Malcolm x Papers Schomburg

8/10/2019 Malcolm x Papers Schomburg

1/49

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture515 Malcolm X Boulevard

New York, New York 10037-1801

THE MALCOLM X COLLECTION: PAPERS, 1948-1965

Sc MG 721

Bulk Dates: 1961-1965

Extent: Shelving Unit: 15 archival boxes,1 record carton and 2 flat boxes

Linear feet: 6.2 lin. ft.Microfilm: 16 reels

Source and Date: Estate of Betty Shabazz, Dec. 2002

Processors Names: Andre Elizee, Millery Polyne and Lisann Lewin, with theexpert assistance of Mr. Abdullah Abdur-Razzaq

Date Finding Aid Completed: Jan. 2005

Abstract: Writings, personal and organizational papers and printedmatter documenting the opinions and activities of theAfrican-American nationalist leader Malcolm X as thefirst National Minister of the Nation of Islam and,following his separation from that organization, as a

prominent advocate of human rights and self-determination for African-Americans.

Provenance: The papers form the larger part of the Malcolm XCollection stored initially in the Shabazz family home inMount Vernon and later sold at a storage auction inMiami. The Shabazz family regained control of the

papers after cancellation of the public auction byButterfields Auctioneers in Los Angeles, and depositedthem at the Library for a period of 75 years.

Organization note: Collection is organized into 9 series: Malcolm XMiscellany; Betty Shabazz; Correspondence; Writingsand Notes; Nation of Islam; Muslim Mosque, Inc.;Organization of Afro-American Unity; Subject Files; andPrinted Matter.

Access: Researchers are restricted to the microfilm copy.

Reproductions: Further restrictions on reproduction may apply.

Copyright: Information on copyright (literary rights) available fromrepository.

Other Source of Description: RLIN #: NYPW 04-A260

Citation: [Item], The Malcolm X Collection: Papers, Sc MG 721,Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division,Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The

New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and TildenFoundation.


2/49

Table of Contents

Chr onol ogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Ser i es Not e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Scope and Cont ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Pr ovenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Cont ai ner Li st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Appendi x I Radi o Scr i pt s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Appendi x I I Rel i gi ous Teachi ngs . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Separ at i on Recor d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45


3/49

Malcolm X Collection page 2

MALCOLM X (1925-1965). PAPERS, 1948-196518 boxes, 6.2 lin. ft.

Chronology

1925 Mal col m X i s bor n Mal col m Li t t l e i n Omaha, Nebr aska.

1947 J oi ns t he Nat i on of I sl am whi l e ser vi ng an 8 t o 10 yearpr i son sent ence i n Massachuset t s j ai l s on char ges of gr andl ar ceny and br eaki ng and ent er i ng.

1952 Rel eased on par ol e, t r avel s t o Det r oi t , wher e he wor ks f ora t i me as a f ur ni t ure sal esman and at t he For d Mot orCompany.

1953 Moves t o Chi cago and st udi es f or t he Nat i on of I sl ammi ni st r y under El i j ah Muhammad s gui dance. A decl assi f i edFBI memor andum not es t hat he became t he subj ect of asecur i t y i nvest i gat i on and of a Communi st Car d I ndex.

1954 Becomes Mi ni st er of Muhammad s Templ e of I sl am i n Har l em.I s i nst r ument al over t he next sever al year s i n bui l di ng t heNat i on of I sl am i nt o a mass or gani zat i on. A Nov. 10 FBIr epor t not es t hat Subj ect i s si ngl e and t r avel s a l ot bet ween Chi cago, Det r oi t , Washi ngt on, DC, and Phi l adel phi a.

1957 Pol i ce beat i ng of NOI member Hi nt on J ohnson i n New Yor k.

Gai ns not or i et y f or hi s depl oyment of a di sci pl i nedcont i ngent of Bl ack Musl i ms i n f r ont of t he Har l em pol i cepr eci nct wher e t he vi ct i m was det ai ned.

1958 Mar r i es Bet t y X Saunder s.

1959 Tel evi si on document ar y The Hat e That Hat e Pr oduced i sai r ed, pr opel l i ng t he or gani zat i on i nt o t he nat i onall i mel i ght . Tr avel s t o t he Mi ddl e East , West Af r i ca and t heSudan, t o l ay t he gr oundwor k f or El i j ah Muhammad s Mi ddl eEast t our l at er t hat year .

1960 Fami l y moves t o East El mher st , Queens. Lect ur es on col l egecampuses, speaks at Uni t y Ral l y i n Har l em, debat es Bayar dRust i n on t he r adi o. Meet s wi t h Fi del Cast r o at t he

Theresa Hot el i n Har l em. Launches Muhammad Speaks newspaper i n New Yor k.

1961 As Nat i onal Repr esent at i ve of El i j ah Muhammad, t r avel s t oCal i f or ni a and l at er t o t he Deep Sout h. Lect ur es at Br own,


4/49


Har var d and Howard Uni ver si t i es. Debat es Nat i onalAss oci at i on f or t he Advancement of Col or ed Peopl e Yout hSecr et ar y at Yal e Uni ver si t y. Leads pr ot est mar ch i n f r ontof t he Uni t ed Nat i ons f ol l owi ng assassi nat i on of Congol esePr i me Mi ni st er Pat r i ce Lumumba. Subst i t ut es f or El i j ahMuhammad i n weekl y r adi o br oadcast , Muhammad Speaks.

1962 Debat es Bayar d Rust i n and ot her ci vi l r i ght s per sonal i t i eson I nt egr at i on vs. Separ at i on. Ret ur ns t o West Coast t ol ead NOI r esponse i n t he pol i ce ki l l i ng of L. A. MosqueSecr et ar y Ronal d St okes. Assumes l eader shi p of Phi l adel phi aMosque. Cancel s al l hi s col l ege and uni ver si t y appear ancesi n t he f al l on or der s f r om El i j ah Muhammad. Tr avel s t oBuf f al o and Rochest er , NY, t o l ead i n l egal def ense ofMusl i m i nmat es deni ed t he r i ght t o pr act i ce t hei r f ai t h,and t o or gani ze agai nst pol i ce br ut al i t y.

1963 Leads Bl ack Musl i m demonst r at i on i n Ti mes Squar e. Speaksat Har l em r al l y wi t h Di ck Gr egor y and Adam Cl ayt on Powel li n suppor t of c i vi l r i ght s st r uggl e i n Mi ss i ss i ppi . Ser vesas I nt er i m Mi ni st er of Washi ngt on, DC Mosque. Begi ns wor kon Autobiography wi t h Al ex Hal ey. Denounces t he Mar ch onWashi ngt on as a f ar ce. Del i ver s speeches The Bl ackRevol ut i on and Message t o t he Gr assr oot s. Suspended andsi l enced f or Chi cken Comi ng Home t o Roost r emar k,f ol l owi ng Pr esi dent Kennedy s assassi nat i on.

1964 Vacat i ons i n Mi ami wi t h hi s f ami l y on i nvi t at i on f r om

Cassi us Cl ay ( Mohammad Al i ) . Of f i ci al l y l eaves Nat i on ofI s l am, c i t i ng pr essur es f r om of f i c i al s wi t hi n t heor gani zat i on. Fi l es cer t i f i cat e of i ncor por at i on f or t heMusl i m Mosque, I nc. Del i ver s speech The Bal l ot or t heBul l et . Leaves on a si x- week t r i p t o t he Mi ddl e East andAf r i ca. Launches t he Or gani zat i on of Af r o- Amer i can Uni t y.Leaves on a f our - mont h t r i p t o t he Mi ddl e East and Af r i ca.Addr esses meet i ngs i n Par i s and London. Speaks at r al l y i nHar l em i n suppor t of Mi ssi ssi ppi Fr eedom Democr at i c Par t y.

1965 Speaks at s ever al OAAU r al l i es i n Har l em. Fl i es t o LosAngel es i n l at e J anuar y t o meet wi t h t wo f or mer secr et ar i esf i l i ng pat er ni t y sui t s agai nst El i j ah Muhammad. Tr avel s t oSel ma, Al abama, on Feb. 4, and t he next day t o London.East El mher st home f i r ebombed i n t he ear l y mor ni ng of Feb.14. Fl i es t he same day t o Det r oi t wher e he gi ves hi s l astmaj or s peech at a publ i c r al l y. Addr esses an OAAU r al l y att he Audubon Bal l r oom on Feb. 15 and i s evi ct ed f r om hi sQueens home t he next day. Gunned down at t he AudubonBal l r oom on Feb. 21 whi l e addr essi ng an OAAU r al l y.


5/49


Series and SubseriesDates Boxes

Mal col m X Mi scel l any 1958- 1965 1

Bet t y Shabazz 1955- 1965 2

Cor r espondenceLet t er s Sent 1948- 1965 3Let t er s Recei ved 1961- 1965 3I nt er nat i onal Cor r espondence 1964 3Speaki ng Engagement s 1961- 1965 3- 4Publ i sher s and Agent s 1963- 1964 4Gener al 1961- 1965 4

Wr i t i ngs

Maj or Addr esses 1960- 1964 5I nt er vi ews 1961- 1963 5Radi o Scr i pt s 1961- 1963 6Rel i gi ous Teachi ngs ca. 1960- 1963 7- 8Di ar i es 1964 9Speech Not es n. d. 10

Nat i on of I s l am Gener al 1962- 1963 11

New Yor k Mosque 1957- 1963 11Ot her Ci t i es 1961- 1963 12

Musl i m Mosque, I nc. 1964- 1965 13Or gani zat i on of Af r o- Amer i can Uni t y 1964- 1965 14

Subj ect Fi l es 1961- 1965 15

Pr i nt ed Mat t erCl i ppi ngs 1961- 1965 16Over si zed Newspaper s 17Books and Ser i al s ( Not on Mi cr of i l m) 18


6/49


Scope and Content

The Mal col m X Col l ect i on i s di vi ded i nt o ni ne ser i es, t he bul k ofwhi ch r ange f r om 1961 t o 1964. The paper s consi st of per sonal andf ami l y memor abi l i a, cor r espondence, wr i t i ngs and not es, sel ect edor gani zat i onal r ecor ds and pr i nt ed mat t er . They pr ovi de an i n- dept hdocument at i on of Mal col m X as Bl ack Musl i m t heol ogi an, bl acknat i onal i st i deol ogue, pr opagandi st f or t he Nat i on of I sl am, andski l l ed or gani zer - - wi t h occasi onal gl i mpses of hi s pr i vat e or f ami l yl i f e. Over al l , t he col l ect i on s or i gi nal or der has been pr eser ved.

PERSONAL MISCELLANY series, 1958-1965 (0.2 lin. ft.) Thi s smal l gr oup of per sonal i t ems i ncl udes t wo addr ess books ( 1958-1961) , a not ebook wi t h det ai l s of t he Shabazz f ami l y vacat i on i n Mi amii n J anuar y 1964, hot el r ecei pt s f r om 1961 t o 1965, and var i ous i t emsf ound i n Mal col m X s heavi l y scor ed copy of t he Quran and i n one oft he t wo addr ess books. I n t hi s l at t er gr oup are sever al newspapercl i ppi ngs, some di spar agi ng not es about Mar t i n Lut her Ki ng, J r . ,descr i bed as t he har e i n t he bushes wi t hout t he desi r e t o run f orsel f , and a 1961 l et t er f r om a member of Mosque No. 7 i n New Yor k whof ound hi msel f obl i gat ed t o r ecogni ze t he good wor k t hat you ar e doi ngf or t he Nat i on of I sl am, whi l e depl or i ng t hat wi t h t he pace oft hi ngs goi ng so f ast , i t i s a r ar e occasi on f or me t o see you, l est Ii nt er f er e or det ai n you at your busi est moment s. I n hi saut obi ogr aphy, Mal col m X expl ai ned how t he demand on hi m t o speak al lover t he count r y gr ew dr amat i cal l y wi t h t he publ i cat i on of C. Er i cLi ncol n s book, The Black Muslims in America i n 1961. Let t er s , ai r l i net i cket s, hot el bi l l s, cur r ency exchange sl i ps, cust oms decl ar at i ons,

t el ephone messages, vi si t or s car ds and an announcement f or a publ i cl ect ur e i n Ghana i n t he Mi ddl e East and West Af r i ca Tr i p f ol der ,amount t o a day t o day i t i ner ar y of Mal col m X s f i r st maj or t r i pabr oad i n 1964.

