategic-planning model

Strategic planning the act of plotting Strategic planning the act of plotting the general long-term direction of the general long-term direction of the firm.the firm.

Strategic planning is most identified Strategic planning is most identified with top-level executives, knowledge with top-level executives, knowledge of strategic plan and the strategic of strategic plan and the strategic planning process can be useful to planning process can be useful to managers and workers ay any level.managers and workers ay any level.

Strategic-planning modelStrategic-planning model

Strategic planning can be beneficial to the Strategic planning can be beneficial to the organization in a number of ways likeorganization in a number of ways like• It forces management to anticipate the future It forces management to anticipate the future

and direction for the organization.and direction for the organization.• Strategic plans have an impact on the entire Strategic plans have an impact on the entire

organization.organization.• Strategic plans provides benchmarks that help Strategic plans provides benchmarks that help

the organization assess its progress and the organization assess its progress and effectiveness in reaching long-term goals. effectiveness in reaching long-term goals.

Strategic-planning modelStrategic-planning model Strategic planningStrategic planning is an organization's process is an organization's process

of defining its strategy, or direction, and making of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ), PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Threats ), PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological), (Socio-cultural, Social, and Technological), (Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors), and EPISTEL (Environment, Regulatory factors), and EPISTEL (Environment, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal). Economic and Legal).

Strategic-planning modelStrategic-planning model

MissionMission

Mission of any firm is a statement of Mission of any firm is a statement of interest.interest.

Mission of any organization is an Mission of any organization is an important piece of information to important piece of information to management on all levels.management on all levels.

an operation that is assigned by a an operation that is assigned by a higher headquarters; "the planes higher headquarters; "the planes were on a bombing mission" were on a bombing mission"

Company profileCompany profile

The profile of a company is what a The profile of a company is what a firm would see if it could look at itself firm would see if it could look at itself objectively in mirror.objectively in mirror.

SWOT analysisSWOT analysis Self analysis of all functional area of Self analysis of all functional area of

business. business. Formal reviews.Formal reviews. Management audit.Management audit.