Male Female Discrimination

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PRESENTED BY:Jotinder Pal Singh

Roll No. 6433-


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According to the Census of India, 2011, 7 million fewer girlswere born among children 0-6 years of age. Prenatal sexdetermination coupled with sex selective abortions largelyaccount for this skewed sex ratio in India.

The sex ratio is particularly low among couples whose firstborn is a daughter compared to couples who have a boy astheir first born.


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The low status of women and patriarchal values are intensifying thistrend in India.

Policymakers need to take into consideration the complex interplay of economics, religion, traditions, customs, and the inferior status of women among the highly diverse states in India in order to address thisgrave issue.


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The latest Census of India (2011) revealed that the child sex ratio(number of girls per 1,000 boys among children in the age group0-6 years old) is at its lowest since 1947, when India gained herindependence. Indias skewed sex ratio and son preference(Kishor, 1993) have persisted since 1901 and have not erodeddespite the tremendous economic strides India has madethrough liberalization and globalization (Miller, 1981; Arnold,Choe, and Roy, 1998).


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OVERVIEW OF INDIA AND THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE INDIANSTATES

Son preference and the devaluation of girls may occur in countries that experiencelow economic growth, high poverty rates, low literacy rates for both men andwomen, lack of opportunities for women in economic and social settings, and lowgender status.

CAUSES OF SON PREFERENCE IN INDIA One of the major causes of son preference in India is related to the perceivedeconomic utility of having sons. Compared to daughters, sons provide help in

family farms and businesses, have better earnings prospects in the labor market,and provide for their parents during old age, although parental care by sons iswaning, especially in urban India (Miller 1981; Bardhan, 1988; Basu, 1989;Dharmalingam, 1996).


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SON PREFERENCE AND NEGLECT OF DAUGHTERS IN INDIA A. Trends in Son Preference in India B. Neglect of female infants and girls in India C. Sex-selective abortions and fertility effects of son preference in India

IMPLICATIONS OF A SKEWED GENDER RATIO IN INDIA Economic theory would predict that when there is a shortage of girls, the value orworth of girls would increase socially and economically, all else equal. However,this has not happened in India. In some of the northern states in India

The state of Haryana in north India has seen a drastic increase in prostitution,violence, and rapes against women in recent years (Singh and Mohan, 2005)


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INFANCY TO CHILDHOODA decline in the sex ratio was observed with Indias 2011 census

reporting that it stands at 914 females against 1,000 males,drop from 927 in 2001 - the lowest since Indias independence.

The demand for sons among wealthy parents is being satisfiedby the medical community through the provision of illegalservice of fetal sex-determination and sex-selective abortion.

The financial incentive for physicians to undertake this illegalactivity seems to be far greater than the penalties associatedwith breaking the law.


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CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD (EDUCATION)Education is not widely attained by the Indian women. Althoughliteracy rates are increasing, female literacy rates lags behindthe male literacy rate.

ADULTHOOD AND ONWARDS Discrimination against women has led to their lack of autonomy and

authority. Although equal rights are given to women, it may not be wellrecognized.

Women do not own property under their own names and usually do nothave any inheritance rights to obtain a share of parental property.


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CONSEQUENCESGender discrimination impedes growth; with lower female-to-male workers ratiossignificantly reducing total output in both agricultural and non-agricultural sector. Itis also estimated that growth in India would increase by 1.09% if its female labor-participation rate were put on par with the US.

DISCRIMINATION TOWARD MANAlthough socially women have been at a disadvantage but the Indian laws highlyfavor women.In most child custody cases the children are given to the wife.In most divorce casesmostly the child is given to the mother. There is no recognition of sexual molestationof men and rarely the police station lodge an First Information Report (FIR), man areconsidered the culprit by default even if it was the woman that committed sexualabuse against men.


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Inequality in India is made particularly pervasive by the fact thatIndias rigid social hierarchies are intertwined with longstandingquasi-religious principles.

Notwithstanding the fact that equality, based on the intrinsicdivinity of all beings, is a principle inherent to Hinduism,


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INDIAS APPROACH TO EMPLOYMENTDISCRIMINATION

The Indian government has primarily taken a substantive view of equality,with formal equality principles selectively applied in certain cases.41 In line

with this substantive emphasis, the focus of the governments efforts hasbeen to compensate for and remedy existing social hierarchies.42Substantive equality recognizes the existence of social classifications, andseeks to target those social structures that contribute to the subordinationof historically disadvantaged groups.


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THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM Although Indias primarily substantive approach to equality in employment rightlyrecognizes the potential for perpetuation of existing hierarchies in the absence of special solicitude for the interests of the disadvantaged,55 the Indian approach hasfailed to generate the anticipated results. The shortcomings of the Indian approach lie

in (1) its limited reach, (2) the near abdication of responsibility by the legislative branch of government, and (3) the judiciarys seemingly incoherent superimposition of formal equality principles on a

vision of substantive equality colored by regressive cultural norms.


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CONCLUSIONIndias approach to substantive equality has only been modestly successfulin alleviating the deep-seated structural problems that facilitatediscrimination in employment.The existing system addresses only isolated aspects of the problembecause it primarily rests on a system of quotas that pertain only to thepublic sector and because it does not incorporate a comprehensivestatutory scheme that addresses intended and unintended discriminationin its various forms and against a full range of disadvantaged groups.


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RAPE IN INDIA: A RESULT OF SEX SELECTION The horrific gang rape and murder of a 23-year oldmedical student in New Delhi may seem unrelated tofundamental demographic forces, but it isnt. Thepublic outcry following the victims death fromcatastrophic internal injuries has rightly focused oncalls to reform Indias criminal justice system.

GENDERCIDE STINGSIN OCTOBER, 2012 Varsha Deshpande persuaded a

pregnant friend to travel eight hours to Aurangabad,a thriving, medium-sized city in the state of Maharashtra, for an ultrasound scan that she couldhave easily undergone in her hometown.


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GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN INDIA WORSE THAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Discrimination against women in India was higher than even the poorestSub-Saharan countries in Africa, said noted economist Prabhat Patnaik inAligarh on Saturday. There were only 94 women per 100 men in India whilein Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio was 102 women per 100 men


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SUGGESTIONS NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL: IMPROVING THE SEXRATIO AT BIRTH

The principal recommendation to the Government of India is toformulate a National Policy for Improving the Sex Ratio at Birthwhich can serve as a guide and template in the coming decades formultiple initiatives by the Central and State Governments, and by arange of civil society stakeholders.


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F i v e m a j o r c o n s t i t u e n t s o f s u c h a

p o l i c y , a s d e p i c t e d


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The dipping gender ratio can be addressed through better opportunities for women and social awareness.

Today, India ranks 129 out of 146 countries on the Gender Inequality Index,worse than countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh, and only better than

Afghanistan in South Asia.

Statistics such as these no longer surprise us. The prevalence of genderdiscrimination in the Indian society is widely discussed.


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The Rajasthan government, in 1987,launched an initiative called theShikshakarmi project that aimed toimprove awareness and enrolment among

women by offering women an opportunityto work as facilitators and teachers in theproject.

There are many other such instances of

both government and private agencieslooking for innovative ways to address theissue of female emancipation.


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Male Female Discrimination

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