Making Peace with the Machine: The Case for Technological Realism - David Black, Royal Roads...
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Transcript of Making Peace with the Machine: The Case for Technological Realism - David Black, Royal Roads...
Cybera 2010
Making Peace with the Machine: The case for technological realism
September 22, 2010
Technological realism: the middle range view
• Technological realism is a posi=on that recognizes that we cannot un-‐invent technology or erase the values in Western culture that have made it so technologically innova=ve
• But it recognizes that, in the name of realism, that we cannot benefit by either uncri=cally embracing or rejec=ng technology
• We have to be as smart as the technologies we create, but we need to define that intelligence in poli=cal, cultural and ethical terms, not just in our ingenuity in crea=ng and marke=ng new technologies
• Technological realism is a body of wri=ng about technology highly sensi=ve to the poli=cal, cultural and ethical nature of technology
Richard Feynman
Technological realism: the middle-‐range view
“As technorealists, we seek to expand the fer=le middle ground between techno-‐utopianism and neo-‐Luddism. We are technology ‘cri=cs’ in the same way, and for the same reasons, that others are food cri=cs, art cri=cs, or literary cri=cs. We can be passionately op=mis=c about some technologies, skep=cal and disdainful of others. S=ll, our goal is neither to champion nor dismiss technology, but rather to understand it and apply it in a manner more consistent with basic human values.”
From Technological Realism website
Technological realism: major principles
Technologies are not neutral.
The Internet is revolu=onary, but not Utopian.
Informa=on is not knowledge.
Understanding technology should be an essen=al component of ci=zenship.
Governments and markets both have a role in the development and management of technology.
Exhibit #1: Lewis Mumford
• Mumford was an American historian of science, architecture, and technology, and wrote on literature and current affairs
• Mumford had a remarkable intellectual range, and is regarded as one of the best minds in the 20th century
• His major scholarly books rela=ng to technology are:
Technics and Civiliza/on (1934) The Myth of the Machine (1967)
• Long before it was fashionable, Mumford sought to balance the presence of technology in our lives with design principles taken from ecology
Mumford (1895-‐1990)
“If we are to prevent megatechnics from further controlling and deforming every aspect of human culture, we shall be able to do so only with the aid of a radically different model derived directly, not from machines, but from living organisms and organic complexes (ecosystems).”
Mumford, The Myth of the Machine
Mumford: against the “myth of the machine” • The “myth of the machine” was Mumford’s term for our mistaken belief that technology is the factor that ul=mately determines the direc=on of history
• Insofar as we believe in what technology cri=cs call “technological determinism,” we become cap=ve to its spell, and as a result act passively toward technological change
• Technology does not have determining power on its own, and only exerts itself if we believe in the myth of its ul=mate power
• A strong and confident culture – with its beliefs, values, and ethics -‐-‐ is the best means to channel technology’s energies in a socially construc=ve manner and deflect the myth of the machine
• One powerful resource for culture with which technology might be shaped to humane purposes was ecology, as he saw in ecology and design principles inspired by ecology a correc=ve to raw technological forces
• One form this work has taken is the pursuit of elements of what scholars call a “technoculture”: elements or principles within culture resistant to the myth of the machine, and useful in adap=ng it to socially construc=ve ends
Exhibit #2: Daniel BoorsPn
• Daniel Boors=n was a Pulitzer-‐prize winning historian, a former Librarian of the U.S. Congress, and one of the most widely read public intellectuals in 20th century America
• A law professor by profession, he was beaer known as a historian, and his many books on American history sold millions of copies
• His best known book on technology is The Republic of Technology, published in 1978
• The key idea that follows from this book is the “republic of technology,” the term Boors=n gave to the form in which technology had reorganized society and poli=cs in the 20th century Daniel BoorsPn,
1914-‐2004
“Our Republic of Technology is not only more democra=c but also more in the American mode. Anyone can be a ci=zen. Largely a crea=on of American civiliza=on in the last century, this republic offers a foretaste of American life in our next century. It is open to all, because it is a community of shared experience.”