Mi scel l aneous i t ems i n t hi s and t he next s er i es i ncl ude i nvoi ces f ort he Cor ona Mosque i n Queens, a pr escr i pt i on f or Phenobar bi t ol , one t obe t aken as needed f or ner ves, an i nvoi ce f or a new 1962 Ol dsmobi l e,var i ous r ecei pt s ( camer a shop, book st or es, a mast er t ai l or ) ,househol d expendi t ur e l i st s i n Mal col m X s hand, a message f r om oneDr . Adams at Bel l evue Hospi t al , and an ai r l i ne quest i onnai r e wher e t hesubj ect l i s t ed t he year of hi s f i r s t ai r l i ne f l i ght as 1956 and hi shi ghest l evel of educat i on as el ement ar y school .

BETTY SHABAZZ series, 1955-1965 (0.2 lin. ft.) Thi s smal l but si gni f i cant gr oup of document s i ncl udes bot h i ncomi ngand out goi ng cor r espondence, r ecei pt s and ot her househol d- r el at edi t ems. The ear l i est document i n t hi s ser i es i s a 1955 l et t er t o af r i end where Bet t y Shabazz, t hen Bet t y X Saunder s, a nur si ng st udent ,di scusses t he di f f i cul t y of conf or mi ng t o the Nat i on of I sl am s


7/49


r el i gi ous st r i ct ur es agai nst soci al i zi ng wi t h whi t es, whet her at mealt i mes, i n cl ass pr oj ect s, or at a dance par t y her cl ass wasor gani zi ng. The out goi ng cor r espondence al so i ncl udes t hr ee l et t er st o El i j ah Muhammad, t wo of t hem wr i t t en dur i ng t he per i od of herhusband s si l enci ng. The ear l i er l et t er ( Feb. 18, 1963) was wr i t t enat Muhammad s s uggest i on t o t el l you what I t hought about t he t r i p t oPhi l adel phi a ( cri t i cal poi nt s) . She went on t o conf i de t hatMi ni st er s wi ves have a f ul l t i me j ob keepi ng t he mi ni st er happy sohe can do hi s j ob, but al so f el t t hat she coul d do ot herconst r uct i ve t hi ngs and was wast i ng away. The second l et t er dat ed

J an. 5, 1964 was an appeal t o come out t o see you one week end, addi ng t hat I have no one t hat I f eel I can t al k t o but you. Thel ast l et t er wr i t t en t hr ee mont hs l at er , t hr ee days bef or e Mal col m X sof f i ci al separ at i on f r om t he NOI , was an at t empt t o el uci dat e t hechar ges agai nst her sel f and agai nst her husband besi de speaki ngagai nst past Pr esi dent J FK. I n your l et t er , you st at ed my act i on

t owar d t he Musl i ms s i nce my husband was sat down i s deser vi ng of t i me,how have I act ed? she wr ot e.

The i ncomi ng cor r espondence i ncl udes l et t er s f r om El i j ah Muhammad swi f e and daught er , Cl ar a and Har r i et t Muhammad, and El i j ah Muhammad sspeci al i nst r uct i ons f or Ramadan i n 1962. Or t hodox I sl am f ol l ows t hel unar cal endar i n t he obser vance of Ramadan, but Muhammad had setDecember as Ramadan mont h f or hi s f ol l ower s, because we wer e onceChr i st i an bel i ever s and we used t o wor shi p t hi s mont h as t he mont h

J esus was bor n. Hi s i nst r uct i ons cal l ed on mar r i ed coupl es t o t akeno pl easur e dur i ng t hi s mont h, and on al l hi s f ol l ower s not t of or get i n our pr ayer s t hat t he enemy has ki l l ed one of our br ot her s

t hi s year t he f i r st we have l ost si nce Al l ah s comi ng due t o t hemur der ous hands of t he devi l s. NOI member Ronal d St okes had beenki l l ed ear l i er t hat year i n a pol i ce shoot i ng at t he Los Angel esMosque. Let t er s to her f r om Mal col m X ar e f i l ed i n t he next ser i es.

Ther e ar e sever al l et t er s f r om her adopt i ve mot her i n Det r oi t , endi ngt ypi cal l y: Wr i t e when you f eel l i ke i t . Your wor r i ed l onel y mot her .

The Condol ence f i l e, mor e t han 70 l et t er s and car ds, i ncl udes mess agesof sympat hy f r om pr omi nent f i gur es acr oss t he count r y, many of whi chwer e r ead by Ruby Dee at t he f uneral ser vi ce f or Mal col m X. Ot herdocument s i n t he ser i es i ncl ude a sel ect i on of char i t y sl i ps orr ecei pt s f or cont r i but i ons pai d f i r st t o Muhammad s Mosque No. 7 andl at er t o t he Musl i m Mosque, I nc.

CORRESPONDENCE series, 1948-1965 (0.6 lin. ft.) Letters Sent. The Cor r espondence ser i es encompasses Mal col m X sper sonal and pr of essi onal act i vi t i es. The ser i es begi ns wi t h a gr oupof t hi r t y handwr i t t en l et t er s , wi t h a l at er t yped ver si on, t o hi sbr ot her Phi l ber t , and t he l at t er s wi f e, Henr i et t a, bet ween 1948 and1952, shor t l y af t er Mal col m X j oi ned t he Nat i on of I sl am. Wr i t i ngf r om j ai l t o anot her cor r espondent , Si s t er Beat r i ce, Mal col m X


8/49


conf i ded hi s desi r e t o assi st El i j ah Muhammad i n bui l di ng t he NOI .Ther e i s not hi ng I woul d l i ke mor e so t han a beaut i f ul Musl i m wi f eand f ami l y, but somet hi ng t el l s me f at e has chosen me t o l ead a l onel yl i f e, f or I have t he abi l i t y t o speak t o my peopl e and gui de t hem t ot he Apost l e, and I cannot go t o Geor gi a, Al abama and i nt o t he hear t oft hi s devi l s st r onghol d wher e t he t r ut h has not been hear d unl ess I amf r ee t o t r avel and pr each, and t hat i s my one and onl y desi r e, t opr each t o my peopl e. I n a l at er l et t er t o Si st er Beat r i ce, dat edMar ch 1955, he comment ed on hi s r ecr ui t i ng successes whi l e havi ng t ot ake car e of FOUR TEMPLES, and hi nt s at t he i nci pi ent j eal ousy amongt he ol der Musl i ms. Many year s now, I sl am has been among our peopl e,and t hey have sat on t he cur b wai t i ng f or ELI J AH MUHAMMAD t o do al l oft he WORK hi msel f . Now t he new Musl i ms want t o hel p 24 HOURS A DAY,and t hose who have been i n t he Templ e al l t hese year s t ake oursi ncer i t y t o DO our ut most , not as somet hi ng good, but i nst ead t heyaccuse us of bei ng sel f - r i ght eous. Or t hey cl assi f y t he f ai t h we have

i n our abi l i t y t o achi eve success as a di spl ay of ar r ogance. They sayt hat I have l ost my sense of humor and gi f t of ease and humanness . [ Emphases i n or i gi nal ]

Ther e ar e al so seven l et t er s f r om Mal col m X t o Bet t y Shabazz, r angi ngf r om 1959 t o August 1964, gener al l y encour agi ng gr eat er t hr i f t i ness( Don t cal l unl ess i t s vi t al ; wr i t e l et t er s . Phone cos t s t oomuch. ) , and pat i ence wi t h hi s busy schedul e. He pr ods her t o be mor edevout ( St r ess t o al l t he i mpor t ance of Ramadan and r egul ar pr ayer sdur i ng Ramadan. ) and mor e i nvol ved i n hi s over al l act i vi t i es ( Keep acl ose check on t he paper s and t he newscast s. When I know you do t hi s,I can cal l you t o f i nd out what s happeni ng i nst ead of someone el se. )

Wr i t i ng f r om an Or gani zat i on of Af r i can Uni t y summi t conf er ence i nCai r o i n J ul y 1964, he comment s: I r eal i ze many t here i n t he St at esmay t hi nk I m shi r ki ng my dut i es as a l eader ( and even as a husband)by bei ng way over her e whi l e t her e i s so much t r oubl e t her e, but whatI m doi ng her e wi l l be mor e hel pf ul t o t he whol e i n t he l ong r un, andI al ways t hi nk i n t er ms of t he whol e.

Ot her out goi ng l et t er s i ncl ude a Sept ember 1962 t ongue- l ashi ng r epl yt o a Sudanese Musl i m i n Phi l adel phi a, wher e he r ecount s hi s and El i j ahMuhammad s vi si t s t o t he Sudan i n 1959. The l et t er t hat you wr ot e i na r ecent i ssue of t he Pittsburgh Courier doesn t sound l i ke i t camef r om t he hear t of a Sudanese Musl i m, he wr ot e t o Yahya Hayar i . I tsounds l i ke i t came f r om t he hear t of an Amer i can Negr o Chr i st i anwhose onl y excuse i s t hat t he condi t i on of hi s hear t and mi nd are t her esul t s of 400 year s of br ai n- washi ng. I n t he same l et t er , heder i des NOI s adver sar y Tal i b Dawoud whose f ol l ower s combi ned can f i ti n one st at i on wagon, and t he l at t er s wi f e, si nger Dakot a St at on,who si ngs di r t y songs i n a ni ght cl ub t o ent er t ai n dr unken cust omer s. Respondi ng t o El eanor Mason, a Cal i f or ni a st udent , dur i ng t he per i odof hi s si l enci ng ( December 6, 1963) , he wr ot e t hat : We ar e l i vi ng at


9/49


a t i me and i n a wor l d of par adoxes, and t hat t he Messenger has t her i ght sol ut i on and t he r i ght pr ogr am, i f handl ed by i nt el l i gentper sons who pr oper l y under st and i t . I n a second l et t er t o Mason,f ol l owi ng hi s br eak f r om NOI ( Mar ch 21, 1964) , he vent ur ed t hat youwer e per haps wel l awar e of t he many obst acl es pl aced i n my pat h t oprevent t he pr ogr essi ve moves necess ar y t o uni t e our peopl e and maket hem st and on t hei r own f eet , addi ng t hat I have got t en r esponsesf r om st udent s t hr oughout Amer i ca expr essi ng sol i d suppor t i n t hi s newvent ur e. Al l we have t o do i s or gani ze ener gi es i nt o one pr ogr essi vedi r ect i on and our peopl e wi l l be f r ee over ni ght . I n sever al l et t er swr i t t en t hat same day, Mal col m X cl ar i f i ed hi s posi t i on vi s- - vi sEl i j ah Muhammad and sought t o r ecr ui t member s i nt o hi s new mi l i t antMusl i m movement , pl edgi ng t hat t hey wi l l be act i vel y i nvol ved i n t heHuman Ri ght s St r uggl e t hat our peopl e ar e wagi ng i n t hi s count r y.

I n a t hr ee- page l et t er t o El i j ah Muhammad, al so dat ed Mar ch 21, 1964,

he assur ed hi s f or mer ment or t hat he i s s t i l l hi s number onef ol l ower : You know wel l t hat I woul d never l eave you of my own f r eewi l l . Two par agr aphs l at er he expl ai ned: Some ver y bad l i es havebeen spr ead and ar e st i l l bei ng spr ead about me among t he Musl i ms byt he of f i ci al s. . . . I woul d do not hi ng t o har m your i mage or your wor kor I sl am, but I don t hesi t at e a mi nut e t o at t ack and expose t hesevi ci ous hypocr i t es who ar e t r yi ng t o make i t appear t hat I am t hehypocr i t e. He f ur t her expl ai ned t hat NOI member s had been sent t oki l l hi m, and t hat he wi l l r eadi l y abandon hi s East El mhur st r esi dencet o t he NOI of f i ci al s i f t hey woul d al l ow hi m t o r espond t o t hei rchar ges bef ore t he general body at Mosque No. 7. I n anot her ser i es ofl et t er s wr i t t en i n J une 1964, he di scussed hi s pi l gr i mage t o Mecca,

hi s meet i ngs wi t h sever al Af r i can heads of st at e and wi t h t he Af r i can-Amer i can expat r i at e communi t y i n Ghana. Wr i t i ng t o Maya Angel ou on J une 1, he conveyed t hat t he t r ue r eason f or my spl i t t i ng f r om t heMusl i m movement i s bei ng t ol d her e i n t he St at es. . . . I t wi l l beexact l y as I expl ai ned t o you. Thi s was i n r ef er ence t o r ecent newsst or i es about gr oup conf l i ct s and j eal ousy of Mal col m X on t he par t oft he NOI l eader shi p.

