Malawian buildings. - Bristol
Transcript of Malawian buildings. - Bristol
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Malawian buildings.
Materials, Construction techniques and
Deficiencies.
Dr Viviana Novelli, Dr Panos Kloukinas
and Dr Katsu Goda
Day 2: Structural and Earthquake Engineering
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
It tackles the global challenge of improving the earthquake disaster preparedness
for East African countries by developing integrated earthquake impact assessment
tools in close partnerships with local governmental and academic institutions.
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
1. How are new masonry buildings designed in Malawi? ➔ code and guidelines
2. How should be (non-engineered) masonry buildings designed? ➔ criteria of the
structural design
3. When are (non-engineered) masonry buildings resistant to earthquakes? ➔
minimum structural requirements for resisting to seismic loads
4. Which are the typical features of the existing buildings in Malawi? How can we
assess the seismic behaviour of the existing buildings in Malawi? ➔ introduction of
the tool FaMIVE (detailed discussion on the tool in Day 5)
5. How can we collect data for existing masonry buildings in Malawi? ➔ inspection form
TOPICS for today..
➔ Organise teams for the field trip for DAY 3
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
How are new masonry buildings
designed in Malawi?
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
MS 791-1:2013,“The structural use of masonry – Part 1: Unreinforced masonry walling”.
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
KARONGA Earthquake - 6-19th December 2009
Four earthquakes of Mw > 5.5 hit the
Karonga region of northern Lake Malawi.
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
People fleeing from Karonga earthquake (2009)
Relocation triggered by Karonga earthquake (2009)
Over 1000 houses collapsed, a
further 2900 were damaged, 300
people were wounded, and 4 were
killed
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Non-engineered masonry constructions
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
How should be (non-engineered) masonry
buildings designed?
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Self-weight
Wind
Earthquake
✓ Strength
✓ Durability
✓ Cost efficiency
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
When are (non-engineered) masonry
buildings resistant to earthquakes?
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
The walls lying
perpendicular to the
direction of ground shake
will fail first.
If walls are connected
properly, houses behave as
a box and walls do not
collapse in out of plane.
✓Good connections between walls
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
This can be achieved by
✓ ensuring good
interlocking of the
masonry courses at the
junctions,
✓ employing horizontal
bands at various levels,
particularly at the lintel
level.
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Which are the typical features of the
existing buildings in Malawi?
How can we assess the seismic
behaviour of the existing buildings in
Malawi?
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A tool to assess the buildings taking into account
✓ Geometry in plan and in elevation
✓ Roof type
✓ Material type
✓ Structural detailing
✓ Maintenance level
✓ Deficiencies
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FaMIVE
Failure Mechanism Identification and Vulnerability
Evaluation method
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
FaMIVE estimates the seismic
behaviour of masonry buildings
by taking into account the
geometric and structural features
of existing constructions
collected on site by the use of an
inspection form
This approach will be discussed
in details in DAY5
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
How can we collect data for existing masonry
buildings in Malawi?
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
RELIABILITY:
❑ HIGH
❑ MEDIUM
❑ LOW
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Block#: 01
Block#: 02
Salima
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Block#: 01
Building#: 01GEO-COORDINATES
Salima 0101S13°47.065' E034°27.128'
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Building#: 1
1L
1S
• The form is for single façade.
• At least two facades are
completed for each inspected
building
Salima 0101S13°47.065' E034°27.128'
1L
1L
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Type of use:
R=residential;
Co=commercial;
A= administration;
Cu= cultural;
V= vacant;
O=Other
Salima 0101S13°47.065' E034°27.128'
1L100%R 07/08/2018
WORKSHOP TEAM
1L
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
M
G: GOOD
M: MEDIUM
L: LOW
50
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
M
RELIABILITY?
50
H
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
SWEXT
EXT: External
INT: Internal
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
SWEXT
1L
11
2.7m
2.7
No!
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
SEEXT6
3.7
1S
3.7m
Façade
with gable
X
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
SEEXT6
3.7X
1.0
1.0m
L l
Façade
with gable
Gable height
=
L-l
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
SEEXT6
3.7X
1.0
RELIABILITY?
H
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
w
h
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
• E2 = openings distributed regularly along the facade
• E1-L (or E1-L C)= one (or more) opening(s) distributed on the left edge of the
facade
• E1-R (or E1-R C)= one (or more) opening(s) distributed on the right edge of the
facade
• C= openings located in central position
• O=other dispositions
• NA=not applicable
E2
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
E2
R R
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
E2
R R
0.73m
0.73
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
E2
R R
0.73
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Timber lintel (??) Timber lintel (??) bricks Bamboo lintel (??)
Concrete lintel Concrete band
Lintel type and size
timber post bricks bamboo post
concrete beam concrete ring
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
E2
R R
0.73
If not visible,
You can ask to the
owner, or assume
the type of lintels
but remember that if
the lintel type is
assumed the
RELIABILTY should
be MEDIUM!
