Man as the Acting Person
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HUMAN ACTS
ACTS OF MAN
CONSTITUENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
KINDS OF VOLUNTARINESS
DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY
IMPEDIMENTS TO MORALITY
NORMS OF MORALITY
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MAN AS THE ACTING PERSONCONCEPT AND NATURE OF HUMAN ACTS
ACTUS HUMANIACTS THAT PROCEED FROM REASON AND FREE WILL
RIGHTLY CALLED PERONAL ACTS
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ACT OF MAN
ACTUS HOMINIS
ACTIONS WHICH ARE PERFORMED WITHOUT THE INTERVENTION OF THE INTELLECT AND
THE FREE WILL
THEY COMPRISE ALL SPONTANEOUS BIOLOGICAL AND SENSUAL PROCESSES
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CONSTITUENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
KNOWLEDGE
The faculty of thought. The intellect discerns in a given object both perfection and
imperfection, both good and evil, and therefore presents it to the will as desirable in
one respect and undesirable in another
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FREEDOM
the ability to act without restraint.
In the context of internal control, freedom is also known as self-
determination, individual sovereignty, or
autonomy.
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when an object is proposed, the will, on account of its unlimited scope, may love or
hate, embrace or reject it.
Whenever there is deliberation in the understanding,
there is freedom in the will, and the consequent act is free;
vice versa, whenever an act proceeds from the will without deliberation, it is not free,
but necessary.
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FREE WILLEVERY VOLUNTARY ACT OF MAN INCLUDES A ECESSSARY ELEMENT: THE QUEST FOR GOOD
AND A FREE ELEMENT: THE CHOICE OF THE CONCRETE OBJECT IN WHICH THE GOOD IS
SOUGHT
IF A MAN IS NOT FREE TO CHOOSE WHAT HE WOULD LIKE ACCORDING TO HIS INSIGHT AND WILL BUT HAS TO ACT AGAINST HIS WILL, HIS
ACTION IS NOT FREE AND CONSEQUENTLY NOT A HUMAN ACT
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KINDS OF VOLUNTARY ACTS
PERFECTLY VOLUNTARY ACT
IS AN ACT WHICH IS PERFORMED WITH FULL ATTENTION AND FULL CONSENT OF THE
WILL.
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IMPERFECTLY VOLUNTARY
IS AN ACT IF ATTENTION OR CONSENT OF THE WILL OR BOTH TOGETHER ARE IMPERFECT
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DIRECTLY VOLUNTARY
IF THE ACT IS INTENDED AS AN END IN ITSELF OR IF IT IS INTENDED AS A MEANS FOR ANOTHER END
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INDIRECLTY VOLUNTARY
IF AN ACT IS NOT INTENDED BUT MERELY PERMITTED
AS THE INEVITABLE RESULT OF AN OBJECT DIRECTLY WILLED.
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PRINCIPLES:
INDIRECTLY WILLED ACTPRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
THE MORAL OBJECT MAY NOT BE EVIL IN ITSELF
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THE GOOD AND EVIL EFFECT MUST PROCEED AT LEAST EQUALLY DIRECTLY
FROM THE ACT
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THE INTENTION OF THE AGENT MUST BE GOODTHE AGENT MAY NOT INTEND OR APPROVE OF
THE EVIL EFFECT
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THERE MUST BE A PROPORTIONATELY GRAVE REASON IN ORDER TO PERMIT THE EVIL
EFFECT.
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BRIEFLY
UNDERTAKING AN ACTION FROM WHICH A GOOD AND EVIL EFFECT ARE FORESEEN IS PERMISSIBLE :
IF THE ACTION IN ITSELF IS NOT EVIL, IF THE BAD EFFECT IS NOT INTENDED
IF THERE IS SUFFICIENTLY GRAVE REASON TO PERMIT THE EVIL.