Fol l owi ng hi s second t r i p t o West Af r i ca and t he Mi ddl e East i n 1964,Mal col m X was i nt ent on r eor gani zi ng t he Musl i m Mosque I nc. and t heOr gani zat i on of Af r o- Amer i can Uni t y al ong separ at e l i nes. He engagedi n det ai l ed cor r espondence wi t h hi s cont act s abr oad, as par t of abr oad OAAU net wor ki ng dr i ve, and al so t o sol i ci t I sl ami c suppor t f ort he Musl i m Mosque. I n a December 21, 1964 l et t er t o War i t h Muhammad( Wal l ace Muhammad) , he sought t o ent i ce hi m t o move t o Phi l adel phi a:. . . we can wor k t oget her l i ke t wi ns and i n no t i me have I sl am on t her i ght pat h. The l ast l et t er i n t hi s f i l e i s an undat ed, handwr i t t enpr ot est t o U. S. Secr et ar y of St at e Dean Rusk, f ol l owi ng t he ref usal byFrench of f i ci al s on Feb. 9, 1965 t o al l ow hi m ent r y t o t he count r ywher e he had been schedul ed t o speak. The l et t er r equest ed an


10/49


i nvest i gat i on as t o why t hi s i nci dent t ook pl ace wi t h no i nt er vent i onf r om t he Uni t ed St at es embassy.

Letters Received . Cor r espondent s i n t hi s subser i es i ncl ude Ayo EmekaAzi ki we, t he son of Ni ger i a s f i r st pr esi dent Nnamdi Azi ki we, t hen ast udent i n t he U. S. ; Al ex Hal ey who assi st ed Mal col m X i n the wr i t i ngof hi s Autobiography ; El i j ah Muhammad and t wo of hi s sons, Akbar andWal l ace ( War i t h Deen) . The Hal ey f i l e i ncl udes an aut hor - col l abor at orl et t er of agr eement dat ed J une 1, 1963, si gned by t he t wo par t i es,st i pul at i ng t hat t he aut hor , Mal col m X, had no desi r e t o pr of i tper sonal l y f r om t hi s j oi nt vent ur e and t hat any and al l moneyr epr esent i ng your 50% shar e shal l be made payabl e t o Muhammad s MosqueNo. 2 i n Chi cago. Al so i n t hi s f i l e ar e a ser i es of l et t er s wr i t t enby Hal ey sol i ci t i ng addi t i onal mat er i al needed to shor e up var i ousaspect s of t he nar r at i ve; t he car bon copy of a l et t er t o FBI Di r ect or

J . Edgar Hoover , i n whi ch Hal ey l ays out t he basi s of hi s ass oci at i on

wi t h t he Musl i m mi ni st er , upon hi s bei ng i nf or med t hat t wo t eams off ederal agent s had been aski ng quest i ons at a pr evi ous r esi dence i nManhat t an; copi es of Hal ey s l et t er s t o hi s agent st r essi ng t he needf or t i mel y advances t o Mal col m X and r ai si ng t he pr ospect of anot herbook usi ng t he l at t er s t r avel di ar i es; and t wo l et t er s, dat ed J une 21and J une 27, 1964, exhor t i ng Mal col m X t o f ol l ow i n Pr ophet Muhammad sf oot st eps and embar k on a Hegira or f l i ght of hi s own, t o now r emoveyour sel f f r om t he scene i n whi ch you ar e. The l ast l et t er i n t heHal ey f i l e, sent t o Mal col m X dur i ng hi s second pi l gr i mage t o WestAf r i ca and t he Mi ddl e East , i s concer ned wi t h di st r i but i on r i ght s andwi t h t he changes whi ch have occur r ed i n your per spect i ves whi chwoul d necessi t at e a compl et e r ewr i t i ng of t he l ast t wo chapt er s of t he

book. Ot her mat er i al s per t ai ni ng t o t he Autobiography ar e l ocat ed i nt he Publ i sher s and Agent s subser i es.

Akbar Muhammad s l et t er s r el at e t o hi s l i f e i n Egypt as a st udent atAl - Azhar Uni ver si t y and t o hi s expul si on f r om t he Nat i on of I sl am f orr ef usi ng t o denounce Mal col m X as a hypocr i t e. He encour aged hi sembat t l ed cor r espondent t o st r i ke a bl ow agai nst hi s enemi es: I fyou st r i ke now, [ Al l ah] wi l l be wi t h you because i t wi l l def i ni t el y bef or t he good of I sl am i n t he West er n hemi spher e. El i j ah Muhammad sl et t er s, al l wr i t t en bef or e t he Mal col m X si l enci ng, cover ed a br oadr ange of t opi cs, f r om di scussi ng hi s own heal t h, t o the mechani cs ofsel l i ng 500, 000 copi es of C. Er i c Li ncol n s book on t he Bl ack Musl i mst hr ough t he NOI net wor k. Pr ai si ng hi s di sci pl e s wor k as wonder f ulamong t he educat ed cl ass, he f ur t her i nst r uct ed t hat when speaki ng oncol l ege campuses Mal col m X shoul d not go t oo much i nt o det ai l s on t hepol i t i cal s i de, nor i nt o t he subj ect of a separ at e s t at e her e f or us . Make t he publ i c t o seek ( si c) f or t he answer s, he i nsi st ed, addi ngt hat t here ar e t wo ot her Mi ni st er s who have al r eady gone t oo f ar ont hi s subj ect . I n anot her l et t er ( Mar ch 1962) , he acknowl edged t hatThe peopl e ar e mor e i ncl i ned t owar ds t he Teachi ngs t han ever bef ore,


11/49


especi al l y about t he pr ogr am on some of t hi s ear t h t hat we can cal lour own, concl udi ng t hat Thi s i s wi nni ng t he mi nds of most of ourpeopl e t oday t han t he r el i gi ous si de whi ch i s I sl am. I n t he samel et t er , he comment ed t hat hi s heal t h was i mpr ovi ng and t hat he wast hi nki ng of doi ng a l i t t l e mor e wor k, addi ng t hat t he gr eat er par twi l l be i n st udy and pr epar i ng mysel f f or t he gr eat r ush t hat Isense wi l l come pr et t y soon. Wi t h Al l ah s hel p, he advi sed t hat t hei ns t i t ut i ons of l ear ni ng of t hi s devi l s ci vi l i zat i on wi l l cr umbl el i ke t he ot her s bef or e hi s anci ent Babyl on and Rome t hey al l f el l .Gr eat Ki ngdoms and I nst i t ut es f el l bef or e t hem. So t hi s one i s on t heway and we ar e t r yi ng t o save our peopl e f r om f al l i ng wi t h i t .

I n a si gned l et t er t o Mi ni st er Lewi s ( si c) ( Loui s Far r akhan) i nMassachuset t s, al so i n t hi s f i l e, El i j ah Muhammad, r eact i ng t o t hepol i ce ki l l i ng of Bl ack Musl i m Ronal d St okes i n Los Angel es comment ed:I t i s ver y good t o see our peopl e showi ng, f or t he f i r st t i me,

sympat hy wi t h us. Thi s t el l s us that t he dead i s ( si c) now r i si ng. But f aced wi t h t he i mpat i ence of some f ol l ower s who ant i ci pat ed somef or m of r et al i at or y act i on f or t hat ki l l i ng, he war ned t hat Physi calr et al i at i on wi l l not wor k too wel l f or us at t he pr esent t i me, asAl l ah hi msel f want s t o show t hese devi l s who He i s and cannot do sowi t h us r unni ng ahead. I n r esponse t o Mal col m X s of f er t o go t oDet r oi t t o hel p hi s br ot her Wi l f r ed deal wi t h t he ever i ncr easi ngdi sagr eement bet ween t he Mi ni st er s and t he Capt ai ns of No. 1, hepr ai sed hi s di sci pl e s abi l i t y to get al ong wi t h my near of ki nt her e. Sur el y t hey l ove you and do l ove your br ot her , but yourbr ot her has not been abl e t o see i t because of cer t ai n ot her f act or s.I have yet t o hear or see one of my ki n f ol ks say or act i n no way

ot her t han good t owards you. He t ur ned down Mal col m X s of f er . ( J une17, 1962)

I n ot her l et t er s, Muhammad i nst r uct ed hi s di sci pl e t o avoi d t heappear ance of di r ect i nvol vement i n pol i t i cs, whi ch woul d gr adual l yease over i nt o j ust what t he devi l i s desi r i ng t o char ge us wi t h. ( Sept ember 18, 1962) Mal col m X was t o avoi d f ur t her publ i c speaki ngengagement s wi t hout f i r st consul t i ng wi t h hi m. You shoul d al waysnot i f y me i n advance and gi ve your l eader j ust what you have i n mi ndt o say t o t he peopl e on my mi ss i on and t he t eachi ng or message t ot he peopl e t hat Al l ah has gi ven t o me. He advi sed Mal col m X t odecl i ne an i nvi t at i on t o speak i n Canada, addi ng t hat he pays l i t t l eat t ent i on t o si mi l ar r equest s f r om Eur ope because I am not par t i cul arabout t hem. I am onl y af t er my peopl e her e i n Amer i ca. Ot herr equest s f or per sonal appear ances s houl d be f i l t er ed t hr ough hi m, soI can gui de best on what t o say. ( Sep. 20, 1962) Mal col m X wr ot eback he was cancel i ng a debat e agai nst Mar t i n Lut her Ki ng t hat wasschedul ed f or Oct ober 1962. The l ast l et t er i n t hi s gr oup, dat edAugust 1, 1963, war ned Mal col m X t o be caref ul about ment i oni ng


12/49


Kennedy i n your t al ks and pr i nt ed mat t er s [ si c] by name; use U. S. A. orAmer i can Gover nment .

Wal l ace Muhammad s cor r espondence begi ns wi t h a J ul y 24, 1964 l et t erf r om hi s f at her , set t i ng t he condi t i ons on whi ch you may ret ur n andbe r ecogni zed as a t r ue Musl i m Bel i ever i n Al l ah Who came i n t hePer son of Mast er Far d Muhammad and f ol l ow me, Hi s Messenger t o Hi speopl e. The condi t i ons cal l ed f or Wal l ace Muhammad and hi s wi f e t opubl i cl y r epudi at e t hei r pr evi ous di sbel i ef and opposi t i on of mymi ssi on, addi ng t hat i f you wi sh t o si ncer el y r et ur n and f ol l ow me,i f t hey [ s i c] wi l l not r epent t hemsel ves, I s t i l l coul d not acceptyou. I n a Dec. 14, 1964 l et t er , Wal l ace Muhammad r eached out t oMal col m X t o hel p you f i nd and ser ve your pur pose i n t hi s wor l d, andadvi sed t hat t he gr eat est det er r ent t o t he t hr eat of vi ol ence i s ast r ong warni ng and t he r eadi ness t o back i t up, especi al l y when youare f aced wi t h r el i gi ous psychopat hs and popul ar i t y wor shi per s who

measur e t hei r r el i gi on i n t er ms of dol l ar s. A one- page cover l et t er ,Dec. 17, 1964, at t ached t o a t hr eat eni ng open t el egr am f r om Frui t ofI sl am Supr eme Capt ai n Raymond Shar r i ef f publ i shed i n t he New Crusader ,war ned t hat t hey ar e r eady t o ki l l member s of t hei r own r ace wi t h nodesi r e f or peace. They ve never been t hi s vi ol ent or vi ci ous agai nstt hei r own ki nd bef or e. Ot her l et t er s spoke of mount i ng t hr eat sagai nst Mal col m X, of Wal l ace Muhammad s f i nanci al and or gani zat i onalt r oubl es, and of hi s new name, War i t h Ud Deen, gi ven t o hi m by an I mamf r om I ndi a. A J an. 15, 1965 r epl y r ef er r ed t o t he many br ot her st hr oughout t he count r y who had been l ed ast r ay by t he f al se shepher dt hat t hey were f ol l owi ng, and f or t he need f or t he t wo cor r espondent st o st ar t bui l di ng a sol i d f oundat i on r i ght now whi ch wi l l make i t

possi bl e f or us t o i nt el l i gent l y pi ck up t he pi eces and st ar t bui l di nga good house t hat our peopl e can come i nt o and r est .

Ot her mat er i al i n t hi s ser i es per t ai ni ng t o Mal col m X s separ at i onf r om t he Nat i on of I sl am i ncl ude an Aug. 15, 1964, open l et t er ( 18pages, i ncompl et e) f r om Assi st ant - Mi ni st er Henr y X, FOI Capt ai n J osephX and Mosque Secr et ary Maceo X, l ocal of f i ci al s at Mosque No. 7, t hepur pose of whi ch was t o shame i t s r eci pi ent as a hypocr i t e.

The Adam Cl ayt on Powel l f i l e consi st s of i nvi t at i ons t o Powel l - l eddi scussi ons, and copi es of Powel l s cor r espondence wi t h St at e andpr i son aut hor i t i es pr ot est i ng t he use of shackl es i n br i ngi ng Musl i mpr i soner s t o t he Feder al cour t house i n Buf f al o, New Yor k.

