Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!
-
Upload
maximilian-black -
Category
Documents
-
view
241 -
download
3
Transcript of Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!
![Page 1: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mammal + ology = ?
Mammalology ?
Mammology ?
Mammalogy !!!
![Page 2: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mammalian diversity
• 28 Extant Orders
• 153 Families
• 1230 Genera
• 5,420 Species
Wilson and Reeder 2006. Mammalian Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press.
![Page 3: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Is that a lot?
• Amphibians 4,020 species
• Reptiles 6,600 species
• Birds 10,000 species
• Fish 25,000 species
• 250,000 described plants
• 1,000,000 described insects
![Page 4: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
So, not impressed?
Still, Cenozoic is often called “The Age of Mammals”
Mammals are the most geographically widespread
and morphologically diverse group of vertebrates
![Page 5: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Largest range of body sizes• Smallest: Etruscan shrew or bumblebee bat, 2 g• Largest terrestrial: African elephant, 6 metric
tonnes = 6 million g• Largest ever vertebrate: Blue whale, 103-150
tonnes = 150,000,000 g
![Page 6: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 8: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Truly volant
![Page 9: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Truly subterranean
![Page 10: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mostly aquatic
![Page 11: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Truly aquatic
![Page 12: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
True or false?
Mammals evolved before the dinosaurs.
![Page 13: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
True!
![Page 14: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
So, what makes it a mammal?
• Lactogenic: produces milk to feed young
• Viviparous: live birth*
• Hirsute: epidermis has hair*
• Endothermic homeothermy: produces heat metabolically instead of absorbing it from environment, regulates body temp at a stable level*
But lots of other things, too....
![Page 15: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Selected skeletal features• Stronger jaw structure (single bony element in
lower jaw = dentary; stronger, simpler jaw articulation dentary and squamosal bones)
• Improved hearing (3 ear ossicles = malleus, incus, stapes; tympanic bone supports tympanic membrane)
• Secondary hard palate (more efficient air flow, allows breathing while eating, suckling)
• Specialized teeth (restricted to margin of jaw, diphyodont, thecodont, generally heterodont and multicuspidate; process food better)
![Page 16: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• 5 zones of vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal)
• Double occipital condyles (atlas/axis complex, reduces stress on spinal column while permitting flexion and extension [atlas] and rotation [axis], finer control of head movements)
• Thoracic ribs only (no cervical or lumbar ribs; lighter skeleton, more flexible movement of spine)
• Zygapophyses on vertebrae (strengthens vertebral column while permitting flexion/extension and torque)
• General trend to decrease complexity and number of bones in various functional units of skeleton (Esp. pectoral girdle and pelvis; Less energy required for development and maintenance of skeleton, lighter frame for quicker movement)
![Page 18: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• 4-chambered heart (improved circulation, better oxygen delivery)
• Enucleated red blood cells (carry more oxygen)
• Highest concentration of mitochondria (supports higher metabolic rate)
• Large complex lungs, muscular diaphragm (enhanced breathing, gas exchange rate)
• Masseter muscles associated with jaw (new set of muscles in mammals for greater control of jaw movements)
• Sweat and sebaceous glands (aid thermoregulation)
• Enlarged neopallium (cerebral hemispheres of brain, greater coordination and learning ability)
![Page 19: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sustained energy production...all of these features did not evolve independently!
More or less related to a general trend for a greater capacity for sustained energy production (including acquisition and processing), which is essential for endothermic homeothermy at high body temperatures, and high levels of activity.
Mammals need about 10X more energy (food and oxygen) than a reptile of the same mass.
![Page 20: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A quick dash through the extant mammalian orders....
![Page 21: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Monotremata (monotremes)
2 Families, 5 species
![Page 22: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mostly South American marsupials
3 Orders, 3 Families, 21 species
![Page 23: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mostly Australian and New Guinean marsupials
4 Orders, 18 Families, 237 species
![Page 24: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs)
2 Families, 51 species
Macroscelidea (elephant shrews)
1 Family, 15 species
![Page 25: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tubulidentata (aardvark)
1 Family, 1 species
Hyracoidea (hyraxes)
1 Family, 4 species
![Page 26: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Proboscidea (elephants)
1 Family, 3 species
Sirenia (dugongs and manatees)
2 Families, 5 species
![Page 27: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cingulata (armadillos)
1 Family, 21 species
Pilosa (anteaters and sloths)
4 Families, 10 species
![Page 28: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Scandentia (tree shrews)
2 Families, 20 speciesDermoptera (colugos)
1 Family, 2 species
![Page 29: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Primates (lemurs, lorises, monkeys, apes, students, etc.)
15 Families, 376 species
![Page 30: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Rodentia (rodents)
31 Families, 2277 species
Half of all mammal species!
![Page 31: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Lagomorpha (rabbits and pikas)
3 Families, 92 species
Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs)
1 Family, 24 species
![Page 32: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, solenodons)
4 Families, 428 species
![Page 33: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Chiroptera (bats)
18 Families, 1116 species
> 20% of mammal species!
![Page 34: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pholidota (pangolins)
1 Family, 8 species
![Page 35: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, mustelids, pinnipeds, raccoons, etc)
15 Families, 286 species
![Page 36: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Perissodactyla (horses, rhinos, tapirs)
3 Families, 17 species
![Page 37: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Artiodactyla (pigs, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelopes, cattle, goats, sheep, etc.)
10 Families, 240 species
![Page 38: Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649ced5503460f949ba9b9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
11 Families, 84 species