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POSITIVELY VOLUNTARY ACT
THE WILL EFFECTS SOMETHING POSITIVELY BY EXERCISING ACTIVE INFLUENCE ON THE
CAUSATION OF AN OBJECT
FOR EXAMPLE, INJURING A NEIGHBOR BY SETTING HIS HOUSE ON FIRE
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NEGATIVELY VOLUNTARY ACT
THE WILL EFFECTS SOMETHING NEGATIVELY BY VOLUNTARY OMISSION OF AN ACT WHICH COULD HAVE AVERTED AN EVIL TO ANOTHER PERSON OR HELPED HIM TO SECURE A GOOD
FOR EXAMPLE, NOT TO EXTINGUISH A FIRE ALREADY STARTING IN A NEIGHBOR’S HOUSE
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DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY
THE OBJECTFINIS OPERIS
THE OBJECT OF THE HUMAN ACT IS THAT EFFECT WHICH AN ACTION PRIMARILY AND DIRECTLY CAUSES
THE OBJECT CHOSEN IS A GOOD TOWARD WHICH THE WILL DELIBERATELY DIRECTS ITSELF
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CIRCUMSTANCES
THE PARTICULARS OF THE HUMAN ACT WHICH ARE NOT NECESSARILY CONNECTED WITH THE
HUMAN ACT BUT WHICH AFFECT THE MORALITY OF THE ACT
KINDS OF CIRCUMSTANCESWHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WITH WHAT MEANS, HOW
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CIRCUMSTANCES CAN INFLUENCE THE MORALITY OF AN ACT
IN THE POSITIVE SENSE:A CIRCUMSTANCE CAN MAKE BETTER AN ACT GOOD IN
ITS OBJECTA CIRCUMSTANCE CAN MAKE GOOD AN INDIFFERENT ACT
IN ITSELF
IN THE NEGATIVE SENSE:A CIRCUMSTANCE CAN MAKE WORSE AN ACT EVIL IN ITS
OBJECTA CRCUMSTANCE CAN MAKE EVIL AN ACT INDIFFERENT IN
ITSELF
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THE END INTENDED BY THE AGENT
FINIS OPERANTISTHE REASON FOR WHICH THE AGENT UNDERTAKES
THE ACT
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THE END OR EFFECT INTENDED BY THE AGENT IN AN ACTION
MAY BE THE SAME AS THE OBJECT OF THE ACTIONIN WHICH CASE, FINIS OPERIS AND FINIS OPERANTIS ARE
THE SAME
IN PLACE OF END, THE TERM INTENTION IS ALSO OFTEN USED TO NAME THE THIRD SOURCE OF MORALITY
INTENTION RESIDES IN THE ACTING SUBJECT
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IMPEDIMENTS TO MORALITY
IMPAIRMENTS TO HUMAN FREEDOM ARE REALITIES WITH WHICH ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCE
HAVE TO RECKON CONCERNING THE MORALITY OF THE HUMAN ACT
IMPAIRMENTS OF REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:IGNORANCE
ERRORINATTENTION
IMPAIRMENTS TO FREE CONSENT:PASSION
FEAR AND SOCIAL PRESSURESVIOLENCE
DISPOSITIONS AND HABITS
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IGNORANCE
Ignorance is lack of knowledge about a thing in a being capable of knowing.
Ignorance is divided as invincible and vincible.
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INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE
THAT IGNORANCE WHICH A MAN IS NOT ABLE TO DISPEL
BY SUCH REASONABLE DILIGENCE
THIS COMPLETELY TAKES AWAY THE VOLUNTARINESS OF THE MALICE AND HENCE ITS
RESPONSIBILITY TOO.
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VINCIBLE IGNORANCE
IGNORANCE THAT CAN BE DISPELLED
THIS DOES NOT TAKE AWAY CULPABILITY AS IT IS VOLUNTARY IN CAUSE OR IS PROVOKED BY CONSCIOUS
NEGLIGENCE OR EVEN BAD WILL
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VINCIBLE IGNORANCE GENERALLY DIMINISHES VOLUNTARINESS AND
RESPONSIBILTY, SINCE ACTUAL INSIGHT AT THE TIME OF ACTING
IS LACKING
THREE KINDS OF VINCIBLE IGNORANCESUPINE, SIMPLY VINCIBLE, AFFECTED IGNORANCE
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PRINCIPLES THAT APPLY TO IGNORANCE AND ITS RESPONSIBILITY:
INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE PREVENTS THE HUMAN ACT FROM BEING VOLUNTARY IN REGARD TO THAT WHICH IS NOT
KNOWN
VINCIBLE IGNORANCE DOES NOT TAKE AWAY THE VOLUNTARINESS
DIMINISHES VOLUNTARINESS, AS LONG AS THE IGNORANCE IS NOT AFFECTED
SIMPLE NEGLIGENCE OR LAZINESS DOES NOT USUALLY IMPLY A FULL CONSENT
TO ALL THE POSSIBLE EVIL CONSEQUENCES WHICH MAY COME THEREFROM
SUPINE IGNORANCE IN A SERIOUS MATTER GENERALLY MAKES THE SIN GRAVE
AFFECTED IGNORANCE DOES NOT DIMINISH GUILT BECAUSE THERE IS FULL CONSENT THERE IS FULL CONSENT
TO THE SINFUL EFFECTS WHICH RESULT FORM SUCH IGNORANCE
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ERRORFALSE JUDGMENT OR CONVICTION
IT ARISES FROM DEFICIENT EDUCATION, BAD COMPANY OR MISLEADING INFORMATION
ONE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSEQUENCES OF ERROR MADE IN GOOD FAITH
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INATTENTIONREFERS TO MOMENTARY DEPRIVATION OF INSIGHT
IF ATTENTION IS COMLETELY LACKING, THERE IS NO HUMAN ACTBUT ONE IS RESPONSIBLE TO THE EXTENT
THAT THE ACT IS VOLUNTARY IN CAUSE
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PASSION OR CONCUPISCENCE
A MOVEMENT OF THE SENSITIVE APPETITE WHICH IS MOVED
BY THE GOOD OR EVIL APPREHENDED BY THE IMAGINATION
MOVEMENT OF THE SENSITIVE APPETITE THAT PRECEDES THE FREE DECISION OF THE WILL
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DIVISIONS OF PASSIONS
CONCUPISCIBLE:PASSION THROUGH WHICH THE SOUL IS SIMPLY
INCLINED TO SEEK WHAT IS SUITABLE ACCORDING TO THE SENSES, AND TO FLY FROM WHAT IS HURTFUL.