International Correspondence . The Cai r o f i l e begi ns wi t h Mal col m X ssecond st ay i n t hat ci t y i n J ul y 1964, and i ncl udes cor r espondencewi t h Davi d Du Boi s about t he OAAU and t he Amer i can Musl i m St udentAssoci at i on i n Ghana, a l et t er f r om Shi r l ey Gr aham Du Boi s, al ong wi t hvar i ous art i cl es by and about Mal col m X wr i t t en i n Cai r o, and anappeal t o Di al l o Tel l i , Secr et ar y- Gener al of t he Or gani zat i on of


13/49


Af r i can Uni t y t o ur ge an i nvest i gat i on by t he Uni t ed Nat i onsCommi ss i on on Human Ri ght s i nt o t he i nhumane dest r uct i on of Af r o-Amer i can l i f e and pr oper t y whi ch t he pr esent Uni t ed St at es gover nmentseems ei t her unabl e or unwi l l i ng t o pr ot ect . The Engl and f i l er el at es pr i nci pal l y t o Mal col m X s pr esent at i ons at t he London Schoolof Economi cs, Shef f i el d Uni ver si t y and ot her venues, i n l at e 1964.

The Fr ance f i l e consi st s of an Aug. 1964 ar t i cl e i n t he Par i s edi t i onof t he New Yor k Ti mes ci t i ng of f i ci al concer ns i n t he U. S. t hatMal col m X s ef f or t s to i nt er nat i onal i ze t he pl i ght of Af r i can-Amer i cans coul d become a t ouchy pr obl em; and a l et t er f r om Car l osMoor e about t he mass meet i ng t he Af r o- Amer i can Cent er was pl anni ng f orMal col m X s Feb. 9, 1965 vi si t , whi ch was abr upt l y cancel l ed by t heFr ench gover nment . The t ext of a t el ephone conver sat i on bet ween Moor eand Mal col m, r ecor ded t he eveni ng of Feb. 9, i s l ocat ed i n a smal lOAAU col l ect i on, al so at t he Schombur g Cent er .

The Speaking Engagements subser i es consi s t s of i nvi t at i on l et t er s wi t hat t achment s, ar r anged chr onol ogi cal l y i nt o t hr ee cat egor i es: Col l egesand Uni ver si t i es, Radi o and Tel evi si on, and Chur ches and Communi t yGr oups. Cor r espondent s i n t hese cat egor i es i ncl ude Dani el Schecht erof Dialogue Magazi ne; Adel ai de Cr omwel l Hi l l f r om t he Af r i can St udi esPr ogr am at Bost on Uni ver si t y; C. Er i c Li ncol n; St er l i ng St uckey,Chai r man of t he Ami st ad Soci et y i n Chi cago; Mor r oe Ber ger , Di r ect or ofNear East er n St udi es at Pr i ncet on Uni ver si t y; Henr y Ki ssi nger ,Di r ect or of Har var d s I nt er nat i onal Semi nar ; and Chest er Hi mes f orFrench r adi o and t el evi si on.

Ar r anged chr onol ogi cal l y, t he General Correspondence subser i es

i ncl udes st udent s, edi t or s and wr i t er s, sol i ci t i ng i nt er vi ews and dat aabout t he Nat i on of I sl am; peopl e comment i ng on Mal col m X spr onouncement s i n t he medi a and at publ i c venues; f or mer NOI member swr i t i ng t hei r gr i evances agai nst t he gr oup; a J ul y 3, 1962 l et t er f r omhi s br ot her Wi l f r ed X i n Hi ghl and Par k, Mi chi gan, about a l ocalSoci al i st newspaper s of f er t o r ai se f unds f or t he l egal expenses i nt he Cal i f or ni a pol i ce br ut al i t y case; a l et t er wi t h at t achment f r omBayar d Rust i n i nvi t i ng Mal col m X t o wr i t e a r esponse t o be publ i shedal ongsi de a cr i t i que by August Mei er i n t he magazi ne Liberation ;anot her l et t er f r om t he aut hor s si s te r, Hi l da Li t t l e, al l egi ngcor r upt i on i n t he Bost on Mosque ( Oct . 1962) ; Ossi e Davi s s t hank youl et t er i n r esponse to Mal col m X s i nvi t at i on t o at t end t he 1962Af r i can- Asi an Bazaar as hi s guest ; and a not e f r om Ron Kar anga beggi nghi s i ndul gence f or hi s st er eot ypi cal negl i gence i n not wr i t i ngsooner .

The 1963 f i l e i s most l y i ncomi ng l et t er s f r om f el l ow act i vi st s l i keWi l l i am Wor t hy, and NOI member s l i ke J eanne 2X r epor t i ng on t hei ndi ct ment of sever al Bl ack Musl i ms on f el ony char ges i n t he af t er mat hof t he pol i ce assaul t on t he Los Angel es Mosque i n Apr i l 1962. Ot her


14/49


cor r espondent s shar ed t hei r i nsi ght s, or t ook except i on wi t h t he NOIver si on of I s l am and i t s f ocus on r aci al separ at i on. I n a Let t er t ot he Edi t or at t he New York Times i n r esponse t o an ar t i cl e by Rober tPayne, Mal col m X denounced t he f r ant i c ef f or t by Amer i can newspaper sand magazi nes t o pr ove t he Honor abl e El i j ah Muhammad i s wr ong, t odi scredi t hi m i n t he Musl i m wor l d, and t o st op t he r api d spr ead of hi sr el i gi ous message. Al so i ncl uded ar e l et t er s f r om ot her mosquesdi scussi ng NOI act i vi t i es i n var i ous ci t i es; a det ai l ed l et t er by ar ecent conver t descri bi ng t he r apt ur es of hi s new f ai t h, l et t er sdenounci ng var i ous i nst ances of r aci al di scri mi nat i on; and i nvi t at i onst o speak at venues out si de t he t hr ee cat egor i es out l i ned above.

Less vol umi nous, t he 1964- 1965 Gener al Cor r espondence f i l e begi ns wi t ht he same mi x descr i bed above. News of Mal col m X s br eak f r om t heNat i on of I sl am occasi oned some el at i on and i nvi t at i ons t o publ i cf or ums i n Chi cago and San Fr anci sco t o expound on hi s new vi ews. A

Mar ch 12, 1964 l et t er r ef er r ed t o sever al br ot her s i n Washi ngt on whodesi r e t o uni t e wi t h you i n your new Par t y. J . ben Thomas andShayni i Zef f i i Tau of Radi o Fr ee Af r i ca i n New Yor k of f er ed t oi ncor por at e t he Musl i m Mosque i n a r egul ar di scussi on of Bl acknat i onal i st pol i t i cs i n t hei r br oadcast s. Ruby Wi l l i ams wr ot e f r omPhoeni x, Ar i zona, ( J ul y 4, 1964) of her husband s i nf or mat i on aboutMr . Muhammad and hi s f ami l y whi ch i ncl udes t he t ape you made t el l i nghi m about t he l ow sexual mor al s of t he so- cal l ed Musl i ms. Hernar r at i ve, Fal l en St ar , f r om her exper i ences whi l e empl oyed i n Mr .Muhammad s home and f r om document s i s l ocat ed i n t he Subject Files ser i es ( Box 15, f ol der 10) . A cor r espondent f r om Tanzani a conf i dedt hat Mal col m X s vi si t t o Dar - es- Sal aam had conquer ed t he mi nds and

hear t s of t hose who hear d hi s message: You l ef t a host of f ol l ower sand wel l - wi sher s behi nd. ( Dec. 17, 1964) The l ast l et t er i n t hi sf i l e i s a not e f r om Maggi e Hat haway ( Feb. 4, 1965) f r om t he L.A.Sentinel , t hanki ng t he aut hor f or wr i t i ng and l ooki ng f or war d t o hi supcomi ng vi si t t o Los Angel es.

The Cor r espondence ser i es ends wi t h sampl e l et t er s f r om hi gh schooland col l ege st udent s; l et t er s f r om Roy Wi l ki ns, J ames For man, Whi t ney

Young, J ames Far mer , Ral ph Bunche s and Mar t i n Lut her Ki ng ssecr et ar i es, decl i ni ng Mal col m X s i nvi t at i on t o speak at an Aug. 10,1963 out door r al l y i n Har l em; and l et t er s f r om publ i c of f i ci al s andf r om Bl ack Musl i ms i n j ai l .

WRITINGS series, 1959-1964 (2 lin. ft.) The Wr i t i ng ser i es i s di vi ded i nt o t he f ol l owi ng subser i es: Major

Addresses , Interviews, Radio Scripts, Religious Teachings , Diaries,and Speech Notes. For t he most par t t he document s wi t hi n eachsubser i es have been kept i n t he or der t hey wer e f ound. However ,document s t hat r eveal a cl ear r el at i onshi p t o anot her cat egor y havebeen moved t o t he appr opr i at e subser i es ( i . e. al t er nat e ver si ons of a


15/49


l ect ur e, var i ous dr af t s of a speech) and ar r anged chr onol ogi cal l y whenpossi bl e. I n t he mai n, t he wr i t i ngs i n t hi s ser i es ar e dat ed pr e-December 12, 1963 or unt i l Mal col m X s si l enci ng. But t her e ar esever al speeches, i n addi t i on t o t he t r avel di ar i es of Mal col m X st r i ps t o Af r i ca and t he Mi ddl e East , t hat dat e af t er Mar ch 12, 1964,f ol l owi ng hi s spl i t f r om NOI .

Major Addresses. Thi s subser i es pr i mar i l y encompasses soci al ,economi c and pol i t i cal t hemes, del i ver ed t o di ver se audi ences,r egar dl ess of r ace or r el i gi on. I t i ncl udes sever al ver si ons ofMal col m X s God s J udgment of Whi t e Amer i ca ( 1963) , Far ce onWashi ngt on ( 1963) and hi s War ni ng t o Whi t e Amer i ca ( 1964) speech.I n God s J udgment of Whi t e Amer i ca Mal col m X asser t ed t he i mpendi ngcol l apse of whi t e power r ul e i n t he Uni t ed St at es. Mor eover , hecl ear l y addr essed how an emer gi ng bl ack i nt er nat i onal i sm, t he r i se ofI sl am and t he i nf l uence of decol oni zat i on ef f or t s wi t hi n t he gl obal

arena ser ved as t ool s f or di smant l i ng whi t e supr emacy, and t hat t hesef act or s and ot her s coul d f ur t her t he bl ack r evol ut i on i n t he U. S.

Al so, i n God s J udgment , Mal col m X makes t he di st i nct i on bet ween t hebl ack r evol ut i on and t he Negr o r evol ut i on. The bl ack r evol ut i onr epr esent ed an i ndependent , r adi cal and i mmedi at e movement t owar dsAf r i can- Amer i can l i ber at i on whi l e t he Negr o r evol ut i on advocat edgr adual i st r ef or ms and was cont r ol l ed by t he U. S. gover nment . I n hi sFar ce on Washi ngt on speech Mal col m X ar gued t hat t he 1963 Mar ch onWashi ngt on movement was i ni t i al l y a r adi cal gr assr oot s movement , butwas soon t r ansf or med i nt o one of t he meekest demonst r at i ons t hat t hecount r y has ever known. Pr esi dent J ohn F. Kennedy, Mal col m X

asser t ed, was unabl e t o pr event t he appr oachi ng bl ack upr i si ng i nWashi ngt on so he had t o weaken i t , t o mi x i t up, t o i nt egr at e i t , t ocont r ol i t by suppor t i ng t he di st r i but i on of cl ose t o $800, 000 i nf unds t o ci vi l r i ght s or gani zat i ons. Accor di ng t o Mal col m X, t heMar ch on Washi ngt on was one of t he best conduct ed pi cni cs i nhi s tor y.

Al t hough Mal col m X s spl i t wi t h t he Nat i on of I sl am, hi s wel l -publ i ci zed Hajj t o Mecca, and hi s t r avel s t o Af r i ca and t he Mi ddl eEast i n 1964 of t en si gnal a mor e i ncl usi ve soci al and pol i t i calphi l osophy, hi s assessment s of r aci sm and segr egat i on r emai nedcr i t i cal . For exampl e, hi s 1964 speech War ni ng t o Whi t e Amer i caadmi t t ed t hat he no l onger subscr i bes t o sweepi ng i ndi ct ment s of anyone r ace, however , he mai nt ai ned t hat many Angl o- Amer i cans wer eaver se t o f or ced i nt egr at i on. Thi s speech, al so pr i nt ed i n t he August25, 1964 i ssue of t he Egyptian Gazette under t he t i t l e Raci sm: TheCancer That i s Dest r oyi ng Amer i ca, demonst r at ed t hei nt er nat i onal i zat i on of Mal col m X s i deas.