BoorsPn The Republic of Technology
BoorsPn: toward a republic of technology • The rela=ve freedom in American and, by extension, Western culture, has acted to
historically free up the crea=ve energy and entrepreneurialism necessary to technological innova=on
• This same talent for innova=on, ironically, also leads to a loss of the freedom and diversity that characterized life in the West
• That is because as technology becomes more powerful in American (or any other) society, it threatens the very culture of innova=on from which it originally sprung
• Technology, ini=ally a spur to growth and ingenuity, becomes a force for social control, excessive cultural accelera=on, and homogeniza=on
• That is because technology, when it is unconstrained, leads to two nega=ve outcomes that threaten to destroy the culture of innova=on:
Obsolescence: With the advent of a highly technological modern world, technology has changed the texture of life, speeding up reality remarkably and rendering old values, paaerns, and technologies obsolete
Convergence: Technology has a tendency to homogenize experience and assimilate reality to itself
Exhibit #3: Langdon Winner • Winner is a professor of technology studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Ins=tute in New York state
• He is the author of several books on technology, including:
Autonomous Technology The Whale and the Reactor: A
Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology
• A former rock cri=c, he was a contribu=ng editor at Rolling Stone in the late 1960s and early 1970s
• He is especially interested in how technology and our poli=cal systems relate
Exhibit #3: Langdon Winner
“While it is widely admiaed that the structure and processes of technology now cons=tute an important part of the human world, the request that this be opened up for poli=cal discussion is s=ll somehow seen as an aaempt to foul the nest.”
Langdon Winner Autonomous Technology
Winner: learning from Frankenstein’s monster
• We are vulnerable as a society to what Winner calls our “technological somnambulism,” i.e., our semi-‐conscious, sleep-‐walking agtude toward technology
• That is, once we release technologies into the world, we then promptly forget our responsibility to them
• He means here our responsibility to manage them, to ensure that we have the poli=cal and cultural means to debate and manage them, e.g., cellphones and the lack of e=queae
• In this, we repeat the mistake made by Dr. Frankenstein in the original 1812 novel of the same name wriaen by Mary Shelley
• In the movies – usually starring Boris Karloff – the monster is usually seen as the villain, and there is a general theme of technology “run amok” reliably expressed there
• But in the original novel, the villain is Dr. Frankenstein – the monster is unnamed – who upon the minute the monster comes to life, runs off to Geneva and leaves his creature alone
• For Winner, the fact that we make the monster a villain in the movies reflects how we as a society avoid the ques=ons of our remarkable neglect to think through what a technology does and how it changes us
Exhibit #4: Donna Haraway
• Donna Haraway is a social cri=c at the University of Santa Cruz in California
• Among her major books are included:
Primate Visions: Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinven/on of Nature The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness
• She is famous for a 1991 essay she wrote called “A Cyborg Manifesto” in which she documents the terms in which all human beings can be considered, in a technological environment in which we are immersed and on which we are dependent, cyborgs
• She doesn’t mean this cyborg iden=ty on a merely metaphorical basis, but sees it in more literal and objec=ve terms
“A cyborg is a cyberne=c organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fic=on.”
Haraway A Cyborg Manifesto
Haraway: get to know your inner cyborg • Haraway argues that the cyborg is not a nega=ve development in society, but a recogni=on of significant changes to what it means to be human in a world in which we are so in=mate with technology
• Cyborgs are primarily important to us because, as models of 21st century humanity, they signal the breakdown of fundamental dis=nc=ons in culture that were intact for centuries
Machine/human Culture/nature
Physical/non-‐physical world (e.g., maaer and consciousness)
• Rather than lament the dehumanizing effects of technology, cyborgs see technology as something that has extended and evolved our humanity
Lessons from the technological realists
Mumford:
• The best defense against the “myth of the machine” is a strong and confident technoculture.
BoorsPn:
• Technology has to be made compa=ble with history and with diversity in ideas and experience to be con=nuing value to people.
Winner:
• We have to manage and debate the terms of our rela=onship with technologies before they become en=rely embedded in our lives.
Haraway:
• Technology has forced a reinven=on of what we consider to be our humanity. The cyborg recognizes this fact, and gives us permission to think about and work with it, rather than lament the loss of our humanity in a technological world.