Maize production technology
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Transcript of Maize production technology
Maize
Production
Technology By
Umair Rasool Azmi
Nomenclature
Kingdom--Plantae
Order---Poales
Family---Poaceae
Subfamily---Panicoideae
Genus---Zea
Specie---Zea mays
Origin & History Corn plant is indigenous to America and principle food
grain of native Americans It was domesticated 8000 years ago For western civilization, the story of corn began in 1492
when Columbus's men discovered this new grain in Cuba. Archeological evidence of corn's early presence in the
western hemisphere was identified from corn pollen grain considered to be 80,000 years old obtained from drill cores 200 feet below Mexico City
Introduction
Highest yielding cereal crop in the world 3rd most grown crop in world 3rd largest grown cereal crop in Pakistan 4th largest crop grown crop in Pakistan Rich source of starch, vitamins, proteins and
minerals
Introduction Continue……………
World production-----------------600 million metric tons World area--------------------------118 million hectare Total Pakistan area---------------1 million hectare Total production-------------------3.5 million metric tons
Contribution of different provinces to total area
• Punjab---------------------------------------------39%• KPK -------------------------------------------------56%• Sindh------------------------------------------------5%• Baluchistan----------------------------------------3%
Introduction Continue……………
Types1. Flour corn2. Popcorn3. Dent corn4. Flint corn 5. Sweet corn6. Waxy corn7. Amylomaize8. Pod corn9. Striped maize
UsesWorldwide consumption of maize is more than 116 million tons
Its flour is used For Noodles Corn flour as thickening agent in Soups, Custards etc. An unleavened bread called makki di roti is a popular
bread eaten in Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
Uses Continue…….. Edible oil Levulinic acid (used as ingredient in anti freeze) Plastic and fabrics are made from corn stocks Ethanol used as biomass fuel Corn silk used as herbal supplements
Production Technology
Soil and climate Maize is adapted to wild variety of soil and
climate
Well drain heavy soils with high organic matter content and good water holding capacity.
Soil pH 6.5—7.5 & Temp. should be 12⁰C. The optimum temperature for maize growth and
development is 18 to 32 °C.
Seed bed preparation Fine and compact bed needed
Land is loosened 20 to 25 cm deep through ploughing or disking 2–3 times
Planker is used after soil is loosened
Sowing time Autumn Maize First weak of February up to first week of March
Spring Maize Last week of July to mid of august
Seed rate 12—15 kg per acre (for drill sowing) 8—10 kg per acre (for bed sowing)
Hybrid Varieties
Pioneer• 3020-
white• 30-R-50• 30-Y-87• 31-R-88
Monsanto• DK-919• DK-6714• DK-6789
ICI• HC-984• HC-11• HC-999• HC-339
Syngenta• NK-6621• NK-6326• NK-6651
Sowing methods Ridge sowing 75 cm apart ridges are made with ridger Choka method or manual sowing is practiced Flat sowing Automatic tractor drawn drill or hand drill with 75 cm distance
between rows is used.
Plant to plant distance 20—25 cm Thinning is done after 10—15 days of emergence Plant population should be 70,000—75,000 per hectare
Fertilizer Application NPK @ 150—100—100 kg per hectare respectively DAP as side dressing should be applied at or before sowing @
100 kg/ha. Nitrogen is added in two splits first at knee height second at
tasseling .
Methods of Application Broadcasting Fertigation Top and Side dressing
Irrigation Requires frequent irrigation (6-9) Irrigation 10—15 days intervals No Drought Tolerance. Drought will reduce yield Moisture stress at critical stages can reduce yield up to
40%
Plant protection measures
Insect Pests Diseases Weeds
Plant Protection Measures
Insect Pests
Maize crop faces serious threat after emergence Shoot fly Maize stem borer
Solution Furadon powder should be dropped into shoots @ 20
kg/hectare
Plant Protection Measures Diseases
Maize dwarf mosaic virus Stalk rot/ Ear rot Corn rust
Cultivate Resistant Varieties
Plant protection measures Weeds
Weeds Reduce yield 29—43%
Common weeds are Deela Itsit Jangli chulai Tandla Jangli swank Jangli haloon
Weeds Continue……
Weeding at interval of 2 months until the harvesting time is due.
Timely weeding + Removal of Dead Leaves Grazing or burning
Harvesting & Storage Traditionally, when red maize cobs have dried down and it is
time for harvest, the cobs are handpicked, hand shelled and dried in the sun. This is very labor intensive, which has a significant impact on the gross margin for maize.
Combined Harvester is used when moisture levels drop below 18% to 24% and then dried to below 14% for delivery or storage.
H&S Continue……. Store at moisture content 15% Temperature for storage 20—25 c° Humidity 30—50 %
Yield Hybrid Varieties has potential 125—130 munds/Acre