16/49


Al so l ocat ed her e ar e t ypescr i pt s of speeches and ot her mat er i al f r omMal col m X s speaki ng engagement s bet ween 1961 and 1963 at many of t henat i on s t op col l eges and uni ver si t i es, i ncl udi ng Har var d and Yal eUni ver si t i es, t he Uni ver si t y of Cal i f or ni a at Ber kel ey and Howar dUni ver si t y i n Washi ngt on D. C. I ndeed, dur i ng most of t hi s per i odMal col m X was at t he f or ef r ont of Nat i on of I s l am pol i t i cs . Hi sconf i dence and f l ui d ar t i cul at i on on U. S. and i nt er nat i onal r aci alpol i t i cs, hi s deep f ai t h i n t he NOI dogma and hi s l oyal char act er ,si t uat ed hi m as a cent r al f i gur e i n the Bl ack Musl i m movement i n t heUni t ed St at es. I n 1962, Howar d Uni ver si t y st udent s i nvi t ed hi m t odebat e Bayar d Rust i n, not ed paci f i st and ci vi l r i ght s l eader . Mal col mX s openi ng l ect ur e at Howar d Uni ver si t y i s i ncl uded i n t hi ssubser i es. He l ect ur ed so f r equent l y t hat he of t en gave t he same orsi mi l ar l ect ur es. The speeches, A Raci al Powder keg and The Anemi cNegr o Leader shi p mi r r or ed hi s Howar d Uni ver si t y speech i n many ways.

Interviews. Coupl ed wi t h numer ous col l ege vi si t s, l ocal speeches andt he gr owt h of t he NOI , t he i mpact of t el evi si on and document aryf i l mmaki ng pr opel l ed t he i mage of Mal col m X and t he NOI i nt o t henat i onal and i nt er nat i onal ar ena. Thi s subser i es i ncl udes not es andt r anscr i pt s f or t he 1961 NBC ser i es The Open Mi nd. Ent i t l ed Whereis the Negro Headed? t he pr ogr am i ncl uded such guest s as psychol ogi stKennet h Cl ar k and Ri chard Hal ey, f i el d secr et ar y of t he Congr ess onRaci al Equal i t y ( CORE) . The subser i es al so cont ai ns a t r anscr i pt f ora 1962 i nt er vi ew of Mal col m X by a Fr ench t el evi si on cr ew. Si mi l ar t ot he CBS document ar y The Hat e That Hat e Pr oduced, t he Fr enchdocument ar y f ocused on t he NOI s cri t i ci sm of r aci sm i n t he U. S.Chest er Hi mes, t he Af r i can- Amer i can wr i t er who al so ser ved as

assi s t ant di r ector and t r ansl at or on t he pr oj ect , pr ovi ded a l i s t ofquest i ons f or Mal col m X, one of whi ch was: What i s t he ai m andpur pose of your or gani zat i on? I n a cl ear and conci se f ashi on Mal col mX wr ot e i n hi s not es, t o r ai se t he dead. Mal col m X under st ood t hepower t hat t el evi si on and r adi o wi el ded i n shapi ng t he i mage of t heNOI and conveyi ng t hei r i deas. Hi s di r ect st yl e of communi cat i onof t en compl ement ed t he hunger of r epor t er s and t el evi si on pr oducer sseeki ng t o t el l a s t or y.

Ot her document s i n t he Wr i t i ngs ser i es i ncl ude pr ess r el eases wr i t t enby Mal col m X, not es and t al ki ng poi nt s f or col l ege debat es and ot herpubl i c meet i ngs, and var i ous decl ar at i ons, st at ement s, open l et t er sand l et t er s t o t he edi t or . I n hi s many f or ays on col l ege campuses,encour agi ng st udent s i nt er est s i n cont r over si al i ssues became oneof Mal col m X s pr i nci pal goal s. The r ecur r i ng t hemes of separ at i on ver sus segr egat i on, t he r esur r ect i ng power of I sl am i n Af r i canAmer i ca, t oken i nt egr at i on, t he need f or a Bl ack r evol ut i on andAf r i can- Amer i can par t i ci pat i on i n vot i ng st i r r ed up audi ences andi nspi r ed st udent s t o quest i on ant i - bl ack pr ej udi ce and soci ali nj ust i ce i n t he U. S. Ther e ar e sever al i nt r i gui ng l et t er s f r om


17/49


col l ege st udent s t o Mal col m t hat of f er sol ut i ons and suggest i onsr egar di ng t he Ci vi l Ri ght s st r uggl e, but al so r eveal t hei ri nt el l ect ual wr est l i ng wi t h t he i deas of soci al and economi c j ust i ce.

Radio Scripts. Radi o ser ved as a means t o f ur t her educat e audi enceson t he r el i gi ous and pol i t i cal phi l osophy of t he Nat i on of I sl am.Fol l owi ng El i j ah Muhammad s bout wi t h ast hmat i c br onchi t i s and hi ssubsequent move t o Phoeni x, Ar i zona i n 1961, Mal col m X pl ayed agr eat er r ol e i n t he devel opment of NOI s r adi o pr ogr am t i t l ed Mr .Muhammad Speaks. Many of t he br oadcast l i st ener s wer e non- Musl i msand t he NOI t ook advant age of t hi s t o i nf or m and possi bl y r ecr ui tbl ack conver t s t o i t s r anks. Mal col m X t r avel ed wi del y, f r om Bost on sMosque No. 11 t o At l ant a, Geor gi a and as f ar West as Phoeni x, Ar i zonaand Mosque No. 27 i n Los Angel es, Cal i f or ni a, t o br oadcast t he NOI smessage. The r adi o scr i pt s i n t hi s ser i es have been number ed 1t hr ough 80 and kept i n t he order t hat t hey wer e f ound af t er t hei r

acqui si t i on f r om t he auct i on house. See Appendi x I f or an i t emi zedl i st of t he r adi o scr i pt s and t he ci t i es wher e t hey wer e br oadcast .

Si mi l ar t o hi s maj or speeches and uni ver si t y l ect ur es, Mal col m X sr adi o br oadcast s wer e r ecycl ed f or di f f er ent venues and al soencompassed a wi de r ange of t hemes, f r om economi c sel f - hel p, r el i gi oust eachi ngs, t o t oken Af r i can- Amer i can l eader shi p i n t he Ci vi l Ri ght smovement . Al t hough many of t he r adi o scr i pt s ar e not dat ed t her e ar e af ew t emporal r ef er ences t hat may al er t t he r esear cher t o appr oxi mat edat es.

Religious Teachings. Ar r anged al phabet i cal l y by t i t l e or f i r s t

sent ence ( see Appendi x I I ) , t hi s subser i es compr i ses speeches andnot es used t o enhance and advance spi r i t ual knowl edge t o bl ack peopl ei n t he U. S. Sever al speeches del i ver ed at Chr i st i an chur ches ar ei ncl uded speci f i cal l y Abyssi ni an Bapt i st Chur ch, t he Communi t yChur ch of New Yor k Ci t y and Los Angel es Pr ayer Bapt i st Chur ch. Mostof Mal col m X s t eachi ngs wer e del i ver ed t o Musl i m audi ences i n mosquesacr oss t he count r y. But on Sundays Nat i on of I sl am mi ni st er s of t enpr eached t o mi xed Musl i m and Chr i st i an audi ences. To some degr ee, onei s abl e t o di st i ngui sh bet ween rel i gi ous t eachi ngs t o Musl i ms asopposed t o r el i gi ousl y mi xed audi ences because of t he subj ect mat t er .I t was r ar e t hat Mal col m X or ot her NOI mi ni st er s woul d di scuss NOI scosmol ogy or i t s t heol ogi cal bel i ef s t o non- Musl i m audi ences. Ot heri nst ances r eveal wher e Mal col m X shar ed r el i gi ous t eachi ngs desi gnedf or r egi st er ed Musl i ms, wi t h Chr i s t i an and ot her r el i gi ous l i s t ener s .

The Rel i gi ous Teachi ngs f ol der s possess a weal t h of knowl edger egardi ng t he NOI s Ten Quest i ons ( St udent Enr ol l ment ) , andquest i ons t hat have t o be answer ed i n or der t o become a r egi st er edMusl i m ( t he Lessons #1 and #2 and t he Pr obl em Book) . Some of t hesemat er i al s ar e l ocat ed el sewher e i n t he col l ect i on. A speci al f i ve- par t


18/49


t eachi ng by Mal col m X i ncl udes l ect ur es on t he Real i t y of God andHeaven, Real i t y of t he Devi l and Hel l , Messenger El i j ah Muhammadand Mor al s, Pr ayer , Char i t y. The f our t h t eachi ng i s absent . Ot hert eachi ngs addr ess subj ect s s uch as how t o become a good Musl i m, t hedi chot omy bet ween I sl am and Chr i st i ani t y, t he meani ng of Yacub, t hebl ack sci ent i st f r om Nat i on of I sl am mythol ogy who cr eat ed t he whi t er ace t o commi t genoci de on bl ack peopl e, and t he Act ual Fact s, aser i es of quest i ons t o whi ch al l t he answer s ar e number s t hat descr i behumans pl ace on t he pl anet and i n t he uni ver se. The Rel i gi ous Not esent i t l ed Root s of Ci vi l i zat i on i ncor por at e mat er i al on t he quest i onWhy di d we [ Musl i ms] r un Yacub f r om t he r oot of ci vi l i zat i on? Thi squest i on pr esumabl y st ems f r om t he NOI s Lesson #1 Quest i on #4. I naddi t i on, some of t he mat er i al i n t hi s subser i es i ncl ude not es onBi bl e, God and t he Devi l , Ezeki el s Wheel , t he Musl i m Gi r l s

Tr ai ni ng pr ogr am, and t he End of t he Wor l d. The l at t er r eveal sMal col m X s t hought s on t he f al l of West er n ci vi l i zat i on and i t s

r el at i onshi p t o bl ack peopl es spi r i t ual devel opment .

Mal col m X s rel i gi ous t eachi ngs ar e i nf used wi t h soci al and pol i t i calcomment ar y on bl ack Amer i cans ( Musl i m and non- Musl i m) r el at i onshi pwi t h Al l ah ( God) , t he Ear t h and t o t hei r humani t y. Pr esent ed atchur ches, mosques, st r eet cor ner r al l i es, Mal col m X s r adi cal andspi r i t ual messages conveyed t he enr i chi ng power of I sl am, t he beaut yof a bl ack i dent i t y and a r at i onal e f or bl ack economi c and pol i t i calempower ment . I sl am was t he r el i gi on of t r ut h, accor di ng t o Mal col m X,and bl ack peopl e s commi t ment t o I sl am ( t he t r ut h) coul d l i ber at e t hemf r om r aci al oppr essi on i n t he U. S. I nt er est i ngl y, al t hough a devoutMusl i m, Mal col m X and t he NOI pr i mar i l y ut i l i zed t he Bi bl e as t hei r

spi r i t ual and educat i onal gui de. Document s i n t he Rel i gi ous Teachi ngs subser i es and t hr oughout hi s wr i t i ngs di spl ay and expl ai n Bi bl i calr ef erences mor e so t han Qu r ani c ver ses. The Bi bl e was consi dered abook of pr ophecy t hat spoke t o moder n day i ssues of r aci al oppr ess i onand soci al i nj ust i ce. Pr eachi ng t o a popul at i on pr edomi nat el y r oot edi n a J udeo- Chr i st i an t r adi t i on may account f or t he use of t he Bi bl e asa pr i mar y sour ce f or educat i ng U. S. bl acks.

Diaries. Thi s subser i es consi st s of ei ght not ebooks number ed 1t hr ough 8. The f i r st t wo ar e di scul pat or y not es t hat chr oni cl e Mal col mX s separ at i on f r om t he NOI . Not ebooks 3 t o 7 ar e t r avel di ar i es f ort he aut hor s t r i ps t o Af r i ca and t he Mi ddl e East i n 1964. The l astnot ebook cont ai ns out l i nes of l at er speeches, up t o The Last Messagedel i ver ed i n Det r oi t , Mi chi gan, on Feb. 14, 1965.

