Major Endocrine Glands – Abdominopelvic - 3

Endocrine Glands

Gonads The testes contain two types of cells that secrete

hormones:1. Interstitial cells

2. Sustentacular cells

Interstitial CellsMake androgens:

The main androgen is testosterne.

In addition to developing secondary sex characteristics, testosterone affect CNS

development in the hypothalamic nuclei that influences sexual behaviors.

Sustentacular Cells

Direct the differentiation and physical maturation of sperm.

Feedback

Both types of cells are affected by the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary.

However, when the FSH blood levels rise, cells secrete inhibin.

Inhibin then stops (inhibits) the release of FSH.

Gonads The ovaries contain two types of cells/structure that

secrete hormones:1. Ovarian cells

2. Corpus luteum

Ovarian Cells

Make estrogens when stimulated by FSH and LH:

The main estrogen is estradiol.

Developed secondary sex characteristics and helps prime the uterus for pregnancy.

Corpus Luteum

At ovulation, an immature oocyte is released.

The remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum.

This structure releases estrogens and progestins – the primary progestin is progesterone.

The exposure to estrogens and progesterone prepares the uterus for zygote implantation.

Feedback

Similar to the testes, ovaries are influenced by the release of FSH from the anterior

pituitary.

However, when the FSH blood levels rise, cells secrete inhibin.

Inhibin then stops (inhibits) the release of FSH.

Non-Endocrine Gland Hormones

Stomach Small intestine

Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide)Kidneys

Adipose tissue Placenta

Functions regulated by the Endocrine System

GrowthHealing

Water balance & Blood PressureCalcium MetabolismEnergy Metabolism

StressRegulation of other Endocrine

Organs

Growth

Growth hormone-releasing hormoneHuman growth hormone (hGH)

Thyrotropin (TSH)Thyroxine & triiodothyronine

Calcitonin Somatostatin (GHIH)

Healing

Growth hormone-releasing hormoneHuman growth hormone (hGH)

Thyrotropin (TSH)Thyroxine & triiodothyronine

Calcitonin Glucagon, InsulinErythropoietin

Water Balance & Blood Pressure

ADHAldosterone

Angiotensin IIAtrial natriuretic H.

Epinephrine

Calcium Metabolism

CalcitoninParathyroid H. (PTH)Estrogens/androgens

Growth hormone

Energy Metabolism

Thyroxine & triiodothyronineThyroid-stimulating hormone

Epinephrine & norepinephrineInsulin

GlucagonAdrenocorticotropic hormone

Cortisol

Stress

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

ACTHCortisol

T3 & T4 - maybe?

Endocrine DiseasesCushing's Syndrome

AcromegalyPheochromocytoma

GlucagonomaSomatostatinomaDiabetes mellitusDiabetes insipidus

Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)Hypothyroidism (Goiter)

Hypothyroidism (Cretinism in babies)Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) Achondroplasia (Dwarfism)

GigantismSADS (Seasonal Affective Disorder):