Major Endocrine Glands - Abdominopelvic

Endocrine Glands

Major Glands in the Abdomen/Pelvis

Organ Synthesize Release Target Disorder(s) (to target)

Adrenal GlandsThese organs are found

on top (superior to) each kidney.

The adrenal glands have two sections:

(1) Cortex – outside(2) Medulla - inside

The Adrenal Medulla

This inner portion of the gland contains modified neurons and secretes two

hormones with short term effects:

(1)Norepinepherine (noradrenaline)

(2)Epinepherine (adrenaline)

The Adrenal Medulla

Norepinepherine and epinepherine are classified as catecholamines.

It responses to stress by increasing HR, BP, blood flow (to heart & skeletal muscles), and

respiration rate. (sympathetic/fight responses)

They decrease digestive actions.

The Adrenal Cortex

This outer portion of the gland is

stimulated ACTH from the anterior

pituitary.

The results are long-lasting.

The Adrenal Cortex

The cortex secretes three types of hormones:

(1) Gonadocorticoids•Androgens•Estrogens

Secreted until puberty

The Adrenal Cortex

(2) Glucocorticoids

Cortisol – which regulates glucose metabolism and the immune system:

Promotes protein breakdown in muscle, amino acid uptake in liver (leads to

glucogenesis), and suppresses inflammation

The Adrenal Cortex

(3) Mineralcorticoids

Aldosterone : which regulates minerals - especially sodium and potassium

Influences kidney tubules in nephrons to conserve sodium ions (which promotes

water retention) and excretes potassium.

The Adrenal Cortex

Aldosterone is regulated by electrolyte conservation in body fluids and the renin

angiotension mechanism (RAM).

Adrenal Cortex DisordersHypersecretion:

EX - Cushing’s disease.

Ant. Pit. secretes excess ACTH and consequently the cortex secretes excess cortisol.

“Moon” faceAcne/skin infections

Buffalo hump (fat between shoulders)Fatigue

Adrenal Cortex Disorders

Adrenal Cortex DisordersHyposecretion:

EX: Addison’s Disease

Immune system does not allow cortex to secrete sufficient hormones.

Consequently, Na, K, and glucose levels are decreased.

BP decreasesSkin pigmentation increases (tanned

appearance)No treatment = death in a short time