The i nf l uence of Mal col m X s soj our n t hr ough Af r i ca and t he Mi ddl eEast on hi s per sonal and pol i t i cal phi l osophi es i s i mmeasurabl e. Thet r avel di ar i es br i ng t o l i ght hi s day- t o- day i nt er act i ons and opi ni onson var i ous peopl es and i ssues f r om Ar ab and Af r i can st at esmen,r el i gi ous f i gur es and Af r i can- Amer i can expat r i at es, t o moder ni zat i on


19/49


and i ndust r i al i zat i on i n Af r i ca and t he Ar ab wor l d. A t r anscri pt i onof t he J ul y to Sept ember 1964 t r avel di ar i es i s al so i ncl uded.

The pur pose of Mal col m X s j our ney t o Af r i ca and t he Mi ddl e East wast wo- f ol d: t o bui l d bet t er communi cat i on and under st andi ng bet weenAf r i can- Amer i can Musl i ms and Musl i ms t hroughout t he wor l d and t ost r engt hen r el at i ons bet ween Af r i can Amer i cans of al l f ai t hs and t heemer gi ng Af r i can nat i ons. A st r uggl e on t wo f r ont s, Mal col m X s wor kf ocused on t he spr ead of I sl am, human r i ght s and r aci al equal i t y i nt he U. S. He asser t ed i n a 1964 speech at Shuban al - Musl i mi n i n Egypt :

As a Musl i m, I f eel obl i gat ed t o f i ght f or t he spr ead of I sl amunt i l al l t he wor l d bows bef or e Al l ah, but as an Af r o- Amer i can, Ican never over l ook t he mi ser abl e pl i ght of my peopl e i n Amer i ca,so I have t wo f i ght s, t wo st r uggl es. So, I come bef ore you her ei n t he Musl i m Wor l d, not onl y t o r ej oi ce over t he wonder f ul

bl essi ngs of I sl am, but al so t o t ake advant age of t he oppor t uni t yt o r emi nd you t hat t her e ar e 22 mi l l i on of us i n Amer i ca, many ofwhom have never hear d of Al l ah and I sl am, and al l of whom are t hevi ct i ms of Amer i ca s cont i nued oppr essi on, expl oi t at i on anddegr adat i on.

The t r avel di ar i es det ai l Mal col m X s i nt er act i ons wi t h wr i t er s MayaAngel ou and J ul i an Mayf i el d i n Ghana, and hi s evol vi ng i deas on Angl o-Amer i cans and whi t eness. Al so i ncl uded ar e not es f or uni ver si t yspeeches, per spect i ves on r aci al pol i t i cs i n t he West and al so ther ol e t hat Af r i ca shoul d pl ay i n t he l i ves of Af r i can Amer i cans.Mal col m X cl ear l y ar gued f or a pol i t i cal and r el i gi ous agenda of Bl ack

Nat i onal i sm and I sl am i f Af r i can Amer i cans wer e t o be successf ul i ncombat i ng t he soci al , economi c and pol i t i cal di vi de i n t he U. S. Hest at ed: i t wi l l t ake Bl ack Nat i onal i sm t o make our peopl e consci ousof doi ng f or sel f and t hen I s l am wi l l pr ovi de t he spi r i t ualgui dance[ t hat ] wi l l l i nk us spi r i t ual l y to Af r i ca, Ar abi a and Asi a. Mal col m X s i deas dur i ng t hi s t i me per i od i nvol ved an i nt er pl aybet ween l ocal and gl obal i ssues t hat addr essed the pl i ght of mi l l i onsof bl ack peopl e i n t he U. S.

The t r avel di ar i es gr ound Mal col m X s t hought s and hi s i nt er nat i onalsoci o- pol i t i cal agenda dur i ng t he pi vot al year of 1964 i n whi ch hi st r i ps t o t he Mi ddl e East and Af r i ca and t he f or mat i on of t heOr gani zat i on of Af r o Amer i can Uni t y pr oved f undament al t o t he

vol ut i on of hi s i dent i t y and hi s pol i t i cs.e Speech Notes. Mal col m X s s peech not es compl ement t he myr i ad of i deasexpr essed i n hi s compl et ed l ect ur es and i nf or mal t al ks. I n some oft he more det ai l ed not es, t he aut hor f ocused on t he separat i on ver susi nt egr at i on debat e ( 2 f ol der s) , t he Los Angel es pol i ce br ut al i t y casei nvol vi ng Ronal d St okes, whi t e supr emacy i n t he U. S. , and t he


20/49


i mpor t ance of st udyi ng t he hi st or y of Af r i can- descended peopl es. TheAf r i can- Asi an Bazaar f ol der hi ghl i ght s t he i nf l uence of t he 1955Bandung Conf er ence on Mal col m X s i deas on economi c i ndependence andi nt er nat i onal cooper at i on. Al so i ncl uded her e i s a f ol der of not esf or l ect ur es at a number of academi c i nst i t ut i ons t hat f ur t herdocument hi s i deas on separ at i on and i nt egr at i on, t he t heol ogi cal andorgani zat i onal mi ssi on of El i j ah Muhammad, and Mal col m X s ownunder st andi ng of t he NOI as a rel i gi ous i nst i t ut i on. Over al l , t hi ssubser i es pr ovi des r i ch document at i on t o f ur t her exami ne Mal col m ssoci o- pol i t i cal message.

NATION OF ISLAM series, 1956-1963 (0.6 lin. Ft.) Di vi ded i nt o General , New York Mosque and Other Cities subser i es ,t hese sel ect ed f i l es and wor ki ng paper s ar e not t he act ual r ecor ds oft he Nat i on of I sl am, nor ar e t hey necessar i l y t he ext ent of NOI -r el at ed document s once i n Mal col m X s possess i on. The General

subser i es opens wi t h t he f or m l et t er addr essed t o W. F. Muhammad. . .Dear Savi our Al l ah, Our Del i ver er , t hat new r ecr ui t s wer e r equi r ed t ocopy wi t hout f aul t bef or e t hey woul d be gr ant ed an X as t her epl acement of t hei r s l ave name. Loui s Lomax wr ot e t hat The Bl ackMusl i ms have l i t t l e or no l i t ur gy. The f i l e Lessons and Quest i ons,Pr ayer s hol ds some of t he f ew document s t hat f or m t he NOI cr eed.Act ual Fact s and St udent Enr ol l ment , Rul es of I sl am, ar e t he f i r stset s of quest i ons and answer s t hat t he new conver t had t o memor i ze byr ot e and i n sequence. Then came Less on No. 1 and Lesson No. 2, whi ch al so came i n t he f or m of quest i ons and answer s, t o be memor i zedt ext ual l y. These basi c document s, t oget her wi t h a sel ect i on ofpr ayer s and a gl ossar y of some t went y wor ds or concept s, wer e t he

cor ner st one of t he conver t s new wor l dvi ew. Al so i ncl uded her e i s aset of ni ne quest i ons answer ed by Mal col m X on Dec. 25, 1963, dur i ngt he per i od of hi s si l enci ng, t o t he best of my knowl edge andunder st andi ng of t he Honor abl e El i j ah Muhammad s Mi ss i on ( message andwor k) among us. Two ot her document s, Engl i sh Lesson C- 1 and TheProbl em Book, and t wo addi t i onal t ext s di st r i but ed among Musl i ms,The Sacr ed Ri t ual of t he Nat i on of I sl am and a r el i gi ous cr ypt ogr am,Teachi ngs f or t he Lost - Found Nat i on of I sl am i n a Mat hemat i cal Way, t hat onl y W. D. Far d, i t was sai d, coul d i nt er pr et , ar e ot her t enet s oft he NOI dogma t hat ar e not avai l abl e i n t hi s col l ect i on.

The El i j ah Muhammad f i l e consi st s of pr i nt ed mat t er and car bon copi esof pronouncement s by and about Muhammad. Al so i ncl uded ar e l et t er s anddi r ect i ves f r om Muhammad t o hi s mi ni st er s acr oss t he count r y. A f our -page i nt r oduct or y essay ent i t l ed The Honor abl e El i j ah Muhammadar gues t hat t he hi st or i cal Muhammad was not an act ual pr ophet , orAl l ah s f i nal messenger . The Hol y Qur an was not meant f or t hat Muhammad 1400 year s ago i n Ar abi a. . . . The I nj i l [ New Test ament ]pr opheci es l ast r i ght up t o t he r esurr ect i on, but how coul d t he Hol yQur an be t he f ul f i l l ment ( dest r oy) [ si c] of t he I nj i l pr opheci es when


21/49


t her e was no r esur r ect i on i n Muhammad s days 1400 year s ago. El i j ahMuhammad, on t he ot her hand, was t he l ast messenger , r ai sed up f r omamong t he dead by t he Mahdi ( W. D. Far d or God i n per son) . He and hi sf ol l ower s wer e t he r eal f ul f i l l ment of pr ophecy. I am her e t o t el lyou, Muhammad wr ot e i n a 1958 unt i t l ed pr onouncement , why Amer i cadoes not want you t o accept I sl amnot t he ol d I sl am, but t he NewI sl am . Our s i s a new gover nment and a new r el i gi on. Muhammadf ur t her cl ar i f i es t hat t he Uni t ed St at es was not al one i n keepi ng t heBl ack Man at t he bot t om of ci vi l i zat i on. I have seen t he Bl ack Maneven i n Af r i ca and Asi a wor ki ng as t he bur den- bear er ( doi ng al l t heheavy wor k) whi l e t he Br own Man sat i n t he shade. I n a br oadsi de,What I s Un- Amer i can? Pr obl ems of t he Bl ack Man i n Af r i ca, Asi a,Amer i ca t he Same, wr i t t en i n r esponse t o a 1961 r epor t by t heCal i f orni a St at e Senat e Fact - Fi ndi ng Subcommi t t ee on Un- Amer i canAct i vi t i es, he reaf f i r med hi s Twel ve- Poi nt Pr ogr am as t he onl ysal vat i on f or Af r i can Amer i cans.

The Muhammad Speaks f i l e i ncl udes cor r espondence and t yped ar t i cl esby Abdul Naeem, a Br ookl yn- based Paki st ani i mmi gr ant who ser ved as ago- bet ween bet ween Muhammad and t he or t hodox I sl ami c wor l d, andar t i cl es by Char l es P. Howar d whose syndi cat ed col umn, Uni t ed Nat i onsRepor t , appear ed i n t he NOI newspaper . Publ i ci t y Mat er i al i n t hi ssubser i es i ncl ude l eaf l et s, br oadsi des and a souveni r j our nal ,adver t i si ng publ i c appear ances by Mal col m X and El i j ah Muhammad. ThePr i nt ed Mat t er f i l e consi st s of ar t i cl es and essays by schol ar s suchas C. Er i c Li ncol n, August Mei er , J . Schacht , pr of essor of Ar abi c andI sl ami cs at Col umbi a Uni ver si t y, and by l aw enf or cement agenci es.

New York Mosque. I ncor por at ed i n May 1956 as Muhammad s Templ e ofI sl am, Mosque No. 7 was t he l ar gest and most act i ve NOI chapt er , underMal col m X s di r ect i on. I t s f i l es i n t he col l ect i on cons i s t ofadmi ni st r at i ve and educat i onal mat er i al , cor r espondence, di sci pl i nar ydeci si ons and appeal s, and advocacy and l egal document s per t ai ni ng t opol i ce br ut al i t y i n New Yor k Ci t y and r el i gi ous di scr i mi nat i on i n New

Yor k St at e pr i sons. The 1956 Cer t i f i cat e of I ncor porat i on bear sMal col m X s si gnat ur e as pr esi di ng of f i cer . The Leases and SpaceRent al f i l e i ncl udes cor r espondence bet ween NOI l awyer Edwar d J ackoand New Yor k St at e Nat i onal Guar d of f i ci al s f or t he r ent al of t he 369 t h Regi ment s ar mor y i n Har l em f or a bazaar showcasi ng t he achi evement sof Af r i can- Amer i can busi nesses. The r equest had been i ni t i al l yr ej ect ed on gr ounds t hat t he Nat i on of I sl am was a cont r over si alor gani zat i on whose r el i gi ous char act er was i n l i t i gat i on i n t hi sSt at e. Al so i ncl uded ar e at t endance sl i ps, one f or 1961 and 24 f or1963, r angi ng f r om Mar ch 17 t o Oct . 20. Weekl y ser vi ces wer e hel d att he or i gi nal Mosque No. 7 i n Har l em as wel l as i n Cor ona, Queens, ( No.7- B) and i n Br ookl yn ( No. 7- C) . The at t endance sl i p f or Mar ch 17,1963 i n Har l em r ecor ds t he pr esence of 219 men ( Fr ui t s of I sl am orFOI ) , 137 women ( Musl i m Gi r l s Tr ai ni ng or MGT) , 49 J uni or FOI and 37


22/49


J uni or MGT, 34 Br ot her s and 76 Si st er s on For ms ( wai t i ng f or t hei rX) , 74 vi si t or s and 53 Lost - Founds. The keynot e speaker wasMi ni st er Mal col m X. The subj ect was Fr eedom, J ust i ce and Equal i t y. On Sunday, Oct . 6, ser vi ces wer e hel d at al l t hr ee l ocat i ons, wi t h at ot al of 665 par t i ci pant s i n Har l em, 107 i n Cor ona and 394 i nBr ookl yn.

