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![Page 1: Man must rise above Earth, to the top of the atmosphere and beyond; for only then will he fully understand the world in which he lives. Socrates.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf9e1a28abf838c9455e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Man must rise above Earth, to the top of the atmosphere and beyond; for only then will he fully understand the world in which he lives. Socrates
![Page 2: Man must rise above Earth, to the top of the atmosphere and beyond; for only then will he fully understand the world in which he lives. Socrates.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf9e1a28abf838c9455e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Earth and Other Planets
Science 2201
Chapter 16
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“morning stars”& wanderers
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Geocentric Solar System
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Heliocentric Model
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Solar System
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Figure 16-1
Most of the mass in the solar system is in the Sun, and most of the rest is in the Jovian planets. (Distances in this figure are not to scale.)
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The Sun and its Planets
• Planets and moons tend to orbit about the sun in a counterclockwise direction
• Orbits of planets and their moons are in the same general plane
• Planets and moons tend to rotate on their axis in counterclockwise direction
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Solar System
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The Nebular Hypothesis
• theory for origin of solar system
• rotating nebula had formed gaseous rings which condensed into the planets and moons, with the nebula’s nucleus forming the sun p. 323
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Figure 16-2
As the nebula that formed the solar system collapsed, it began to rotate and flatten into a disk. The stages in solar system formation include (a) a slowly rotating nebula, (b) a flattened disk with massive center, (c) planets in the process of birth represented as mass concentrations in the nebula, and (d) the solar system.
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The Planets
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Mercury (.39 au)
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Small, rocky, airless world withan extreme climate!
• Mariner 10, did 3 flybys 1974-75• Years & Days: “fastest planet”
– Orbital period = 88 Earth days– Rotation period = 59 Earth days
• Planet of Extremes– Day temp’s exceed 800oF– Night temp’s drop to –280oF
• Surface:– Almost doubles as the moon. Mercury contains impact craters
ranging from ½ mile to one over 800 miles wide. Ridges and basins filled with cooled lava fill the picture.
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Venus (.72 au)
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A forbidding yet fascinating worldof scorching temp’s, rocky plains,& huge volcanoes.
• Data from 17 landing probes & 18 flybySpacecraft (Pioneer of ‘78 & Magellan of ’93)• An Out-of-Control Greenhouse Effect
– 30-mile thick atmosphere of CO2 generates surface pressure 100X Earth’s and traps heat, sustaining temp’s > 800oF.
• Slow and Backward Planet– Venus rotates very slowly, once every 243 Earth days– Venus orbits the sun every 225 Earth days, so on Venus, a day is
longer than a year!– Spins not from west to east, like the other planets, but from east
to west. Perhaps an asteroid collision set Venus on a backward rotation.
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Earth (1 au)
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The very special “third rock.”
Hospitable Home Planet• Vast oceans of liquid water and protective atmosphere
rich in oxygen.
• Orbits in stable, nearly circular path, so never too far or too close to the Sun
• One Moon—large by solar system standards—acts to stabilize Earth, preventing tilt from shifting wildly.
• Oceans of water absorb and transfer heat, regulating global temperatures.
• Precious envelope of air serves as a breathable, protective blanket.
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Mars (1.52 au)
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The red planet, our nearest neighbor.
• Observed by Mariner 9, ‘71, Viking ‘77,
And Pathfinder spacecraft of 1997
• An Unearthly World– Thin atmosphere (like Earth’s at 140,000 ft) of 95% CO2
– Elliptical orbit accentuates seasonal differences—temp range from –190oF to 62oF
– Dry, desolate surface, but tilted axis gives it polar ice caps
– 2 small moons: Deimos & Phobos—may be captured asteroids
– Olympus Mons – 13 mile high volcanoe the size of Arizona!
– Valles Marineris – system of canyons up to 4 miles deep forms an immense gash 2500 miles across.
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Asteroids
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Tens of thousands of small rocky bodies orbit the sun in a large area between Mars and Jupiter. (asteroids, or better, planetoids)
• Thought to be material that failed to become a planet during formation of solar system.
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Asteroids
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Rocks in space through which the Earth passes as it travels around the Sun.
• Meteors may be tiny grains of sand or may be very large.
• Billions enter Earth’s atmosphere each year, encounter friction some 50 miles overhead and burn white hot.
• If lands = meteorite.
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Meteors
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The Planets kidzone link