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Can we assume the type of lintels for this type of house?
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
E2
R R
0.73
This is not the case of the example
in the slides but if the lintel is the
one in the picture
Type: b (beam)
Height: 0.105 X 2 (bricks) +
0.02 (mortar) = 0.230 mm
Material: C (Concrete)
0.23 Cb
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.81.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
E2
R R
0.73
NOT VISIBLE
RELIABILITY?
H
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Single skin
Double skin
0.18
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.18
22
3
1L
1S
plan
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.182
2
3
1S
3.7m
6
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.182
2
36
RELIABILITY?
H
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
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Thatch supported
by a light timber
structure
A1
Typical ROOF TYPE
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Corrugated sheets in
light metal supported
by a timber structure
A3
Typical ROOF TYPE
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
A3O
1L
Corrugated sheets in
light metal supported
by a timber structure
A3
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
1S
A3P
Corrugated sheets in
light metal supported
by a timber structure
A3
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
Unfired bricks
(E)
Fired bricks
(B)
A = stone, B = Fired
brick, C = rubble stone,
D = stones and bricks, E
= sundried brick
(unbunt), F= Hollow
brick.
Note: These need to be
classified in 1= good
quality, 2=medium
quality, 3=low quality
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
E3
B2
B1
Type and Quality of the
construction material
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
A3O
B2
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2
Unfired bricks
with mud mortar
Fired bricks
with mud mortar
Unfired bricks
with mud mortar
(Burn) Clay bricks
with mud mortar
Fired bricks
with cement mortar
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
A3O
B2M
BE CAREFUL!!
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
a) b)a) bad b) good
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
M
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Construction details
Low maintenance
Low construction details
Good maintenance
Good construction
details
Medium maintenance
Good construction
details
![Page 65: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
![Page 66: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
![Page 67: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
N
![Page 68: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
![Page 69: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
![Page 70: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
![Page 71: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
![Page 72: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
![Page 73: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
Concrete ring beams
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
Wall plate
![Page 75: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
Buttress
![Page 76: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
No wall plate
No ring beam
No buttresses
![Page 77: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
A3O
B2M
0.29 0.11 0.15
MM
Y N
B
RELIABILITY?
H
![Page 78: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
![Page 79: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
![Page 80: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
• Specify whether is settlement of W= wall, P= pillar, F=floor, R=roof; settlement
entity;
• estimate amount of settlement in meters, negative if swelling;
• settlement position: C= centre of façade, EL=left edge of façade, ER= right edge,
EB= both edges, refer to drawing below for position and revers form if swelling
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
![Page 82: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
PORTICO: a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals,
typically attached as a porch to a building.
length
depth
# pillars/columns = 3
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UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Single columns
Roof is simply
sit on the
columns
This is not a
portico!!
![Page 84: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Portico: yes
0.8 8
Re-entrant corner: yes
1.2 3.0 3+ Re-entrant corner: yes
![Page 85: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
+ Re-entrant corner
Length and Depth:
![Page 86: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
Chimney
![Page 87: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
![Page 88: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
0.8 8
RELIABILITY?
H
![Page 89: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Inspection form FOR HOUSES in MALAWI
1. URBAN DATA
2. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAÇADE (vertical additional are excluded)
3. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS of OPENING
4. GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS in PLAN GEOMETRY
5. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
6. VULNERABILITY ELEMENTS
7. DAMAGE AND MECHANISMS IDENTIFICATIONS
![Page 90: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Damage is collected at the local level on piers and spandrels
![Page 91: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
PIER: vertical element. Ex: panel between openingsPIER: vertical element. Ex: panel between openings, or
between the edge of a façade and an opening
![Page 92: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
PIER: vertical element. Ex: panel between openings, or
between the edge of a façade and an opening, or the entire
façade, if this is with no opening
![Page 93: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
SPANDREL: Horizontal element. Panel on the top or bottom of an
opening.
![Page 94: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Number piers and
spandrels
Record the damage
type
![Page 95: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Dr. Viviana Novelli
0) No damage
1) Light Damage
2) Structural Damage
3) Near Collapse
4) Collapse
Record the damage level
![Page 96: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Number piers and
spandrels
Record the damage
type
The damaged pier is the second vertical element at the first
level. Type of damage D1, level of damage: Significant
Damage (SD)
![Page 97: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
Number piers and
spandrels
D1 SD
The damaged pier is the second vertical element at the first
level. Type of damage D1, level of damage: Significant
Damage (SD)
![Page 98: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
1 2 3 4
![Page 99: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
1 2 3 4
V-D1 SD V NC
![Page 100: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
1 2 3
V-D1 SD V NCD2 LD D2 LD
![Page 101: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
12
34
12
3
D2 LD V LD V LDV LD V LD
Top of the
openings
Bottom of
the
openings
![Page 102: Malawian buildings. - Bristol](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020702/61f9ac7297a05b618b4d0a5a/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop
MUST, 6 -10 August 2018
We will look at the 7th section during day 5