The Yout h Tr ai ni ng Pr ogr am at Mosque No. 7 was gear ed t owar d chi l dr enaged 3 t o 7, 8 t o 12 and 13 t o 18, and addr essed t he academi c andmor al needs of t he chi l dr en. I ncl uded i n t he f i l e ar e a Par ent s-

Teacher s Associ at i on newsl et t er , pr oposal s by Musl i m educat or s and t heMosque s Yout h Tr ai ni ng Commi t t ee, an addr ess by Si st er Ber ni ceent i t l ed The Chi l dr en of I sl am, t he f i r st t wo pages of an ABC ofDi vi ne Knowl edge f or chi l dr en, and a 15- page Gui de f or Teacher s:Cont r i but i ons of Af r o- Amer i cans t o t he Amer i can Cul t ur e by Edwi naChaver s J ohnson. NOI women l ear ned how t o keep house, how t o r ear

chi l dr en, how t o t ake car e of t hei r husband, sew, cook, and i ngener al , how t o act at home and abr oad, i n cl asses desi gned byf ounder W. D. Far d f or t he Mosl em Gi r l s Tr ai ni ng and Gener alCi vi l i zat i on Cl ass ( MGT- GCC) . The MGT f i l e consi st s of t wo shor tessays on t he woman i n I sl am and some not es. Addi t i onal mat er i al onwomen and t he NOI ar e i n t he Pr i nt ed Mat t er ser i es.

The sl i m cor r espondence f i l e i n t he New Yor k Mosque subser i es i ncl udesi nqui r i es f r om NOI member s on such t hi ngs as t he meani ng of Ramadan,sl eepi ng ar r angement s f or vi si t i ng Musl i ms at t endi ng a NOI r al l y i nNew Yor k Ci t y, and member s seeki ng gui dance or r edr ess agai nst ot hermember s. MGT women i n Mosque No. 10 ( At l ant i c Ci t y) wr ot e i n al ar m,

i n Nov. 1962, of accusat i ons made by t hei r mi ni st er t hat we ar e unf i tf or t he br ot her s t o gi ve t hei r l i f e f or us and t hat we ar e uncout h. One t el egr am dat ed Dec. 1, 1962 of f er ed i r on cl ad pr oof of anor gani zed pl ot agai nst you. An Aug. 14, 1963 l et t er f r om FOI Capt ai nQui nt on R. X. i n Washi ngt on, D. C. , i s concerned wi t h a pur por t edst at ement by Bayard Rust i n t hat organi zer s of t he hi st or i c 1963 Marchon Washi ngt on woul d wel come Mal col m X i f he woul d embr ace nonvi ol ence.Al so i ncl uded ar e t wo J an. 1963 l et t er s f r om t he New Yor k St at eCommi ss i oner f or Human Ri ght s about a r epor t ed conf r ont at i on bet weent he Rochest er pol i ce and l ocal Bl ack Musl i ms. That meet i ng and asubsequent one bet ween Mal col m X and t he Commi ss i oner f or Publ i cSaf et y i n Rochest er , Donal d Cor bet t , were ampl y r epor t ed i n anat t ached i ss ue of t he news magazi ne We .

The NOI hel d i t s member s t o st r i ct codes of per sonal conduct , andenf orced i t s di sci pl i ne t hr ough t empor ary bani shment or Ti me Out .

The di sci pl i nar y pr ocess i nvol ved t he Mi ni st er , t he FOI Capt ai n andI nvest i gat or s of bot h sexes. Some cases wer e f or war ded t o Chi cago f ora deci si on. The Di sci pl i nar y f i l e i ncl udes sever al r epor t s det ai l i ngmember mi sconduct . The Pol i ce Br ut al i t y f i l e deal s mar gi nal l y wi t h New


23/49


Yor k Ci t y. An Oct . 20, 1961 dr af t r esol ut i on i n Mal col m X s handcal l ed f or t he subcommi t t ee on pol i ce br ut al i t y of t he Emer gencyCommi t t ee f or Uni t y on Soci al and Economi c Pr obl ems t o di sband atonce and gi ve back t o t he ent i r e body of UNI TY t he gi gant i cr esponsi bi l i t y of f or mi ng an Emer gency Commi t t ee on Law Enf or cement .

The Emer gency Commi t t ee was a coal i t i on ef f or t chai r ed by A. Phi l i pRandol ph. A f our - page Pr ogr am f or Cor r ect i ng and Prevent i ng t heBr eakdown of Law and Or der Enf or cement i n t he Bl ack Communi t y i s al soi ncl uded, al ong wi t h ot her document s deal i ng wi t h pol i ce mi sconduct i nNew Yor k. On J an. 2, 1963, Mal col m X sent a t el egr am t o Mayor Wagner ,Pol i ce Commi ssi oner Mi chael Mur phy and Di st r i ct At t orney Fr ank Logan,t o pr ot est t he i ncr eased har assment of Musl i m st r eet sel l er s of t heMuhammad Speaks newspaper . The t el egr am cal l ed f or an i mmedi at ei nvest i gat i on of t he pr evi ous Chr i st mas day ar r est of t wo papersel l er s at gunpoi nt i n Ti mes Squar e. Ot her document s i n t hi s f i l ei ncl ude a handout ent i t l ed Amer i ca has become a pol i ce- st at e f or 20

mi l l i on Negr oes, a t el egr am t o Presi dent Kennedy pr ot est i ng t hedet ent i on of a NOI mi ni st er and 12 Bl ack Musl i ms i n Rochest er , and apr ess r el ease announci ng a Feb. 13, 1963 pr ot est i n Ti mes Squar e.

El i j ah Muhammad and Mal col m X f i l ed a mul t i - mi l l i on dol l ar damage sui tagai nst t he Hear st Cor por at i on i n 1960, f or a New York Journal-American ar t i cl e t hat char act er i zed Muhammad s Templ e of I sl am as at er r or i st or gani zat i on. The ar t i cl e st emmed f r om Mal col m X st hi r t y- mi nut e pr i vat e meet i ng wi t h Fi del Cast r o at t he Ther esa Hot eli n Har l em i n Sep. 1960. The compl ai nt f i l e by Edwar d J acko r ecal l edt he cont ext of Cast r o s st ay at t he Har l em hot el wher e he ent er t ai nedSovi et l eader Ni ki t a Kr ushchev, among ot her s. The t wo pl ai nt i f f s

f i l ed anot her l awsui t agai nst t he New York World-Telegram newspaper ,f ol l owi ng a Feb. 17, 1961 ar t i cl e about t he Musl i m Br ot her hood, al soknown as t he Bl ack Musl i ms, Musl i m Cul t of I sl am, Nat i on of I sl am andot her Ar abi c- soundi ng names. Ci t i ng pol i ce sour ces, t he ar t i cl er ef er r ed t o t he Musl i m Br ot her hood as one of t he most danger ous gangsi n t he ci t y, as a f anat i c Negr o cul t r esponsi bl e f or a r i ot at t heUni t ed Nat i ons i n whi ch some 40 peopl e had been i nj ur ed, f ol l owi ng t heassassi nat i on of Congol ese Pr i me- Mi ni st er Pat r i ce Lumumba.

The r emai ni ng New Yor k f i l es r el at e t o Bl ack Musl i ms i n j ai l and t her est r i ct i on of t hei r r i ght s as a r el i gi ous gr oup by pr i sonaut hor i t i es . The Ri ker s I s l and f ol der r ef er s t o a pol i cy pr ohi bi t i ngi n- j ai l conver si on t o I sl am. The onl y i nmat es who ar e per mi t t ed t oat t end t he [ Musl i m] ser vi ces ar e t hose i nmat es who pr evi ousl y st at ed,pr i or t o admi t t ance t o t he i nst i t ut i on, t hat t hey ar e Musl i m. . . . Al lot her s ar e kept out of t he ser vi ces even i f t he guar ds have t o r esor tt o vi ol ence. At At t i ca, t he Rul es of Rel i gi ous Ser vi ces l i mi t ed t hechapl ai ncy onl y t o candi dat es who hel d a degr ee f r om an accr edi t edf our - year col l ege or uni ver si t y. Thi s and ot her r equi r ement sdi squal i f i ed most NOI mi ni st er s. I n 1962, a gr oup of Musl i m i nmat es


24/49


who had f i l ed a sui t agai nst t hi s di scr i mi nat or y pol i cy wer e br oughtt o cour t i n l eg chai ns. A vi gorous campai gn i nvol vi ng Mosque No. 7,Congr essman Adam Cl ayt on Powel l and Af r i can Amer i cans i n Buf f al o,chal l enged Gover nor Nel son Rockef el l er t o di scont i nue t hesedi scr i mi nat or y pr act i ces. The f i l e i ncl udes copi es of cor r espondencebet ween Powel l and t he gover nor s of f i ce, pr ess r el eases, account s i nl ocal newspaper s, and var i ous pet i t i ons f i l ed by t he pl ai nt i f f s. Asi mi l ar si t uat i on at Cl i nt on Pr i son i n Dannemor a, NY, l ed t he NOIt hr ough i t s at t or ney, Edwar d J acko, t o f i l e a ci vi l r i ght s br i ef onbehal f of t hr ee i nmat es: J ames Pi er ce, Mar t i n Sost r e and Wi l l i amMar i on. I nmat es i n Gr eenhaven Pr i son, Dut chess Count y, NY, al sosought a r el i ef or der f or t he mi ni st r at i on of t hei r f ai t h. TheGr eenhaven f i l e i ncl udes a l at e 1963 handwr i t t en dr af t pr ess r el easepenned by Mal col m X, i ndi cat i ng t hat t wo Negr o i nmat es had f i l ed acompl ai nt l ast week wi t h [ Uni t ed Nat i ons] Secr et ar y Gener al U Thantchar gi ng vi ol at i ons of t hei r human r i ght s by t he U. S. gover nment and

by t he st at e of New Yor k. Thi s and ot her br i ef s ar e i ncl uded her e.

Other Cities. On May 4, 1962, Mal col m X i ssued a pr ess al er t i n LosAngel es t o cal l at t ent i on t o an i nci dent t hat had occur r ed a weekear l i er when a pol i ce squad f or ced i t s way i nsi de t he l ocal mosqueki l l i ng mosque secr et ar y Ronal d St okes and woundi ng sever al ot her s. AGr and J ur y subsequent l y br ought f el ony charges agai nst f our t een of t heBl ack Musl i ms, al l of t hem unar med at t he t i me of t he conf r ont at i on.Mal col m X went t o L. A. as El i j ah Muhammad s nat i onal r epr esent at i ve,and sought t o mobi l i ze suppor t i n t he l ocal bl ack communi t y f or t hei ndi ct ed men and agai nst pol i ce br ut al i t y. The f i l e i ncl udes Mal col mX s i ni t i al not es on t he case, hi s Open Let t er t o Amer i ca s Fi ve

Negr o Congr essmen, pr ess r el eases f r om t he l ocal and nat i onal NAACP,cor r espondence, l egal document s, newspaper cl i ppi ngs and publ i ci t ymat er i al f or sever al NOI - or gani zed pr ot est s.

The Phi l adel phi a f i l e consi st s of cor r espondence and publ i ci t ymat er i al per t ai ni ng t o t he Oct . 1962 NOI nat i onal convent i on i n t hatci t y, and t he mi nut es of a Fel l owshi p Commi ss i on on Communi t y Tensi onmeet i ng on t he Bl ack Musl i m movement . Al so i ncl uded ar e mat er i aldevel oped by Mi ni st er Cl i f f ord X on or gani zat i on and communi t yr el at i ons. The Bost on f i l e i ncl udes t hr ee l et t er s by Mi ni st er Loui s X( Far r akhan) t o Mal col m X, t o communi t y or gani zat i ons, and t oMassachuset t s el ect ed of f i ci al s on t he subj ect of pol i ce br ut al i t y i nLos Angel es and Bost on. I n 1963 Mal col m X assumed st ewar dshi p ofMosque No. 4 i n Washi ngt on, D. C. I ncl uded i n t he f i l e f or t hat ci t yare mont hl y t al l i es of expendi t ur es and i ncome f r om May t hr oughAugust , at t endance sl i ps f or t he mont h of August , cor r espondencebet ween Mal col m X and t he Di st r i ct of Col umbi a Depar t ment ofCor r ect i ons about t he r el i gi ous r i ght s of Musl i m i nmat es i n D. C.

j ai l s, and some pr i nt ed mat t er .