IRASCIBLE:WHEREBY AN ANIMAL RESISTS THE ATTACKS OF ANY
AGENTS THAT HINDER WHAT IS SUITABLE AND INFLICT HARM
ITS OBJECT IS SOMETHING ARDUOUS, BECAUSE ITS TENDENCY IS TO OVERCOME AND RISE
ABOVE OBSTACLES.
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CONCUPISCIBLE
SIMPLE INCLINATION WITH RESPECT TO SENSIBLE OBJECT
ATTRACTION TOWARDS OBJECT(GOOD OBJECT)
REPULSIONAWAY FROM OBJECT
(EVIL OBJECT)
LOVEGOOD
AS SUCH
JOYPRESENT
GOOD
DESIREABSENT GOOD
HATREDEVIL
AS SUCH
SADNESSPRESENT
EVIL
AVERSIONABSENT
EVIL
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IRASCIBLE
INCLINATION IN VIRTUE OF AN ARDUOUS OBJECT
GOOD DIFFICULT TO ATTAIN
EVILDIFFICULT TO AVOID
NO PRESENT
GOOD DIFFICULT TO ATTAIN
HOPEABSENT
BUTATTAINABLE
GOOD
DESPAIRABSENT
UNATTAINABLE GOOD
ANGERPRESENT
EVIL
COURAGETHREATENING
BUT CONQUERABLE
EVIL
FEARTHREATENING
INCONQUERABLEEVIL
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FEAR:IS MENTAL TREPIDATIONDUE TO AN
IMPENDING EVIL
IT IS FEAR OF THE SENSES AND NOT INTELLECTUAL FEAR
WHICH IS ONE OF THE PASSIONS
INTELLECTUAL FEAR (FOR EXAMPLE THREAT OF TORTURE DOES NOT JUSTIFY DENIAL OF FAITH)
THE EMOTION OF FEAR WHICH COMPLETELY DARKENS THE MIND OR PARALYZES THE WILL EXCUSES FROM
IMPUTABILITY
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VIOLENCE
COMPULSIVE INFLUENCE BROUGHT TO BEAR UPON ONEAGAINST HIS WILL BY SOME EXTRINSIC AGENT.
VIOLENCE IS CAUSED BY SOME PHYSICAL OR PSYCHIC AGENT
THERE IS NO IMPUTABILITY, EXCEPT INSOFAR AS THE INNER WILL MAY HAVE CONSENTED
OR EXTERNAL RESISTANCE HAVE FALLEN SHORT OF THE DEGREE NECESSARY AND POSSIBLE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCE
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INTERNAL RESISTANCE IS ALWAYS NECESSARY
WHILE EXTERNAL RESISTANCE MAY NOT ALWAYS BE CALLED FOR IT IS REQUIRED ONLY TO THE
EXTENT THAT IT IS FORESEEN TO BE EFFICACIOUS IN PREVENTING ACTION OR FORESTALLING
SCANDAL
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HABITS :FACILITY AND READINESS OF ACTING IN A CERTAIN
MANNER ACQUIRED BY REPEATED ACTS
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DELIBERATELY ADMITTED HABITS DO NOT LESSEN VOLUNTARINESS, AND ACTIONS
RESULTING THEREFROM ARE VOLUNTARY AT LEAST IN THEIR CAUSE
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OPPOSED HABITS LESSEN VOLUNTARINESS AND SOMETIME PRECLUDE IT COMPLETELY.
THE REASON IS THAT HABIT WEAKENS INTELLECT AND WILL IN A CONCRETE
SITUATION IN A SIMILAR WAY.