Major Expeditions – chapter 19. Spanish Empire Conquest of New Spain Hernan Cortes conquered...
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Transcript of Major Expeditions – chapter 19. Spanish Empire Conquest of New Spain Hernan Cortes conquered...
Conquest of New Spain
Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521 600 Spanish soldiers
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533 Fewer than 200 Spanish
soldiers Why?
God, gold, and glory How?
Guns, germs, and steel
Economy of New Spain
Agriculture Haciendas Plantations
Mining Silver the “” Heart of
the Empire Gold Used coercive labor
Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita
• Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain
• At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue
• Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt
Encomendero holds land, 2 centuries of killing off natives propels need for slaves
Spain rules Caribbean through administrative institutions:
Governorshiptreasurycourtsprofessional magistrateslawyers/notarieschurch officials
1510: increased Iberian immigrations= conquest SETTLEMENT
Sociedad de Castas
PeninsularPeninsulareses
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles
MestizMestizosos
MestizMestizosos
MulattoMulattoss
MulattoMulattoss
Native Native IndiansIndiansNative Native IndiansIndians
Black Black SlavesSlavesBlack Black SlavesSlaves
Mid-16th Century, encomienda outlawed Spanish crown outlaws inheritance of encomienda
to limit new nobility from rising Grants of land replace Indians as basis of work-
MITA (forced labor turns- coercive!!!)
Government of New Spain
New Spain controlled by bureaucracy Council of Indies Two Viceroyalties (Mexico City & Lima) Ten Audiencias
Make and enforce Spanish law Local magistrates applied the law, collected taxes,
and assigned work required of Indian communities
Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the world between Spain & Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Saragossa: area of conflict --Moluccas islands (Indonesia) peace treaty between Spain and Portugal signed on 22 April of 1529 by King John III and the Emperor Charles V
Spanish Culture Catholic Church dominates
Widespread conversion of the Indians by Jesuits, et al Bartolomé de Las Casas
(attempts to help Latin American injustice, but royal control overcomes)
Constructed baroque cathedrals
Religious schools and universities
Poetry Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
(1651-1695)
Cathedral de Mexico built in stages between 1573-1813
Political ReformsThe Bourbon Reforms: 1707 Charles II died; no heir; Philip of
Anjou (Bourbon family) became “Charles III”
Reasons- Economic nationalism & desire for strong central government-instituted economic changes-administrative changes-military reforms(French bureaucracy used; tax tighten; navy reformed)Opposition: Jesuit Order (removed from Spain/ colonies)
West Indies: New viceroyalties introduced to eliminate corruption—Creole removed from upper bureaucracy
Portuguese Colonization in Asia Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade
markets Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute
Control did not last long Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large Not enough people Dutch and English rivals
Portuguese Brazil Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land
to colonize and develop (“capitaincies”) Feudalism meets commercial agriculture
Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves
Portugal’s most important colony by 1700 Government established a bureaucratic
structure with a royal governor Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal Brazil never had university or printing presses
Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity
Portuguese Brazil Brazil dominated world sugar production in
the 17th century 150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630 By 1700, 150,000 slaves worked on plantations
50% of population were slaves Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18th
century Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in
the Caribbean Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined
Brazil’s Age of Gold
Gold discovered inland in 1695 @ “Minas Gerais” Started a massive gold rush Mine gold using slaves
150,000 slaves by 1775 Export 3 tons of gold a year from 1735-1760
Impact of gold Ranching and farming were expanded (opened
interior) Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony No native industries were developed in Portugal Destructive to natives;
Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia Take Portuguese strongholds in 17th
century Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc.
Monopolize certain spices Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc.
Shipping proved most profitable Shipped products between China, Japan,
Indonesia, India, etc. Colonized Java
Enlightened Despotism –Portuguese effort to improve mercantilismMarquis of Pombal (1755-1776) Prime Minister of Portugal reform effort
Brazil became the center of reforms:1. Monopoly companies created to stimulate agriculture2. Abolish slavery3. Encourage Portuguese immigrants from Azores to settle /colonize the Amazon basins (cattle ranches)
Reactions / Revolts
New GranadaComunero Revolt 1781 – led by Juan Francisco Berbeo (a Creole)-protested against government tax increases that would reduce profits for the colonists and enlarged Spain’s profit-local colonists formed “el comun” or central committee to lead movment-Initial success; viceroy fled Bogota; With reinforcement from Spain the rebellion crushed and leaders punished.
Significance: rebellion revealed different social class can unified for a common cause
PeruIndian Uprising (“Sierra Uprising”) (1780)Led byJose Gabriel Condocanqui (“Tupac Amaru”)
Issues: condition in the textile mills; mines, and villages (demanded better treatment)
-rebellion took over La Paz in 1781-kidnapped the Spanish Governor Antonio de Arriago and hanged him-loss favor/support from the local Creole and Mestizo population
*1781 – Tupac Amaru captured and executed. All his family members were executed