25/49


MUSLIM MOSQUE INCORPORATED series, 1964-1965 (0.2 lin. ft.) Thi s ser i es i s ver y sket chy, cont ai ni ng many gaps i n t hedocument at i on. The MMI sur vi ved i t s f ounder f or about a year , at whi chpoi nt t he paper s wer e r epor t edl y di sper sed. I ncl uded her e ar e sever alst at ement s by Mal col m X ( Mar ch 1964) announci ng hi s s epar at i on f r omt he Nat i on of I sl am, and hi s r at i onal e f or l aunchi ng a new gr oup.Mal col m X i nsi st ed he di d not l eave NOI of hi s own f r ee wi l l , but t hathe had been dr i ven out by t he Chi cago of f i ci al s. The phi l osophy oft he MMI was t o be Bl ack Nat i onal i sm. The swi t ch t o or t hodox I sl amcame dur i ng hi s pi l gr i mage t o Mecca i n Apr i l 1964. I n st at ement si ssued i n J edda, Saudi Ar abi a, and i n Lagos, Ni ger i a, t he aut hor t ol dt he st or y of hi s conver si on t o t r ue I sl am, whi ch r emoves r aci smand concer ns i t sel f wi t h t he human r i ght s of al l manki nd, despi t er ace, col or or cr eed. J ames Shabazz, Mal col m X s per sonal assi st antand Vi ce- Pr esi dent of t he new or gani zat i on, handl ed t he day- t o- day

busi ness of t he gr oup. Hi s l i st of t wel ve quest i ons put t o Mal col m X,i ndi cat i ng t he ar eas of r esponsi bi l i t y ent r ust ed by t he l at t er t o hi sassoci at es can be f ound her e.

I n t hi s ser i es i s a gr oup of l et t er s Shabazz sent on May 14, 15 and16, 1964, t o a wi de ar r ay of nat i onal and i nt er nat i onal cont act s,t hanki ng t he l at t er f or t hei r assi st ance t o t he MMI l eader dur i ng hi spi l gr i mage, and expr essi ng Mal col m X s new di sposi t i on f or mut ualcooper at i on wi t h l eader s of t he ci vi l r i ght s movement . The onl ysubst ant i ve r esponse t o t hese l et t er s i n t he col l ect i on came f r om

J ames Far mer , Execut i ve Di r ect or of t he Congr ess of Raci al Equal i t y.Mal col m X s i t i ner ar y dur i ng t he Hajj , hi s schedul e of act i vi t i es

i mmedi at el y af t er hi s r et ur n t o t he U. S. i n ear l y J une, and a l og oft el ephone cal l s r ecei ved by hi s of f i ce at t he Ther esa Hot el dur i ngt hat per i od, gi ve a sense of t he t r emendous i nt er est occasi oned byMal col m X s new or i ent at i on.

Al so i ncl uded i s a copy of t he cer t i f i cat e f r om t he of f i ce of t heSupr eme I mam of Al - Azhar Uni ver si t y desi gnat i ng Mal col m X as one oft he Musl i m communi t ywi t h hi s t r ue and cor r ect f ai t h, wi t h t her esponsi bi l i t y t o pr opagat e I sl am and of f er ever y avai l abl eassi st ance and f aci l i t i es t o t hose who wi sh conver si on t o I sl am. Al eaf l et i n t he same f i l e bol dl y adver t i sed t went y st i pend- bear i ngschol ar shi ps t o Al - Azhar Uni ver si t y and f i f t een addi t i onalschol ar shi ps t o t he Uni ver si t y of Medi na i n Saudi Ar abi a, and cal l edon peopl e t o j oi n t he MMI , t he Or gani zat i on of Af r o- Amer i can Uni t y andt he Or gani zat i on of Af r o- Amer i can St udent s. Mal col m X had devel oped ast r ong NOI chapt er i n Phi l adel phi a and r et ai ned a st r ong base ofsuppor t i n t hat ci t y. The Phi l adel phi a f i l e i n t hi s ser i es gi ves somei ndi cat i on t hat t he MMI l eader was pl anni ng t o devel op an MMI chapt ert her e wi t h t he hel p of a l ocal bar ber , Br ot her Aar on. The r emai ni ngf i l es i n t he ser i es deal wi t h mosque at t endance, donat i ons and char i t y


26/49


sl i ps, and t he sal e of t he Ther esa Hot el . Ther e ar e al so l eaf l et s andpubl i ci t y mat er i al , i ncl udi ng a Mar ch 22, 1964 Spani sh- l anguage f l yeradver t i si ng a t al k by Mal com X at t he Rockl and Pal ace on ElNaci onal i smo de l a Raza de Col or en Har l em.

ORGANIZATION OF AFRO-AMERICAN UNITY series, 1964-1965 (0.2 lin. ft.) Mal col m X f ounded t he OAAU t o br oaden t he scope of t he Af r i can-Amer i can ci vi l r i ght s movement i nt o a st r uggl e f or human r i ght s wi t hi nt er nat i onal l i nkages. Par t l y due t o hi s pr ol onged t r i ps abr oad, heonl y pl ayed a l i mi t ed r ol e i n t he day- t o- day l i f e of t he neworgani zat i on. An ear l y dr af t of t he OAAU s Basi c Ai ms andObj ect i ves cal l ed f or or gani zi ng t he Af r o- Amer i can communi t y bl ockby bl ock, and pr oposed t o j oi n or t o f or m pol i t i cal cl ubs, and t oest abl i sh l ocal busi nesses t o st op t he f l ow of mi l l i ons of dol l ar st hat l eave our communi t y weekl y, never t o r et ur n. But super i mposedon t hat gr assr oot s or gani zat i on of t he peopl e was t he expect at i on of

a l eader shi p st r uct ur e pat t er ned af t er t he l et t er and t he spi r i t oft he Or gani zat i on of Af r i can Uni t y, wi t h t he pur pose of uni t i ng Af r o-Amer i cans and t hei r or gani zat i ons ar ound a non- r el i gi ous, non-sect ar i an pr ogr am f or human r i ght s. These t wo cont r ast i ng vi ews ar er ef l ect ed i n t he col l ect i on t hr ough Mal col m X s st at ement s f r om abr oadand i n l ocal ef f or t s t o or gani ze a member shi p base f or t he newor gani zat i on.

The cor r espondence f i l e i ncl udes car bon copi es of Mal col m X s wel l -publ i ci zed J une 30, 1964 t el egr ams t o Mar t i n Lut her Ki ng, J r . i n St .August i ne, Geor gi a, and t o J ames For man, chai r man of t he St udentNonvi ol ent Coor di nat i ng Commi t t ee, i n Mi ssi ssi ppi , pr oposi ng t o

i mmedi at el y di spat ch some of our br ot her s t her e t o or gani ze ourpeopl e i nt o sel f - def ense uni t s capabl e of r et al i at i ng agai nst t he KuKl ux Kl an i n t he onl y l anguage i t under st ands. Al so i ncl uded ar eOAAU act i ng chai r , Lynn Shi f f l et s i nvi t at i on, on behal f of Mal col m X,t o r epr esent at i ve Af r i can- Amer i can l eader s and per sonal i t i es, t o ar oundt abl e di scussi on on t he so- cal l ed Har l em Ri ot of 1964; and a t wo-page l et t er f r om Ana Li vi a Cor der o, Puer t o- Ri can i ndependence act i vi stand t he wi f e of Af r i can- Amer i can expat r i at e wr i t er J ul i an Mayf i el d,who had l aunched t he f i r st i nt ernat i onal br anch of t he OAAU i n Ghana,on approaches t o t he Puer t o Ri can communi t y i n New Yor k.

The f i l e Wor ki ng Paper s consi st s of r esear ch mat er i al , and suggest i onsand r ecommendat i ons f r om t wo OAAU r esear ch gr oups. At an i ni t i al May30, 1964 meet i ng chai r ed by Mal col m X, i t was deci ded t hat t he newgr oup woul d st ar t work at t he l ocal l evel i n Har l em. When we cont r olNew Yor k Ci t y, we wi l l t hen be a model f or ot her U. S. ci t i es. Theor gani zat i on woul d t r y t o mobi l i ze mass r esi st ance agai nst Gover norRockef el l er s No Knock and Search and Sei zur e l aws, and agai nstpol i ce br ut al i t y. I n subsequent meet i ngs, t he gr oup l ai d out i t sor gani zat i onal st r uct ur e, deal t wi t h i ssues of member shi p and


27/49


f i nances, debat ed t he nat ur e of i t s r el at i onshi p wi t h t he ci vi l r i ght smovement , anal yzed some of t he soci al , pol i t i cal and economi c f act si n Har l em, and at t empt ed t o def i ne a basi c pol i cy on educat i on, onsel f - def ense and on cul t ur e. Al so i ncl uded ar e per sonal comment ar i esf r om Sar a Mi t chel l , a pr i me cont r i but or t o t hi s f i l e.

The bal ance of t hi s ser i es compr i ses decl ar at i ons and st at ement s byMal col m X upon l aunchi ng t he new or gani zat i on. I ncl uded ar e hi s J ul y17, 1964 addr ess t o t he OAU i n Cai r o, a ser i es of r esearch not espr epar ed by J ames Shabazz on t he l egal i t y of r i f l e cl ubs i n New Yor kand el sewher e, copi es of t he OAAU newsl et t er , Blacklash, member shi pr ecei pt s, mi scel l aneous f i nanci al r ecor ds, a compl et e set of t her esol ut i ons and r ecommendat i ons adopt ed at t he f i r st OAU assembl y ofheads of st at e and gover nment i n Addi s Ababa i n J ul y 1964, i ncl udi ng ar esol ut i on agai nst Raci al Di scri mi nat i on i n t he Uni t ed St at es ofAmer i ca, whi ch i s att r i but abl e to Mal col m X.

SUBJECT FILE series, 1962-1964 (0.4 lin. ft.) Thi s i s a br oad mi x of pr i nt ed mat t er on i ndi vi dual s, or gani zat i onsand subj ect s of i nt er est t o Mal col m X, and t ypescri pt s of st or i eswr i t t en about Mal col m X, some of t hem af t er hi s deat h. The Af r i caf i l e i s a compi l at i on of r esear ch paper s by most l y bl ack schol ar s onAf r i can Amer i cans and Af r i ca, Af r i can messi ani c movement s, Af r i ca i nant i qui t y, and t he Af r i can pr ess. The Muhammad Al i f i l e i s most l ynewspaper and magazi ne ar t i cl es, i ncl udi ng a t wo- page Associ at ed Pr essr epor t st i pul at i ng t hat Schol ar s at I sl am s 1, 000 year - ol d uni ver si t ywel comed Cassi us Cl ay s s t at ement t hat he i s a Mosl em but expr essedr eser vat i ons about t he Bl ack Musl i m movement i n t he Uni t ed St at es.

The f i l e dat es f r om t he mi d- Febr uar y 1964 per i od when t he at hl et e wast r ai ni ng f or hi s champi onshi p f i ght agai nst Sonny Li st on, and at t est st o some of Mal col m X s act i vi t i es and t hi nki ng dur i ng t he l at er per i odof hi s s i l enci ng. I nvi t ed wi t h hi s f ami l y f or a wi nt er vacat i on att he young boxer s t r ai ni ng camp, Mal col m X i s cr edi t ed wi t h r ecr ui t i ngAl i t o t he NOI . I n a l i t t l e known Feb. 19, 1964 i nt er vi ew Mal col m Xci r cumvent ed hi s si l enci ng t o t el l t he Miami News , t hr ough a t hi r dpar t y, of hi s admi r at i on f or The Champ, and t o pr edi ct t hat whenwar mer weat her begi ns t o appear i n t he Nor t h, t he pr obl em i s goi ng t oget wor se i n 1964 t han i t was i n 1963. Mal col m X pr esumabl y count edon hi s f r i endshi p wi t h t he young at hl et e t o woo hi m t o hi s si de i n t hef eud wi t h hi s ment or , but t he out spoken Al i qui ckl y put any such hopet o r est . I don t know much what Mal col m X i s doi ng, he t ol d t heNorfolk Journal and Guide , but I do know t hat Muhammad i s t hewi sest . ( Mar . 14, 1964)

Taken t oget her , t he Ci vi l Ri ght s f i l es i n t hi s and t he Pr i nt ed Mat t erser i es a

Malcolm x Papers Schomburg

Documents

Transcript of Malcolm x Papers Schomburg